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Queen©s Printer for Ontario 1988 Printed in Ontario, Canada
MINES AND MINERALS DIVISION
ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open File Report 5633
Peat and Peatland Resources of Southeastern Ontario
by
J. L. Riley
1988
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form:
Riley, J. L.
1988: Peat and Peatland Resources of Southeastern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5633, 283p., 8 figures, 11 tables, 12 photos, 6 appendices, and 6 maps and charts in back pocket. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Ontario
Ontario Geological Survey OPEN FILE REPORT
Open File Reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions: This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of govern ment policy. This Open File Report is available for viewing at the following locations: (1) Mines Library Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 8th floor, 77 Grenville Street Toronto, Ontario M? A 1W4 (2) The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located. Copies of this report may be obtained at the user©s expense from a commercial printing house. For the address and instructions to order, contact the appropriate Regional or Resident Geologist©s offices) or the Mines Library. Microfiche copies (42x reduction) of this report are available for S2.00 each plus provincial sales tax at the Mines Library or the Public Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, W-1640, 99 Wellesley Street West, Toronto. Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Mines Library or Regional/Resident Geologist©s office whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library Loan. This report is available for viewing at the following Regional or Resident Geologists© offices: Algonquin District - Dorset, Box 190, POA 1EO Southeastern District - Tweed, Box 70, 255 Metcalf St., KOK 3JO Regional Mineral Specialist - Bancroft, Box 500, Highway 28, KOL ICO The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey.
V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey
FOREWORD
The Peatland Inventory Project was a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources Program (HERP) of the Ontario Geological Survey. The inventory of the peat and peatland resources of major regions of Ontario is intended to provide information on the possible energy and horticultural potential of the resource, and to assist the Government of Ontario and other agencies in land use planning and disposition by assembling data on the distribution, frequency and types of peatlands. During the course of the Peatland Inventory, sixteen large study areas were the focus of detailed field surveys, reconnaissance and remote sensing studies, and laboratory analyses of peat materials. The detailed field studies and a manual on laboratory methods have been released as Open File Reports of the Ontario Geological Survey. This report is one of three regional synopses of the Peatland Inventory. The inventory covered approximately 42,000 km2 i n southeastern Ontario, specifically the Peterborough, Kingston-Belleville, Pembroke, Ottawa- Brockville and Parry Sound study areas. For these areas, this report integrates the field studies, laboratory studies and regional resource estimates, and provides a guide for the users of the detailed Open File Reports in terms of the methodology, objectives and results of the major aspects of the inventory. The two other regional reports, for northeastern and northwestern Ontario, have been released as Open File Reports 5631 and 5632 by the Ontario Geological Survey.
V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey
ABSTRACT Peatland resources of southeastern Ontario were investigated as part of the Peatland Inventory Project of the Ontario Geological Survey (1982-1985). Data from five study areas (Peterborough, Kingston-Belleville, Pembroke, Ottawa-Brockville and Parry Sound) are presented in a comparative manner, and are integrated here to provide a regional overview of the resource. More detailed descriptions of each of the five study areas have already been published as Open File Reports by the Ontario Geological Survey. The methods used for the peatland inventory ranged from on-site detailed mapping and sampling to regional satellite image interpretation. Laboratory analyses of the physical and chemical properties of the peat were also undertaken for 483 samples. The majority of these met fuel-grade criteria, but only 1C^ displayed good horticultural-grade quality. Of the 759 peatlands/wetlands larger than 100 ha which were identified in the region, 143 were surveyed. This report therefore represents the survey of 62,000 ha of peatland containing an estimated 870,000,000 m 3 of in situ peat. In the region as a whole, the total peatland/wetland area was estimated at 388,000 ha, most of it occurring as swamps (thicket swamp, 98,900 ha; conifer swamp, 97,000 ha; mixed swamp, 73,800 ha; hardwood swamp, 64,000 ha). Bogs (15,800 ha) and fens (5,300 ha) represented only S.4% of the total peatland area. Overall, the regional peat volume was estimated at 6,960,000,000 m 3 , most of it occurring as relatively shallow peat deposits. The potential for large-scale fuel and horticultural peat operations is limited due to numerous factors such as high density tree cover, high stump and wood contents and, especially for horticultural peat production, the insufficient volume of unhumified moss peat. However, in terms of local needs and markets, there is good potential for smaller scale peat operations.
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PEAT AND PEATLAND RESOURCES OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments ...... xiii l.O SUMMARY ...... 3
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF PROJECT ...... 9 2.1 Background ...... 11 2.2 Objectives ...... 14 2.3 Potential Uses of Peat and Peatlands ...... 16 2.4 Study Areas in Southeastern Ontario ...... 25 2.5 Project Participants of the Peatland Inventory in Southeastern Ontario ...... 27
3.O GENERAL PROJECT METHODOLOGY ...... 29 3.1 Field Surveys ...... 31 3.2 Open File Reports and Field Surveys ...... 37 3.3 Regional Summary Tables Integrating Detailed Field Survey and Laboratory Results ...... 45 3.4 Categorization of Peat Deposits for Potential Energy and Horticultural Peat Use ...... 50 3.5 Laboratory Tests, and Analysis of Results .... 55 3.6 Remote Sensing and Regional Estimates of Peatland Areas and Peat Volumes ...... 61 3.7 Regional Overview of Peatland Vegetation ..... 69
4.0 REGIONAL SETTING OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO STUDY AREAS ...... 71 4.1 Bedrock Geology ...... 73 4.2 Glacial and Postglacial History ...... 74 4.3 Physiography ...... 78 4.4 Vegetation ...... 79 4.5 Regional Climate ...... 80
5.0 PEAT AND PEATLANDS OF THE STUDY AREAS ...... 83 5.1 Peterborough ...... 93 5.2 Kingston-Belleville ...... 95 5.3 Pembroke ...... 98 5.4 Ottawa-Brockville ...... 99 5.5 Parry Sound ...... 102
6.0 PEATLAND VEGETATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES . 105 6.1 Peatland Vegetation Types and Successional Relationships ...... 107 6.2 Environmental and Physiognomic Characteristics 116
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Page
7.0 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO ...... 123
8.0 REGIONAL PEAT RESOURCE EVALUATION ...... 157 8.1 Regional Estimates of Peatland Areas in Southeastern Ontario ...... 161 8.2 Peat Resources of Southeastern Ontario ...... 164
9.O REFERENCES ...... 171
Appendix A. SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO ...... 205 B. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO ...... 233 C. KEY TO WETLAND CLASSIFICATION USED BY THE PEATLAND INVENTORY, AND THE SITE DATA RECORD FORM ...... 253 D. INDEX MAPS OF STUDY AREAS ...... back E. SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PEATLAND pocket VEGETATION TYPES, SOUTHERN ONTARIO ..... back F. INDEX TO QUATERNARY GEOLOGY MAPPING .....pocket 282
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. l - Study Areas in Southeastern Ontario ...... 2 Fig. 2 - Legends for Peatland Inventory Maps and Profiles ...... 38,39 Fig. 3 - General Relationship between Usable Peat Depth and Area of Production Deposits for a 40MW Power Plant Operating for 10 and 20 years ...... 52 Fig. 4 - Surveyed Peatland Areas and Peat Volumes in Southeastern Ontario ...... 91 Fig. 5 - Relationship of Surface Water pH and Average Depth-to-water for Major Vegetation Types. 120 Fig. 6 - Schematic of Apparent Relationship between Major Peatland Types ...... 122 Fig. 7 - Schematic Peat Profiles, Southeastern Ontario ...... 134 Fig. 8 - Estimated Peatland Areas in Southeastern Ontario ...... 162
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LIST OF TABLES
Page Table l Southeastern Ontario Study Areas ...... 25 Table 2 Inventory Coverage in Southeastern Ontario . 26 Table 3 Field Study Participants, Southeastern Ontario . 27 Table 4 Summary of Detailed Studies in South eastern Ontario 85 Table 5 Summary of Reconnaissance Surveys in Southeastern Ontario 86 Table 6 Peatlands of Study Areas in Southeastern Ontario a. Peatland Types Surveyed in Inventory Field Studies 87 b. Total Peatland Areas Occurring in Study Areas 88 c. Average Peat Depths, based on Total Number of Cores 89 d. Average Peat Depths, based on Average Peat Depth per Site 90 Table 7 Regional Peat Volume Estimates, South eastern Ontario 92 Table 8 Minor Element Composition of Surface Waters of Southeastern Ontario Peatlands. 117 Table 9 Physiognomic and Environmental Characteristics of Southeastern Ontario Peatlands 118 Table 10 Peat Characteristics of von Post Humification Degrees, Southeastern Ontario ...... 132 Table 11 Summary of Peat Volume Estimates and Peatland Type Estimates ...... 168
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LIST OF MAPS Index Maps in Appendix D. a. Peterborough b. Kingston-Belleville c . Pembroke d. Ottawa-Brockville e . Parry Sound
LIST OF PHOTOS Page Photo l - Thicket swamp, Murray Swamp (31C-487) f Peterborough study area ...... 94 Photo 2 - Open bog and fen, north of Pigeon Lake, Peterborough study area (31C-476) ...... 94 Photo 3 - Mixed hardwood-conifer swamp, Big Swamp, Kingston-Bellevile study area (31C-593) ...... 97 Photo 4 Regenerating hardwood swamp, Verona Swamp, Kingston-Belleville study area (31C-560) ...... 97 Photo 5 - Effects of water level change in hardwood swamp, Verona Swamp (31C-560) ... 101 Photo 6 - Open graminoid fen, Richmond Fen, Ottawa-Brockville study area (31G-30) ... 101 Photo 7 - Marsh and thicket swamp, Mariposa Brook, Peterborough study area (31D-801) ...... 108 Photo 8 - Shallow emergent marsh, Wiltse Creek Kingston-Belleville study area (31C-681). 108 Photo 9 Conifer swamp, Dummer Township, Peter borough study area (31D-752) ...... 112 Photo 10 - Open fen and algal marl pools, Stoco Fen, Kingston-Belleville study area (31C-549). 112 Photo 11 - Open graminoid fen, Emily Creek, Peter borough study area (31D-704) ...... 113 Photo 12 - Open low shrub bog, Barlow Bog, Kingston- Belleville area (31C-509) ...... 113
- xv -
Acknowledgments
Numerous individuals were involved in these studies, and their efforts are gratefully acknowledged. In particular, we would like to thank some of those involved with the field studies and data reporting: W. Moore, L. Hellas, I. Macdonald, T. Hilditch, R. Doiron, L. Locatelli, D. Jagger, J. Radforth, S. Banovac, E. Korpijaakko, N.W. Radford, R. Denis and D. Laudreville. These individuals were the principal investigators of the project teams in each study area, working for the consulting firms indicated in Section 2.5 of this report. The supervised classification of Landsat imagery was done with S. Pala, A. Boissonneau, A. Jano, N. Coba, W. Woitowich, D. White and others at the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing. Laboratory analyses were carried out by Technical Service Laboratories Ltd., Mississauga. J.A. Burgener, P. Burgener and W. Grondin are especially thanked. The Ontario Geological Survey Geosciences Laboratories offered valuable guidance with the analytical program. At the Ontario Geological Survey, this project was guided by Dr. P.G. Telford and Dr. O.L. White of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section. Also in this Section, and deserving special thanks for their work on the Inventory, were J. Stevenson, W. Woitowich, G. Fernandez, A. Bleiwas, S. Dunlop and, deserving special thanks, L. Michaud.
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PEAT AND PEATLAND RESOURCES
OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
by
., l J.L. Riley
1 Regional Ecologist, Central Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Richmond Hill. Manuscript approved for publication by V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey, January 29, 1988. This report is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey, Toronto. UJ UJ 1 CO t c -t ^ CO 5" (Q — O o UJ D UJ l H 1- fr CO co ee UJ 0 "O2J wL. O o. o z UJ -i D cc si C/5 CO (X Is CO —1 © o ^p CO i S; UJ z z o "S OH '•D ^ o ^ H 0 UJ ^ 01 UJ cc ^ O cc Q. ou * * * lil * Q. "^ s S- •S g CO - 3 -
l. O SUMMARY
The Peatland Inventory Project of the Ontario Geological Survey undertook, between 1982 and 1984, the survey of peatlands across 41,600 km 2 of southeastern Ontario. Peatlands are an important feature of the landscape of this region, and are already the focus of considerable economic activities, notably agriculture, wildlife production, forestry and, to a lesser degree, small-scale bulk peat extraction. The inventory investigated numerous aspects of the peat and peatland resources of southeastern Ontario. Methods ranged from detailed on-site coring, profiling and resource calculations, to broadscale interpretation of satellite imagery; from detailed laboratory analysis of large numbers of peat cores, to reconnaissance studies of the types of peatland vegetation which have generated the peat deposits of the region. In particular, the Inventory focussed on the potential of the deepest peat deposits as sources of material for conventional horticultural uses and non-conventional energy uses. It measured the scale of the resource, the physical and chemical properties of the resource, and the types and distribution of major peatland types in southeastern Ontario. 1. Field surveys were conducted on 143 individual peatlands in southeastern Ontario. An area of 62,000 ha of peatland was covered, and these surveys included 3477 individual peat cores. The field surveys assessed probable and possible resource volumes of 866,000,000 m3 of in situ peat. More than 15* of this volume was well-humified peat worth consideration as potential energy peat. Of the total surveyed volume, 148,000,000 m3 of in situ peat were calculated from detailed isopach mapping, on 100 x 500 m sampling grids, in deposits more than 2 m deep. Ten of the 42 sites surveyed at this level of detail were sites with significant volumes of peat, in this case, with areas of ^2 m peat depth over more than 150 ha. Seventy-two percent of all the peat samples analysed from these sites (see below) met minimum energy standards, and the energy potential of these larger sites is substantial. However, conventional harvesting techniques may be relevant to relatively few of these large sites because of typically high stump contents of the deposits and high densities of tree cover on most of the sites. On the other hand, - 4 -
small-scale or nonconventional fuel peat or bricjuetting operations could occur on numerous sites, based on the material and site characteristics typical of south eastern Ontario peatlands. Of the 10 larger deposits, none were considered to have potential in terms of conventional large-scale horticultural peat production (i.e. baled peat for Canadian or export markets), based on material requirements for peat type (requiring ^C^ moss), fibre content (requiring ^(^), peat pH (requiring ^.9), and surficial peat depth (requiring Hl-3 peats > l m deep). In terms of small-scale or specialist horticultural peat uses, in which the quality requirements are less stringent, considerable potential exists. Examples of current small-scale southern Ontario operations which are making appropriate uses of various peat materials and peatlands are bulk peat removal for landscaping, nurseries and plantations, clean peat loam for mushroom and earthworm operations, peat for soil-less potting mixes and, as well, cranberry growing. The scale of the domestic market for these products is not yet quantified, but should not be underestimated. The surveyed sites were among the larger and more accessible peatlands of the region. They can be considered as representative of the 759 peatlands larger than 100 ha in size which were identified in the region during the course of site selection. 2. For each of the five study areas in southeastern Ontario (Fig. 1), field project teams produced Open File Reports already published by the Ontario Geological Survey. These reports include extensive site-specific data, mapping, and transect profiles of each surveyed peatland, with detailed text on the peat resource, the peatland vegetation, accessibility, topography and drainage, land use and tenure, and resource potential. This summary report complements those study area reports by summarizing the methodology of the overall inventory, integrating results within a regional context, and incorporating broadscale remote sensing survey results and detailed laboratory data with the most salient details of the field survey work. - 5 -
In order to estimate regional peat volumes, it was necessary to generate regional estimates of the areas of various peatland types, under which predictable depths of peat could be expected based on the detailed peat coring undertaken in the field. The remote sensing component of the program involved Landsat 2 satellite imagery, thematically interpreted in a supervised manner based on independent field checks of peatland types. On this basis, peatlands were estimated to occupy 9.3 ifc of the entire landscape of the study areas of south eastern Ontario, a total of 388,000 ha. Twenty-five percent of this area was conifer swamp (97,000 ha), and 25.5% was thicket swamp (98,850 ha). Hardwood swamps (64,300 ha) and mixed swamp (73,800 ha) covered 35.6?; of the total peatland area. Marshes were also frequent, covering 33,100 ha (S.5%). The focus of attention was on bog and fen systems which predictably occur on deeper peats O2 m), and these deeper peats were also found to occur under conifer swamp in southeastern Ontario. Open and treed bog covered 15,800 ha H.1% of all peatland), and fens were estimated to cover only 5,300 ha d.4%). Regional peat volume estimates were inferred by extrapolating measured average peat depths for each major peatland type, derived from detailed field studies. Of a total regional volume estimate of 6,963,300,000 m^ of in situ peat, 60% occurs as relatively shallow deposits (averaging ^.5 m) mostly underlying swamps. However, an estimated 118,150 ha of peatland are bog, conifer swamp and fen, which predictably have depths averaging greater than 2 m. This represent a volume of 2,750,000,000 m3 r equivalent to about 495,000,000 tonnes of peat at SO 1* moisture content. If one third of this volume was exploitable fuel peat, the energy equivalent would be 44,600,000 tonnes of oil. However, at least two-thirds of the total areal and volume estimates must be discounted for extractive purposes because of various factors such as the non-continuity and small size of many peatlands, heavy tree cover, poor drainage potential and, especially in southeastern Ontario, land use conflicts with agriculture, wildlife production, conservation and recreation. The potential for the development of peat and peatland resources, especially on a site specific basis, requires further study of the socioeconomic costs and benefits, particularly in terms of markets, transportation and competing uses. - 6 -
4. From the 52 sites surveyed in detail, 483 peat samples from 100 cores were tested in terms of their physical and chemical properties. The complete data set is included in this report, as are initial analyses of results. Poorly humified peats (von Post Hl-3) with moss contents of more than 70% were considered to have horticultural potential. These made up only 8% of all the samples analysed, and had mean values, in terms of peat pH (4.5), cation exchange capacity (av. 115 meq/lOOg), fibre content (80**), moss peat content (S? 5*), absorptive capacity (av. 21.2 x dry weight) and other parameters, which are typical of good quality horticultural-grade peats. In most of the sites surveyed in detail, the average thickness of these horticultural-grade peats was less than l m. Many sites certainly achieved this minimum depth when Hl-4 moss peats were considered. The addition of H4 peats in similar analyses of average characteristics reduced the quality of the peat in terms of fibre content (av. 70%), but not significantly in terms of cation exchange capacity (av. 110 meg/ lOOg) , absorptive capacity (av. 18.5 x dry weight) peat pH (av. 4.7), or other parameters. Overall, 10% of all peats analysed were considered to be Hl-4 peats with more than 70% moss content. By European and American standards, energy peats in the Ontario context must exceed 4165 net calories per gram and have a low ash content, certainly lower than 25S. Fifty-five percent of all the peat samples analysed met these fuel-grade criteria, and had humification levels of H4 and greater. In terms of net heating value (av. 4855 cal/g) , volatile matter (av. 67!*), ash content (av. 7.2%), total carbon (av. 52%), hydrogen (av. S.5%), sulphur (av. Q.32%) and other parameters, these are good quality energy peats. A further 17% of the peats were assessed at lesser levels of humification (Hl-3), but also met these standards. In terms of large-scale peat production, the necessities of conventional harvesting methods dictate extremely large production fields, for example a minimum of 1250 ha of fields for a 40 MW power plant. The inventory data include only one site of this scale, in the Peterborough study area, and further investigation of other sites or groups of proximal sites would be a prereguisite to serious consideration of any large-scale conventional energy peat development. - 7 -
The environmental and physiognomic characteristics of the major peatland vegetation types, and their species composition, were documented from peatlands across the region. The proportion of peatland types vary significantly between the study areas. Minerotrophic swamps dominate in all the study areas, but they shift from conifer-dominated swamps in the Parry Sound and Pembroke study areas to hardwood and thicket-dominated swamps toward the southeast of the region. Bogs and fens are very restricted in southeastern Ontario. They represent only S.5% of all peatland areas. However, in Parry Sound study area, bogs account for 22.6% of all the peatland areas. The longterm successional relationships apparent in the field studies and vegetation data follow different trends. This complexity appears to be strongly controlled by the kind of deliberate or coincidental water table changes and land use patterns which characterize most of southeastern Ontario. The characterization of peatland vegetation summarized in this report offers a synopsis of dominant regional types as baseline data for the interpretation of the potential of many of the non-extractive uses of peatlands.
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2.0 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF PROJECT - 10 - - 11 -
This report summarizes the 1982-1984 Peatland Inventory Project in southeastern Ontario, its objectives, methods and results. The majority of detailed site-specific information has been published as Open File Reports of the Ontario Geological Survey during the course of the Inventory. This report complements those detailed reports by focussing on the broader regional results of the Inventory, and on the integration of the field studies with remote sensing and laboratory studies which paralleled the field studies. The Peatland Inventory Project was initiated by the Ontario Geological Survey in 1981, as part of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources Program (HERP) that was funded over a five year period (1981-86) following the 1979 Ontario Government decision to investigate means of increasing the Provincial level of energy self-sufficiency (Telford 1983). The first step in the fuel peat studies of HERP was educational. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Northern Affairs jointly commissioned Monenco Ontario Ltd. to carry out a review of the peat industry, to undertake a preliminary estimate of the Province©s peat resources, and to recommend Provincial initiatives in this field (Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981). Release of this publication coincided with the International Symposium on Peat - An Awakening Natural Resource held in Thunder Bay in 1981, co-sponsored by the Ontario Government and the Canadian National Committee of the International Peat Society (Tibbetts and Telford 1981). Monenco estimated that Ontario©s peatlands cover approximately 26 million ha. The estimated 9.9 million ha of peatland situated south of the southern limit of discontinuous permafrost corresponded to approximately 42 billion tonnes of peat at 5C^ moisture content. These figures were based on available terrain studies and limited airphoto checks. Monenco 1 s first recommendation was for a resource inventory, as a necessary prerequisite to the planned and orderly development of a provincial peat industry.
2.1 BACKGROUND Peat deposits in Ontario and eastern Canada have been studied at various times and by various methods over the past 70 years. The studies by Anrep (1914), Auer (1930) and Leverin (1941) were broad in scope, dealing with horticultural and fuel peat resources. More recently, studies of Ontario deposits were undertaken by the Ontario - 12 -
Geological Survey and the Canada Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (Graham and Tibbetts 1961, 1964; Graham 1973; Graham and Associates Ltd. 1977), culminating in a review of ©Some Peat Moss and Peat Deposits in Selected Areas© of northern Ontario (Graham 1979) . Other provinces and jurisdictions have also undertaken peatland inventories: New Brunswick (Keys et al. 1981, Keys 1983); Newfoundland (Pollett 1968; Wells and PoTlett 1983); Nova Scotia (A. Anderson, pers. comm.); Quebec (P. Buteau, pers comm.); Manitoba (Mills 1983); New York (Carlson S Sweatt-Monenco Inc. 1982); Minnesota (Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 1981); Maine (Cameron et^ ^a.L. 1984); Massachusetts (Brenninkmeyer and Russo 1984); and others. The Canadian National Research Council and the International Peat Society (I.P.S., Proceedings of 5-year Congresses) have also published numerous reports and proceedings relating to peat resource inventories and inventory methodologies. With this broad background of inventory methodologies available, a decision was made to conduct the inventory within the following general guidelines. a) Proceed on the basis of specific geographic study areas, chosen to reflect areas with high densities of peatlands, and in which interest was expressed in an inventory being conducted. The sixteen study areas ranged in size from 3500 km 2 to 24,000 km 2 , with an average area of 13,250 km 2 . b) Within each study area, a number of the larger, more accessible and less tree-covered sites were designated for detailed surveys. The number of detailed survey sites within the study areas varied from 6 to 17, with an average of 10 detailed study sites in each survey area. c) A number of other sites were identified as reconnaissance survey sites, to be studied in less detail, with the intention of recommending further study or not. The number of reconnaissance survey sites in the study areas varied from 8 to 33, with an average of 16.
d) The site specific field studies were augmented by Landsat image interpretation of the entire study areas, with the resultant images (1:50 000) classified thematically with peatland type units identical to those used in the field studies. Field studies intended to ground-truth the remote sensing work were conducted in each study area by the author and the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing (O.C.R.S.). The O.C.R.S. subseguently produced regional imagery and areal measurements of specific peatland types. This - 13 -
data was then integrated with the detailed field study results, to produce regional estimates of different types of peatlands, and regional peat volume estimates. e) The detailed and reconnaissance field studies were undertaken by private sector consulting firms or groups of firms, in each of the study areas. The field study teams were encouraged to include experienced peat surveyors and field botanists, in order to allow an interchange of expertise and, in the case of peat surveyors, the transfer of peat surveying skills to Ontario consulting firms lacking previous experience in the field. f) Standardization of the field studies was achieved through the use of very detailed specifications for all aspects of fieldwork, data collection and assembly, and report writing, and through field visits by the author of this report. g) The laboratory analysis of all peat samples was undertaken by a single laboratory that assisted in the development of a standard methodology for all analytical studies (Riley 1986). The standardized field studies of the Peatland Inventory Project began in 1982-83. The inventory methods were modelled on the Finnish and New Brunswick peat resource evaluation systems (Telford 1983, Korpijaakko and Woolnough 1977, Keys 1983, Keys et al. 1981). The results of these studies led to recommendations as to possible changes to the methodology of the inventory (Riley 1983), resulting in the methodology which was applied during the field seasons of 1983-84 and 1984-85. These studies were considered to be at a level of detail appropriate to a base-line inventory of this scale, thus providing a well-documented framework for more detailed future resource appraisals. - 14 -
2.2 OBJECTIVES The objectives of the inventory were as follows: i) To carry out reconnaissance field investigations of designated peatlands, in order to assess or confirm which sites should be surveyed in detail. ii) To carry out detailed field investigations of designated peatlands; to evaluate the peat type and peat humification stratigraphy, peat volumes, elevations, drainage, surficial vegetation, and other relevant information.
iii) To subdivide and map all designated peatlands on the basis of airphoto interpretation and fieldwork into major types, i.e. bog, fen, swamp, marsh and open water; and to further subdivide these units into physiognomic groups. The objectives must be viewed in the context of the level of detail implied by the methods. Previous authors have concurred on a general ranking of assessment methods (Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981, Tibbetts 1983), modified below Level l Peat and peatland resources estimated on the basis of remote sensing or airphoto techniques, topographical maps, and relevant literature sources (e.g. Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981). Level 2 Resources estimated on basis of remote sensing or airphoto techniques, topographical maps, relevant literature sources, aerial reconnaissance, and reconnaissance fieldwork at a restricted number of representative points on a site, in this case in the order of l sample point per 50-80 ha of peatland (reconnaissance survey sites). Level 3 Peatland and peat resources measured and evaluated over the entire peatland by generally recognized sampling and analytical techniques, in this case in the order of l sample point per 6-10 ha, with 1-3 physical cores removed for laboratory testing. Sampling and data collection are defined by grid placements at ea. 500 m intervals, with sampling at 100 m intervals on grid transects. This spacing of the grid network 15 -
also defines the resolution of elevation, isopach or profile mapping undertaken (detailed survey sites). Level 4 Site specific measurements of peatland and peat resources prior to and designated for potential economic exploitation, undertaken at a scale suitable to the necessary resource, drainage, harvesting and reclamation needs of a particular production plan. The Ontario Peatland Inventory Project incorporated regional remote sensing surveys at Level l detail, reconnaissance surveys of some sites at Level 2 detail, and detailed surveys of selected peatlands at Level 3 detail. The level of detail selected for this resource survey combined detailed measurement of the peat resources in selected peatlands with the capability of inferring or indicating the resource potential of other nearby peatlands. This combination of Levels 1-3 resource assessments reguired the integration of ground surveys, remote sensing and laboratory analyses in order to provide both site specific detail and regional overview to planners and prospective developers. Methods of mineral resource estimation in Ontario (Robertson 1975, A.P.E.O. 1976) suggest that the peat resources which can be estimated by the above levels of investigation are as indicated below. Because of the peculiarities of peat and peatland resources, the following potentialities are the case only where an additional number of specific material and deposit characteristics are available. Level 1: Speculative Resources Level 2: Possible (or Inferred) Reserves; Sub-Marginal Conditional Resources Level 3: Probable (or Indicated) Reserves; Possible Reserves or Sub-Marginal Conditional Resources Level 4: Proven Reserves None of the studies undertaken by the inventory has approached the Level 4 of detail. It is worth noting that several peat specialists (for example, Tibbetts 1983) recommend that the term ©reserve© not be applied to any peat resource figures until economic assessments are completed, thereby better reflecting the fact that the economics of the Canadian peat industry, especially in terms of energy potential, are relatively poorly defined. - 16 -
2.3 POTENTIAL USES OF PEAT AND PEATLANDS The actual and potential uses of peatlands and peat deposits are highly diverse. A brief introduction to these uses may assist in the interpretation of the inventory results in terms of various potentialities. Peat may be considered simply as the accumulating mass of dead vegetation in a situation in which decomposition is prevented or slowed by the presence of a high water table. However, peat as a material is not at all simple. There exists in Ontario a remarkable array of different peatland vegetation types, each of which has different gross physical and chemical characteristics which contribute continuously to a similarly variable organic substrate. The peatland vegetation and the accumulating peat also reflect the variability of the geomorphological terrain in which the peatland occurs, the specific hydrology of the site, and the manner in which inorganic nutrients are introduced into the peatland ecosystem. The physical and chemical processes which take place during accumulation are complex. The process of decomposition includes diminution of organic particle size, stratification, compaction and, perhaps, restricted percolation or dispersion of particles within the peat profile. Processes of chemical humification include degradation of plant cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins, tannins, etc., into partially degraded artifacts of those precursors, as well as into carbohydrates, enzymes, humic and fulvic acids, other acids and carbon dioxide, all interactive to some degree with inorganic materials present. These processes also vary in relation to the type of precursor materials, the site©s hydrology, the site-specific aerobic/anaerobic regime, the acidity of the peat and peat waters, the seasonal patterns of oxidation and reduction, and the climate prevalent in a particular area. In addition to these complex abiotic chemical processes, the uptake and the products of algae, fungi, bacteria, and other microfauna and flora are important biochemical elements of these systems. In this regard, our laboratory studies are an attempt at baseline characterization of the gross physical and chemical characteristics of Ontario©s peat materials, in relation to the types of peatlands in which they have formed. - 17 -
Energy The energy uses of peat are of strategic long term importance in terms of energy self-sufficiency, whether for domestic, industrial or community uses. In Finland, Ireland, the U.S.S.R. and elsewhere, the fuel peat industries have become highly mechanized, and strategically important to those country©s energy budgets and social policies. Dry harvesting of peat (milled and sod) for direct combustion for heat or electrical generation is the norm for the industry. However, considerable research has been undertaken through the former Peat Program of the National Research Council of Canada on wet harvesting technigues more adaptable to northern climates, and on wet oxidation and biogasification processes. On the basis of U.S. Department of Energy criteria and Finnish industry standards, fuel grade peats are considered in the Ontario context to be peats with more than 4165 cal/g net calorific value, and with less than 15% ash content, both on a dry basis. Other fuel peat characteristics, such as shipped peat bulk densities and moisture contents, vary with the harvesting and combustion methods. Some of the harvesting factors and peat deposit characteristics critical to large-scale energy production are considered in the ©Categorization of Deposits for Potential Peat Use© (Section 3.4, Methods). (For further references, see Harme 1982; Suoninen 1982; Institute of Gas Technology 1980; Berggren ^t al^. 1980; Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981; Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1983; ADI Ltd. 1982; C.N.C.-I.P.S. 1983; Monenco Consultants Ltd. 1985; Mundale 1981; Ontario Bureau of Mines 1892, 1893; Kalmari 1982; Lang 1984). Horticulture The Canadian peat industry is at present almost exclusively a horticultural peat industry. Canadian production is worth over 375,000,000, with over 75% of the product exported to the U.S. Exports to the U.S. account for 99% of U.S. imports, and are valued at 568,000,000 (1983). Exports are eguivalent to more than 50% of reported total U.S. domestic production (Davis 1983). In the U.S., the principle uses for sphagnum peat moss are for general - 18 -
soil improvement, ingredients for potting mixes, nursery use and mushroom beds. The U.S. imports Canadian peat at premium values because of the high sphagnum content of the Canadian export product. In addition, the U.S. has a large domestic market for sedge peat, which is currently serviced by domestic production. Ontario production of horticultural peat is declining, and was reported as about l* of Canadian production in 1984. More than 8C^ of Ontario©s consumption comes from New Brunswick, Quebec and Manitoba, yet an estimated TO-80% of Canadian peat exported to the U.S. from eastern Canada is shipped through southern Ontario. In Ontario, production figures are poorly documented because, for the domestic market especially, very few of the small bulk material producers report production figures to Statistics Canada. There are no labelling regulations for baled peat in the U.S. or Canada but there are general expectations vis-a-vis the quality of export-grade sphagnum peat moss. These expectations are not dissimilar from the standards required by the soil-less potting mix business in southern Ontario. Because many characteristics of the peat material are modified significantly from their field condition through the breaking of fibres during harrowing, windrowing and harvesting, only some of the characteristics of high quality horticultural peats can be interpreted from the laboratory tests undertaken by this inventory: e.g. pH(H2OK 4.9; peat type >7Q% sphagnum moss; humification 1-3 on the von Post scale; cation exchange capacity 85-160 meq/lOOg; and ash content <5%. These standards do not apply where suitable markets for other peat types are found, whether for bulk or baled materials. (For further references, see Weatherson 1985, Sheppard et al. 1982, Boodley 1982, Graham 1979, Carlson 1983, Grandmaison 1982, Brown 1982, Puustjarvi and Robertson 1975, Puustjarvi 1979, Farnham 1968, A.S.T.M. 1981, Riley 1986, Gunther 1983, Carncross 1981). - 19 -
Agriculture Agricultural production on organic soils, under controlled water table conditions, is extensive in southern Ontario. Although most notable at the Bradford-Holland Marsh, and on shoreline peatlands of southwestern Ontario, agricultural drainage has been viewed as the most significant process in the conversion of natural wetlands and peatlands in southern Ontario as a whole (Champagne 1981) . Agricultural production on organic soils is highly significant, with hay and pasturage the principal uses in northern Ontario, and with vegetable crops such as onions, carrots, lettuce, celery, potatoes, and other ©muck 1 crops dominant in southern Ontario. Production of sod on organic soils is increasingly prevalent, and the cultivation of cranberries is seen to have considerable potential (Smith 1980) . Canadian agricultural commodity production on organic soils is estimated to have a market value of over $70,000,000 (Levesque 1982). Current research by various agencies is focussed on marketing, water table control and subsidence reduction, and fertilization regimes (Lucas et al. 1975; Adamson 1975; Valmari 1982; Newland 1980; Lucas 1982; Valk 1980, 1982, pers. comm.; Levesque ^t al. 1980). Forestry In southern Ontario the logging of hardwood and conifer swamp peatlands is commonplace, but of limited overall economic significance. However, in the central latitudes of the province, where forestry is most active, peatland forestry is of critical economic importance. In this region, it is estimated that production black spruce forest on peatland accounts for 38% of all peatlands. In the Clay Belt of Ontario, the majority of wood harvested is from peatlands, mainly black spruce swamps (Jeglum et al. 1982). Site classification, harvesting systems and impacts, site preparation and regeneration, and the integration of harvesting and regeneration activities are the focus of intensive, ongoing research. Unforested peatlands were the focus of the Peatland Inventory Project in the north and, where possible, in the south. These poorly treed areas are not the traditional domain of peatland forestry in Ontario. In Fennoscandia, however, peatlands which are less productive from the point of view of forestry (e.g. less heavily treed bogs and fens), are commonly drained in situations where the economic benefits of improved tree growth are greater than the costs of drain-construction, fertilization, intermediate or - 20 -
regeneration cuttings, and/or afforestation. In Finland, it was estimated that 23% of the entire forested land base in 1982 was drained peatland forest (Heikurainen 1982a). Peatland drainage trials have occurred at different times in Ontario©s Clay Belt and, in 1984-85, a feasibility trial on an area of 410 ha (110 km of drains) was initiated just east of Cochrane, with the objective of demonstrating how a drainage system is established on an operational level. Concurrent fertilization and regeneration trials are also underway (Rosen 1984, Koivisto 1985). (For further references, see Stanek 1976; Stanek and Jeglum 1977; Jeglum 1985; Jones et al. 1983; Laine and Starr 1979; Heikurainen 1982a f b; Pavainen 1985; Pavainen and Wells 1977; Payandeh 1982; Ketcheson and Jeglum 1972). Other Uses of Peat In addition to horticultural and energy uses, a great diversity of other uses are made of peat. For example, the cation exchange capacities of some peat materials make them particularly suitable for sewage treatment and runoff filtration (Toth 1980, Guntenspergen et al. 1980, Sloey et al. 1978, Nichols 1980, Thun ^t al. 1983, Loxham and Burghardt 1983, van der Valk et al. 1978), for mine tailing leachate treatment (Eger et al. 1980), and for mine waste site amelioration ( CampbeTT 19*84 ) . The production of low-sulphur, highly-conductive metallurgical coke is important in Germany and Finland for electric-arc ovens used in the manufacture of iron alloys (Ekman 1982, Grumpelt 1983, Fuchsman 1980, Andre Marsan et Associes Inc. 1980). Associated with this is the production of barbecue charcoal and activated carbon (Sipila et al. 1983, Fuchsman 1980, Andre Marsan et Associes Inc."T9W, Ekman 1982). Biochemical applications of peat include the production of waxes (Fuchsman 1980); synthetic fuels (Punwani et al. 1983, Andre Marsan et Associes Inc. 1980, Punwani and Lau 1981, Ekman 1982); culturing of high-protein yeasts (Fuchsman 1980); and other chemical processes (Luttig 1983, Fuchsman 1980, Forsberg et al. 1984). Other, more traditional uses include floral peat for wreaths, etc.; peat pots, pellets and blocks, for commercial nursery use (Chistyakov et al. 1983); mushroom-growing substrates; and culturing imicTia for earth- worm production. Applications which are highly developed in Europe but almost unknown in North America include balneological therapies (for rheumatic and gynaecological disorders especially), and the use of peat in cosmetics, peat packs, baths, ointments and soaps (Solovyeva and Lotosh 1984, Strecker and Gyarmati 1980) . - 21 -
Environmental Impacts of Peatland Developments The conversion of natural peatlands to resource extraction purposes has obvious impacts on the wildlife habitats of developed peatlands (IEC Beak Consultants 1983). Particular attention has been focussed on the effects of peatland drainage developments on the quantity and quality of discharged waters, and on modified drainage patterns (Ertugrul and Sober 1980, Siegel 1979, Martin 1980, Schwintzer 1979, Jeglum 1975, Clausen et al. 1980, Predmore and Brooks 1980, Washburn and Gillis Assoc. Ltd. 1983b). The dry harvesting of peat impacts on air quality and worker comfort by creating dust (Ertugrul and Sober 1979, 1980; Conklin 1978; Riihimaki ejt al. 1980). Combustion of peat results in the emission of various materials (Hasanen 1982, Ketola et jal. 1983, Ertugrul and Sober 1979, Monenco Ltd. 1983). Liquefaction, gasification or wet oxidation entails significant aqueous discharges (Predmore and Brooks 1980; Ontario Research Foundation 1984; Monenco Ltd. 1983, Washburn and Gillis Assoc. Ltd. 1983a). Other environmental impacts vary considerably from area to area, and vary with the use of the peat or the type of peatland (Lofton 1980, Walters et al. 1980, Osbourne 1982, Clarke-Whistler et al. 1984, Washburn and Gillis Assoc. Ltd. 1982, Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981, Carpenter and Farmer 1981, Clarke-Whistler and Rowsell 1982, Williams Bros. Engineering Co. 1979, Clausen 1979). The effects of forest drainage have been studied most notably in Finland (Heikurainen 1982a). General water quality monitoring has been undertaken in Minnesota on peatland systems comparable to those of northern Ontario (Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 1985) . Impact assessments as part of highway construction procedures have been developed in the United States (Smith 1984). Mitigation of Effects and Site Reclamation In peat harvesting situations, the use of settling ponds for buffering the effects of peat water discharge is widespread, and even regulated in some jurisdictions (Selin et al. 1984). Most combustion plants recycle flue gases to aid in dewatering peat, and studies have been made of further recycling of these potential emissions (Ketola et al. 1983). - 22 -
Reclamation of mined sites entails a close appraisal of the costs and benefits in terms of the particular hydrological balance which must be struck for particular land uses. Elevated water levels may be conductive to reclamation for marsh creation, cranberry or wild rice production, waterfowl or fish habitat, or lake construction. Reduced or maintained water levels may be more suitable to end uses such as semi-natural peatland (common practice in Germany and the Netherlands), pasturage, tree or coppice-growth crops, or other uses (Farnham 1979, Ellington and Knighton 1984, Farnham et al. 1980, Osbourne 1982, Carpenter and Farmer 1981, Ferda arTcT Novak 1976, Martin 1980, Washburn and Gillis Assoc. Ltd. 1983a). Conservation of Peatlands The conservation of peatlands and wetlands, especially in areas where these habitats historically have been impacted by development pressures, has become the focus of considerable research and management attention: for example, in Ontario (Shay 1981; Champagne 1981; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1984a, b; Van Patter and Hilts 1985, Houser 1974, Federation of Ontario Naturalists 1979); in Canada (Clarke-Whistler and Rowsell 1982, IEC Beak Consultants 1983); in the United States (Tiner 1984, Worley 1984, Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 1981); and in Finland (Havu 1982, Ruuhijarvi 1982, Kuitunen and Kuitunen 1985). Germany has a strong peatland preservation program (Kuntze and Eggelsmann 1981, Schmatzler 1981, Falkenberg 1982), which includes research on such matters as reclamation/regeneration (Dietze 1981, Nick 1984) and hydrological buffer zones (van der Molen 1981). Considerable discussion has been made of the rationale and the economics of peatland-wetland preservation (Bardecki 1984, Thibodeau and Ostro 1981, Odum 1978). Peatlands often support diverse and unusual wildlife assemblages (Hummel 1981, Shaw and Fredine 1956, Golet 1978), and can be considered to have particular educational, aesthetic, heritage and recreational values independent of their development potential (Kreutzwiser 1981). The hydrological value of peatlands, and their necessary integration into watershed and land use planning is often cited as a critical value in site conservation (Bertulli 1981, Carter et al. 1978; Gosselink and Turner 1978, Ontario Chapter of the Soil Conservation Society of America 1981a, b). - 23 -
Many peatland-wetland values are the subject of detailed scientific study, and this scientific interest is often cited as a reason for selective peatland preservation. As well as providing habitat for numerous rare plants and animals, peatlands are hydrologically partitioned into a great diversity of vegetation types (Jeglum et al. 1974) which entail a parallel partitioning of wildlife niches (e.g. Niemi et al. 1983). Peatlands have been the object of numerous biomass productivity studies (Reader 1978, Richardson 1978), which have implications in terms of organic carbon storage and atmospheric carbon uptake (Boville e^ al. 1982). Some peatland systems may play a specific scientific role through their recognition as useful monitoring stations for accumulative records of atmospheric deposition of heavy metal and organochemical fallout (Glooschenko et al. 1981, Glooschenko 1986, Gooschenko and de Benedetti 1983), pollen deposition, and macrofossil assemblages. Geotechnical Aspects of Peat and Peatlands The geotechnical aspects of peat and peatlands include all aspects of organic terrains and substrates which are of concern to the engineer, such as the trafficability of all-terrain vehicles, or the loading performance and hydraulic conductivity (and permeability) of particular peat types intended as the foundation or the environs of roadways, buildings, drains, and pipelines (MacFarlane 1969, Burwash and Wiesner 1984, Hobbs 1986). In resolving design and construction problems, the engineer draws on diverse relevant information sources. Some material parameters, such as peat depths, bulk densities, etc., can be derived from the Inventory data base for particular sites, but more exacting engineering data is reguired for almost any type of actual peatland development. These additional data may include airphoto interpretation of peatland patterning, hydrology and permafrost characteristics (Mollard and Janes 1984); the seasonal characteristics of potential winter or off-road access routes; in situ peat density studies (Lefebvre et al. 1984, Grigal 1983); hydrological discharge and carrying characteristics (e.g. Bertulli 1981); permeability studies on road bed materials and culvert placements for mitigating drainage or damming effects (Rycroft et al. 1975); ditching plans and surface water interception by perimeter ditches; load settlement and consolidation studies (Raymond et al. 1972, Hollingshead and Raymond 1972), and road construction directly on peat substrates (Rowe et al. 1984; Hanrahan and Rogers 1981; Gruen and Lovell 1984; Keyser and Laforte 1984a, b). - 24 -
Geochemistry of Peat and Peatlands The occurrence and distribution of major and minor elements within a peatland is subject to both stratigraphic and areal variability. In terms of the latter, both peat and water chemistry offer critical monitoring and interpretive capabilities in terms of substrate fertility, current site productivity (Stanek and Jeglum 1977), and ecological classification (Jeglum e^ al^. 1974; Pakarinen 1978; Schwintzer 1978, 1981; Schwintzer and Tomberlin 1982; Vitt and Slack 1975; Vitt and Bayley 1984). The distribution and movement of elements within peat profiles, and the biochemical partitioning of elements within a profile have been studied in detail as a means of understanding the successional, accumulative and decompositional processes operating within a peatland (Largin et al. 1972, Damman 1978, Levesque et aJL. 1982, Levesque and Millette 1977, Urquhart and Gore 1973, Szilagyi 1973, Pakarinen et al. 1980, Hemond 1980, Kilham 1982, Pakarinen and Gorham 1983) . An important aspect of these studies has become the use of ombrotrophic peat bogs as monitoring sites for the study of surface peat uptake of atmospherically deposited materials, many of which are anthropogenic (Gorham 1961, Gorham and Tilton 1978; Oldfield et al. 1981; Pakarinen et al. 1980; Glooschenko and Capobianco 1982). Direct application of geochemical studies has been made to geochemical prospecting in organic terrains (Salmi 1967, Boyle 1977, DiLabio and Coker 1982). Crown Land Disposition and Regulatory Controls Regulations for the disposition of Crown Lands for peat development, and for regulatory control of environmental impacts are in place in Ontario (Stocking 1981), as they are in other jurisdictions in Canada (J. Phillip Nicholson Inc. 198-4); in New Brunswick (Keys et: al.. 1981); in Minnesota (Asmussen 1983, Johnson 1983, Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 1984); and in Finland (Havu 1982). In Ontario, peat-related Crown Land disposition is controlled by the Mining Act as administered by the Mining Lands Section of the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, and the Public Lands Act as administered by the Lands Management Branch of the Ministry of Natural Resources. - 25 -
2.4 STUDY AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO Five areas in southeastern Ontario were studied durinq the Inventory Project (Fig. 1). They are all located between 44 0 and 46 0 N Latitude, and between Georgian Bay and 75 0 W Longitude.
TABLE 1. SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO STUDY AREAS Year Study Area 1:250 000 N.T.S. Total Mapsheet Study Area
1982-83 Pembroke 31F (NE 2/3) 5,770 Peterborough 31D (E 1/2), 10,000 km2 31C (W 1/4)
1983-84 Ottawa-Brockville 31B, 31G in 6,300 km2 Ontario W of 75 0 W
Kingston-Belleville 31C (E 3/4) 12,000 km2 Parry Sound 31E (W 1/4) , 7,500 km2 41H E of Georgian Bay
Totals 1982-84 41,570 km2
During the Inventory Project, 143 individual peatlands were studied, which had a total peatland area of 62,256 ha d.5% of the total area of the study areas). These peatlands were the most accessible large sites identified by O.G.S. for study on the basis of available topographic mapping, aerial photographs and satellite imagery, and were considered generally representative of the type of large, relatively forested and unforested peatlands characteristic of southeastern Ontario. The majority of the peatlands surveyed, and the largest sites, were in areas off the Canadian Shield. - 26 -
TABLE 2. INVENTORY COVERAGE IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
Study Areas No. of Total Peatland Percentage Peatlands Area of Sites of Total Surveyed Studied Study Area
Peterborough 50 19,564 ha 2.(n Kings ton- Be 11 evil le 30 13,521 ha X.1% Pembroke 17 7,533 ha X.3% Ottawa-Brockville 25 17,739 ha 2.8!?; Parry Sound 21 3,899 ha Q.5%
Totals 143 62,256 ha 1.5?; - 27 -
2.5 PROJECT PARTICIPANTS IN PEATLAND INVENTORY IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO
Detailed Field Studies
TABLE 3. FIELD STUDY PARTICIPANTS, SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO Ontario Year of Geological Survey Report Study Area Consultant Open File Report Release
Peterborough Bird and Hale Ltd. , O. F. R. 5448 1983 Toronto Kingston- Gartner Lee Assoc. O.F.R. 5490 1984 Belleville Ltd. , Toronto Pembroke Ecological Services O.F.R. 5449 1983 for Planning Ltd., Guelph Ottawa- Bird and Hale Ltd., O.F.R. 5491 1984 Brockville Toronto Parry Sound Monenco Ontario Ltd., O.F.R. 5488 1984 Toronto
(Note: Full citations are included in References, Sect. 9). Remote Sensing Studies In 1982, the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing was commissioned by O.G.S. to study the application of computer- assisted Landsat image interpretation to peatlands in the vicinity of the Groundhog River, northeast of Timmins (Pala and Boissonneau 1985). This test project refined remote sensing technigues which were subsequently applied to the other study areas, in order to provide the regional context of the overall distribution of different peatland types. Laboratory Studies Technical Services Laboratories Ltd. of Mississauga conducted the laboratory analysis of peat samples collected at detailed survey sites in southeastern Ontario. - 28 - - 29 -
3.0 GENERAL INVENTORY METHODOLOGY - 30 - - 31 -
3.1 FIELD SURVEYS The Peatland Inventory study areas (Fig. 1) were selected to include areas of considerable peat resources, within which there was expressed interest in an inventory being conducted or which displayed significant development potential. The individual peatland sites to be surveyed were selected on the basis of available peat information, relevant topographic and terrain mapping, preliminary airphoto interpretation, Landsat 2 feature imagery (1:50 000) and discussions with Ministry of Natural Resources staff with program responsibilities for the study areas. Selection was also based on considerations of accessibility, and the scale and type of peatland. In terms of the latter, larger and less forested sites were preferred, in order to satisfy the objective of evaluating as much as possible of the peat and peatland resources of each study area. Selected sites were delineated by straight line perimeter boundaries along U.T.M. 1000 m grid lines. All peatlands more than about 100 ha in size, and all survey sites, were plotted on 1:250 000 N.T.S. base maps of the study areas. On these index maps (Appendix D), each peatland was assigned a number. The complete peatland index number consists of the map number of the 1:250 000 N.T.S. map sheet on which the site occurs, followed by a site number of up to three digits; e.g. 43J-823 or 42P-8. In order to avoid confusion which may have arisen using geographic or colloquial names for peatlands, this numerical index was used throughout the inventory for referring to particular peatlands. The project teams commissioned to undertake the field studies were provided with a detailed manual describing the reguired field studies and report writing (Riley 1984b). In addition, the project teams were requested to review a number of reports and papers discussing peat inventory methods and peatland uses (e.g. Morgan and Pollet 1983, Radforth and Brawner 1977, Graham 1979, Institute of Gas Technology 1980, Jeglum and Boissonneau 1977, Rees 1982, Sheppard et al. 1982, Tibbetts and Telford 1981, Riley 1983, 1984a), and available publications of the International Peat Society and the Canadian National Committee of the International Peat Society. The project teams undertook a preliminary interpretation of airphotos (1:15 840, or 1:10 000 where available) before field studies in order to assist in planning and allocation of sampling effort. Field studies were intended to clarify and modify this photo - 32 -
interpretation, and the final peatland classification maps integrated both field data and airphoto interpretation. This integration was done most successfully where various project team members, especially the airphoto interpreter and the field botanist, co-operated in completing the mapping in the field, following detailed field studies. For each designated survey site, airphotos were interpreted and a final peatland classification map (1:10 000) was completed, with all peatlands delineated and subdivided into peatland types and physiognomic groups, using the terminology and classification units adopted by the Inventory Project (Appendix C; Jeglum et al. 1974, Jeglum and Boissonneau 1977). The collection of data on site was standardized through the use of standard ©site data record 1 forms completed at each sampling point on the peatland. These were used on both detailed and reconnaissance survey sites, and the difference between the detailed and reconnaissance surveys was principally in the density of sampling effort. The detailed surveys of sites concentrated on the collection of data at sampling points distributed on a grid system of transects across the site. A baseline transect was usually surveyed on the long axis of the peatland, and sideline transects were surveyed at right angles, customized for each site in order to best distribute coverage across the peatland. In many instances, secondary baseline- sideline series were required in order to conform with the configuration of a site. At 100 m intervals along these transects, points were surveyed and sampled. In areas not sufficiently covered by the grid, extra traverse points were sampled between transects. Each sample point was identified in the following manner. Baselines were designated as ©B 1 ; (or ©F©)/ and points along it were identified by their distance (in metres) and direction; e.g. BOOOW, B100W, etc. Sidelines were designated as ©L 1 (or ©G 1 ), and points along it were identified by the point at which the sideline intersects the baseline, and by distance and direction along the sideline; e.g. L700N -i- 1250E was the point on the sideline which intersects the baseline at B700N, and which was 1250 m east of the baseline. Traverse points were numbered consecutively; e.g. Tl, T2, etc. On detailed survey sites, sampling density was one sampling point per 8-10 ha on sites greater than 1000 ha, and one per 6-8 ha on smaller sites. Where extensive areas - 33 -
of shallow peat (
The recovered core was divided into intervals based on changes in peat type and von Post humification (Henderson and Doiron 1982). The major peat types encountered were sphagnum moss (Ss), other mosses (Sb), sedge-herb peat (C), woody peat from shrubs (Ln) and woody peat from trees (Li), with minor amounts of Eriophorum (ER), Equisetum (EQ), and others (MS). For each interval, the estimated composition was recorded on a percentage basis; e.g. LnlC2Ss7 indicated a peat type composed of 1Q* sphagnum, 2Q* sedge-herb and 1(H shrub. Any seeds, charcoal layers or constituents at less than lO 5* ( many of the summary tables and conclusions, H4 peats were considered in this inventory to be potential fuel peats, and the volume calculations are based on this assumption. In New Brunswick, H4 peats are considered by many field workers to have horticultural peat potential. The Ontario Inventory results should be intepreted with this in mind. All core intervals showing any change in peat type or humification level were measured in terms of top and bottom depths, and logged in terms of peat type and humification. In addition, a categorization of sample wetness was made, as was the estimation of the amount of fiber in the sample. The latter categorization included: j), amorphous/sapric, without discernible fiber or recognisable plant remains; JL, sapric, little discernible fiber, large plant remains may occur, fiber tends to disintegrate under pressure, ID-40% fiber; 2^ hemic, fiber and plant remains distinct, and with distinctive structure present, 40-70^ fiber; and 3^ f f ibric, breaking of hand sample entails tearing of fibers, structure is elastic, resilient, plant remains clearly recognizable, >1Q% fiber. Data from the site record forms constituted the baseline information on which subsequent mapping, discussion, profiling and evaluation was based. However, additional data on site vegetation was collected in order to complement these data, to assist in accurate air photo interpretation, and to provide more detailed habitat descriptions for land use planning. This entailed semi- quantitative collection of phytosociological data at representative peat sampling points; i.e. at three points per physiognomic group covering more than 20* of the peatland, and with single sample points for smaller physiognomic groups. In addition, full vegetation sampling was undertaken at all points from which peat cores were recovered for laboratory analysis (Section 3.5). The more complete vegetation data was also useful in accurately characterizing the mapping units used on the peatland classification map for the site, and in contributing to the text on site drainage, hydrology, succession and potential overburden removal or trafficability problems. The full vegetation sampling entailed a record of all plant species occurring within a prescribed distance of the sampling point (in most cases, a 5 m radius), and the percentage cover (light interception) by each species within defined physiognomic strata; i.e. tree species ^50 cm, shrub species ^50 cm, shrub/tree species ^50 cm, graminoid/herbaceous species, and moss/lichen species (refer to Appendix C for more detail). Moss and lichen species - 36 - were recorded, at a minimum, where their percentage cover values exceeded about 5*?;, although some project teams exceeded or failed this minimum depending on their particular capabilities. All vascular plant species were recorded within a 5 m radius; cover values were assigned on the basis of visual estimates of light interception by each species in standard sized guadrats, usually 2 x l m2 r gualified by a visual estimate of the species© cover in the 5 m radius as well. The presence of water and debris was also recorded. Plant species were identified in the field or collected for later determination by the field botanist or by experts in particular groups, e.g. mosses were sent to specialists of the National Museum of Natural Sciences (Ottawa) and elsewhere. Nomenclature followed standard treatments for Ontario; these are referenced in each Open File Report on study areas. Full vegetation sampling included measurement of the actual depth-to-water in the hummock and in the hollow phase of the microtopography near a particular sampling point. These data allow a more accurate estimate of average depth- to-water; e.g. if the depth-to-water in the hummock phase was 55 cm and in the hollow phase was -10 cm, and if the hummock phase occupies 4C^ of the microtopography, then the average depth-to-water was calculated as [(40x55)*(60x-10)l 7 100 - 16 cm. Surface water pH (to nearest 0.1 units) was measured in the field on water samples retrieved from about 10-15 cm below the water table, or water sgueezed from peat in a hand-dug pit. pH was measured with a portable pH meter and/or with composite pH papers with overlapping accuracy ranges (E. Merck ColorpHast papers in the pH4-7 and 6.5-10 ranges, for example). At representative points on peatlands investigated in detail, complete cores were recovered from the surface of the peat down to the underlying mineral substrate. These sampling points were selected to represent the variation in peat stratigraphy and/or vegetation occurring on the peatland. Mini-Macaulay samplers were recommended for this work (5 cm diameter, 50 cm long), and a modified piston sampler (4 cm diameter, Korpijaakko 1981) was also used. The cores were divided into sample intervals on the basis of changes in botanical composition and degree of humification (von Post scale) (Henderson and Doiron 1982). The minimum sample weight of each core interval collected was l kg and detailed core logs were recorded at each - 37 - sampling point. Sedimentary peats (ooze) and marl intervals were also sampled by the same procedure. Samples of each core interval were sealed in plastic bags with excess air expelled. These samples were double-bagged, sealed to prevent water loss, and clearly labelled on the outside by study area (e.g. Ignace), peatland number (e.g. 52G-191), sample point number (e.g. L3200N+200E) , and stratum level (e.g. C2). The samples from all intervals of a particular core were then bagged together with another outside label including study area, peatland number and sampling point number. They were stored in the dark. Physical samples were frozen as soon as possible in the field or kept at temperatures less than 3 0 C (Jasieniuk and Johnson 1982, Levesgue et al. 1980). All samples were frozen when they were brought from the field study areas. Field studies were usually conducted in July, August and September, with some extending later in the season. 3.2 OPEN FILE REPORTS ON FIELD SURVEYS Open File Reports written by the project teams for each study area have a standard format, with the exception of the first year of the Inventory (e.g. Pembroke and Peterborough study areas in southern Ontario). This format included the following: a summary report (abstract, introduction, methodology, results and conclusions); followed by appendix reports on each detailed survey site (location, access, topography drainage, peatland vegetation, peat depth, peat type, peat humification, peat volumes, site potential, isopach map, elevation map, peatland classification map, and peat type/peat humification profiles); and each reconnaissance survey site (abbreviated text on the same topics, with a peatland classification map and peat profiles) (Riley 1984b). All peatland mapping was on a scale of 1:10 000, produced on base maps derived from Forest Resource Inventory (F.R.I.) maps or Ontario Basic Maps (O.B.M.) at available scales. The base maps included the survey site boundaries (usually along U.T.M. 1000 m grid lines), with both latitude/longitude and U.T.M. grid co-ordinates, and roads, trails, drainage directions on streams, grid layout and sampling points. On this base were plotted the isopach maps, elevation maps and peatland classification maps, using standardized legends (Fig. 2). - 38 - LEGEND LEGEND STUDY AREA BOUNDARY STUDY AREA BOUNDARY LIMIT OF PEATLANO LIMIT OF PEATLAND DRAINAGE CHANNEL AND/OR FLOW DIRECTION DRAINAGE CHANNEL AND/OR FLO* DIRECTION LAKES OR PONDINGS LAKES OR PONDINGS ISLAND ISLAND MAJOR ROADS MAJOR ROADS SECONDARY ROADS SECONDARY ROADS SECONDARY ACCESS ROADS OR TRAILS SECONDARY ACCESS ROADS OR TRAILS SURVEY LINE DESIGNATION AND LENGTH L200N 4- I50E SURVEY LINE DESIGNATION AND LENGTH L200N * I50E O PHYSICAL SAMPLE LOCATION SURVEY POINTS TOTAL PEAT DEPTH (m) ------. PHYSICAL SAMPLE LOCATION DEPTH OF SURFICIAL LAYER (ml —————— ELEVATION (m a. s. l.) 259.5 0.2/1.6 SURVEY POINTS ------———— - ---—— - -- O ELEVATION CONTOURS ( 0. Sffl) 2.0/5.8 AVG H OF SURFICIAL LAYER------—— --- AVG H OF TOTAL PEAT DEPTH---- ——— --- DEPTH CONTOURS (m) TOTAL AREA i lm DEEP PEATLANO SURFACE AREA SURFACE TOTAL VOL VOL H4-!0 (ha) (ha) (ml 1 1 Ion m^) (million m 3) 52F-57 123 97 Z 033 1-449 500m 1000m Scale li 10 000 Scale li 10 000 ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT PEATLAND 52F-57 PEATLAND 52F-57 ISOPACH MAP ELEVATION MAP Map 6 of Open File Report 5544 Map 7 of Open File Report 5544 1985 1985 - 39 - LEGEND LEGEND STUDY Refer to pact l and classification map AREA BOUNDARY legend for full description of physiognomic types LIMIT OF PEATLAND HUMIFICATION PROFILE DRAINAGE CHANNEL AND/OR FLO* DIRECTION — - — - *- VON POST SCALE OF HUMIFICATION LAKES OR PONOINCS HI ...... NON HUMIFIED TO ISLAND H10 ...... FULLY HUMIFIED MAJOR ROADS The strata boundaries between unhunlfled layers (H) to H3) and humified layers (H4 to HIO) are shown as a solid line SECONDARY ROADS as we 11 as between m and all other layers SECONDARY ACCESS ROADS OR TRAILS All other strata boundaries ore shown with broken lines SURVEY LINE DESIGNATION AND LENGTH L200N t I50E PHYSICAL SAMPLE SURVEY POINTS LOCATION VEGETATION SAMPLE LOCATION OZ.. .OOZE PHYSICAL SAMPLE LOCATION MA.. .MARL M SHALLOW K BASAL SEDIMENTS ••TER OPEN l COASTAL C) RO...... ROCK TREED (ESTUARINE E) GR...... GRAVEL SA...... SAND PHYSIOGNOMIC DECIDUOUS r SHRUB-RICH UEAOO* CROUP CONIFER c TAIL SHRUB LO* SHRUB l* SI...... SILT THICKET 1 LOT SHRUB SHAUC* t CL...... CLAY (OK COMBINED OMRF SHRUB DEEP d TI...... TILL BASED ON DOM.' GRAMIN010 SHRUB-RICH EX hts.cM) SPHAGNUM l INTERTIDAL Intl LICHEN-RICH (SUPERT1DAL S** l POOL PEAT TYPE PROFILE PEAT TYPES OTHER MODIFIERS. FLOODED (F) CUTOTER/RECENT SECONDARY SUCCESSION (C) POST FIRE SUCCESSION (P) Ss...... SPHAGNUM MOSS RIBBED (R) So...... BROWN MOSS DRAINED l D) C...... CAREX/GRAMINOID La ...... SHRUB L l...... TREE PEAT TYPE NUMERALS REPRESENT COMPONENT PERCENTAGE FROM t ( 10Z) TO O ( lOCr/.l SUBDOMINANT TYPE / (307.) 500m 1000m Ln C 3 Ss1 DOMINANT TYPE Scale d 10 000 SUBDOMINANT TYPE (TOX) PRESENT BUT LESS THAN 107. SCALE'HORIZONTAL 11 4000 ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY VERTICAL d SO PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT PEATLAND 52F-57 PEATLAND CLASSIFICATION MAP ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT Map 5 of Open File Report 5544 PEATLAND 52F-5T 1985 PEAT PROFILE No. 7 Open File Report 5544 1985 III) PEATLAND CLASSIFICATION lv) PEAT PROFILES FIGURE 2B, LEGENDS FOR PEATLAND INVENTORY MAPS AND PROFILES - 40 - The isopach map indicates the depth contours of the peat deposit (l m contour interval), with peat depth and humification data indicated for each sampling point. At each point, the total peat depth (m) and the depth (m) of unhumified peat (von Post scale 1-3) were indicated, as were the weighted average von Post humifications of each of these depth intervals. This map is the basis for calculations of peat deposit volumes and the assessment of particular concentrations of suitable peat. Humification inversions involving 50 cm of peat or more (e.g. 60 cm of H3 peat occurring as a stratum below a significant depth of H4 peat) were considered in calculations as part of the overall depth of that humification category (e.g. 60 cm of H3 peat was added to surficial depth of Hl-3 peat). Peat volumes in areas >l m deep were calculated by the "donut" method:T) the surface area (ha) between each isopach contour line was measured; i i) the average total peat depth within each contour "donut" was calculated from all sampling points within the "donut"; iii) the area was multiplied by the average depth to produce a volume of peat ( m3) for each contour area; and iv) the volumes of each contour "donut" were summed to obtain a volume estimate for the peat deposit >l m deep. For the area The peatland classification map indicates the distribution and occurrence of vegetation on the peatland, with the legend units based on a hierarchical classification including vegetation formations (e.g. bog, fen, swamp, marsh, poor fen), subformations (open, treed), and physiognomic (or structural) groups (e.g. graminoid, dwarf shrub, low shrub, tall shrub, deciduous, conifer, thicket, etc.) (Fig. 2biii; Appendix C). The airphoto interpretation on which this mapping was based was, for the most part, done in conjunction with field studies by the photo interpreter, in co-operation with the project field botanist, and after study of the site data records compiled by sampling crews at each point. Despite a standardized classification system, the style and expertise demonstrated in this portion of the Inventory varied considerably between study areas, and the data included in this summary report do not always coincide with data presented in the Open File Reports for each study area. This mapping also indicates the sampling points at which full vegetation sampling was undertaken by the project team. Where data were available, numerical superscripts were applied to the physiognomic mapping units, e.g. T22^ S 42B indicated a bog with tree cover of 22% and a dominant understorey of low shrubs at 42% cover. The sampling density on detailed survey sites enabled the production of the above maps, but only peatland classification maps were produced for reconnaissance survey sites. Peat profiles indicate the stratigraphy of peat types and humification levels along the sampling transects (Fig. 2biv). The top of the profile relates to surface elevation and the bottom to substrate depth and type. Peat profiles are useful interpretative illustrations and can be used in conjunction with the laboratory data presented in this report to extrapolate peat characteristics laterally within a deposit. They can provide a rough measure of the succession of peatlands through time on the site. In addition, they are an excellent guide for focussing subsequent detailed surveys for site preparation, ditching, palynological studies, etc. The detailed peat core data is interpreted along a transect by joining strata of relative similarity of peat type or humification. There is considerable interpretation involved in deciding on 'significant 1 breaks in a profile which warrant breaking out as separate strata. In this inventory, a 'significant 1 break in the peat type of individual cores was viewed as a change of 2Q* or more in dominant peat type (e.g. C3 to C5), a change in dominant - 42 - peat type (e.g. L1C4S5 to L1S5C4), or the appearance of different minor components (e.g. L). Where similar breaks between similar types occur on adjacent peat cores, this was interpreted as a discrete profile stratum.. Within this stratum, independent of its length, the peat types or humification values of all intervals recorded on the site record forms were averaged to produce a stratum- specific description; e.g. C4S6, to indicate a peat composed of ea. 4C^ sedge-herb and 6C^ moss. Peat lenses of 30 cm or less in thickness were profiled only if they extended more than 100 m. For reconnaissance study sites, sampling density was much less. Where sampling points were arranged in a more or less straight line, a modified peat profile was drafted. For unaligned points, the core data was plotted at the same scale as the profiles, but with no strata interpreted between points. Detailed site evaluations included the above maps and profiles, interpretation of them, and other site specific detail. The evaluations included the peatland index number and informal geographic or local names; the location of the site; air photo flight lines and frames; and access in terms of roads, railways, rivers, cut townships lines, rights-of- way, distances to nearby towns, industries and transportation routes. The discussion of topography and drainage integrated relevant topographic data with the elevation and isopach data on the specific site, including present and potential drainage of the site, substrate types, seasonal flooding regimes, water bodies present and any extant modifications to the natural drainage patterns. This text focussed on the areas of the peatland which, because of peat depth, drainability and peat type, were considered to have the greatest resource potential. The peatland 1 s vegetation was characterized in terms of dominant formations and physiognomic groups, their distribution across the site in relation to site hydrology, and the areal coverage and average peat depth of each physiognomic group. Each peatland classification unit was discussed in relation to average depth-to-water, groundwater pH, hummock-hollow microtopography, average tree cover values, and dominant or diagnostic plant species. Detailed floristic data was summarized in tables of dominance types, and tables of the cover values of all plant species recorded at full vegetation sampling points. As indicated previously, some aspects of this part of the Inventory were not undertaken in the first year of the inventory (i.e. - 43 - Pembroke and Peterborough). Any patterning of peatland vegetation (e.g. ribbing, tear-shaped islands, raised bogs, circular features) was discussed. Discussion of peat resource characteristics focussed on the physical aspects of the peat as observed in the field. Laboratory analyses of the peat were not available to the project teams during the field studies. As a result, peat depths, peat types and humifications, and volumes were the focus of the evaluation of the sites for peat resource development. Overall peat depths, the proportions of humified vs. unhumified peat, and the average peat depths beneath certain peatland types (e.g. open bog, rather than treed bog) are critically important, especially in relation to the distribution of peat types considered most suitable for energy (C peat) or horticultural (S peat) applications. The assessment of development potential in a strict socio-economic sense is not feasible at the inventory stage, but an appraisal can be made based on the characteristics of all the peatlands in a study area, and of the relative suitability and accessibility of particular sites in the area. In this inventory, this evaluation entailed an appraisal of deposit volumes, generalized peat types, accessibility from present roads and population/industry centres, the degree of present tree cover on the site, the apparent drainability and trafficability of the site, and the apparent possibilities for dry or wet mining of the site (or portions of it) for energy or horticultural peat. The stump content of the deposit (after Keskitalo 1982, Keys 1983), as a measure of the volume of wood in a deposit, was also considered, as was the present land tenure, land use, and any present or past peat extraction or drainage of the site. If the site had been previously studied or if contacts with District and Regional staff of the Ministry of Natural Resources indicated knowledge of important biological values associated with the site, reference was made to those sources of information. The reconnaissance site evaluations used a similar approach but focussed on the assessment of the suitability of sites for more detailed site investigations. This assessment was based on the potential for peat extraction on the basis of anticipated peat depths, volumes and quality, and the absence of constraints to development such as dense tree cover, drainage problems, or conflict with existing land uses, as well as proximity to population and transportation centres, and the similarity of sites to nearby detailed study sites which had apparent resource potential. - 44 - A summary volume for each study area was produced as a synopsis of the detailed and reconnaissance investigations. In addition to brief summaries of the evaluations of each site, the summary presented the regional context of the study and results. Geographic, geological, geo- morphological, climatic and vegetational characteristics of the study area as a whole were outlined, with reference to standard provincial information and more specific regional treatments. The Quaternary geology history of the area was outlined in relation to basin definition, substrates, topography, hydrologic regimes and the timing of glacial retreat. The discussion of climate focussed on the conditions necessary for air-drying peat and for other peat operations (Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981, Ecologistics Ltd. 1985), such as regional temperature, sunshine, precipitation, winds and evapo- transpiration rates from May to October in comparison with other areas with active peat industries, e.g. northern New Brunswick and central Quebec. The field methods and methods of data analysis were presented, especially as they differed from the standard inventory methods. Brief site evaluations were included in the summary volume, as well as a synopsis of the regional context within which evaluations and site comparisons were made. A detailed summary table was included in all reports, containing: total peatland area; peatland area M m deep; number of sampling points and transects; total volume of peat in situ; percentage stump content; peatland types, their area, average peat depth, number of peat cores, and number of full vegetation sampling points; and the numbers of physical sample cores recovered for subsequent laboratory analysis. This table provided important overall totals for peat volumes and peatland types in the portions of the study area investigated. A summary table of development factors was also part of the summary volume, ranking certain factors in terms of whether they were limiting, good, poor or excellent in terms of development. These factors included such items as deposit area >l m deep, volumes of humified and unhumified peat, average peat depth and humifications, dominant peat type, stump content, tree cover, drainage and land tenure. This comparative table showed an overall rating of the sites as well as the regional patterns of particular development factors, and was part of the discussion of peat resource potential. The resource potential was related to other factors such as accessibility, slope gradients across deposits to potential discharge points, the occurrence of string fens (with inherent trafficability problems), and - 45 - other special considerations such as Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest, deer yards, fish spawning areas, timber licences, and extant peat harvesting operations. Finally, the resource's potential was addressed in terms of suitability for energy and/or horticultural peat use, potential draining for agriculture or forestry, and for conservation or wildlife uses where these values were pre-eminent or most suitable by default. 3.3 REGIONAL SUMMARY TABLES INTEGRATING DETAILED FIELD SURVEYS AND LABORATORY RESULTS The general methods of data analysis, mapping and reporting are outlined above in order to provide an overview on the inventory as it operated in the field, and to provide a suitable description of methods to complement those indicated briefly in the Open File Reports on particular study areas. These Open File Reports contain intensive studies of numerous peatlands, and this report is not intended as a synopsis of those Open File Reports. Rather, there are certain aspects of the inventory which complement and broaden the scope of the data base on peatlands, and were undertaken as parallel studies to the field studies. Included among these is the compilation of summary tables integrating the field studies and certain aspects of the laboratory results (Appendix A). The overall volume of a peat deposit is of significance only by virtue of the areal extent of a suitable depth of an appropriate peat material.Approximately 90* of peat harvesting is by dry milled peat harvesting, so extraction for both large scale energy and horticultural peat requires large surface areas from which very shallow, solar-dried harvests are made over sufficient lengths of time to warrant the initial capital investment. Although other harvesting techniques are technically feasible, the following comments are based on dry harvesting and are intended to provide a focus for a summary treatment of the inventory 1 s peat data base. The volumes and peat depth figures calculated through the field inventory are in situ values. During the drainage phase of a production development, a significant degree of compaction of the peat occurs, estimated at about IS 5* (Turverukki Oy 1982). In addition, most large-scale peat operations assume that peat extraction should be discontinued within 50 cm of the basal sediment underlying the deposit, in order to avoid peat with generally higher ash contents, to avoid potential damage to harvesting equipment, and to assist in site reclamation. - 46 - In some situations this 50 cm bufferzone may be considered too little or too much, depending on the uses of the particular extracted peat and the type of underlying substrate. However, the combination of the two factors of compaction and non-extractable basal peat, means that an in situ peat depth of 2 m may be assumed to have an extractable depth of 1.3 m. (This figure excludes any peat removed from the surface during site preparation). Milled peat harvesting is by far the most prevalent production method. A thin layer of peat is milled or shredded from the top of the prepared production field, then harrowed and solar dried over the course of several days. The thickness of this harvested layer varies with circumstances, but can be assumed to be in the order of 10-15 mm per harvest (Suoninen 1982, reports Finnish average of 10-20 mm; Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981, reports average of 12 mm). During the potential harvesting period (May to September), the number of suitable 2-3 day drying periods in Ontario are 10-16, depending on the thickness of harvested peat to be solar dried (10-11 in Timmins and Armstrong, 11-12 in Ottawa and Fort Frances (Ecologistics Ltd. 1985). Suoninen (1982) reports a Finnish average of 16 harvests per year based on 2 day drying periods; Midwest Research Institute (1976) reports an Irish average of 12 harvests per year; Monenco Ontario Ltd. (1981) reports an average of 15 harvests per year. Therefore, at a rate of 12 mm per harvest and 15 harvests per year (a maximum value), a total of 0.18 m of peat is removed each year, so that a 1.3 m depth of peat could bear harvesting for 7 to 8 years at a minimum. This length of time would appear to be a minimum length of time in terms of the capitalization of investment in a large- scale operation. In summary, it became apparent during the course of the inventory that the analysis of peat deposits should focus on those portions of peatlands with a minimum of 2 m of peat. This conforms with the U.S. Department of Energy definition of fuel-grade peats as those having a minimum depth of 5 feet, and with the Finnish and Irish estimates of usable peat resources as those being deeper than 2 m (Lappalainen 1982, Midwest Research Institute 1976). - 47 - Thus, the focus of the peat resource evaluation in this report is on the areas of peatland which have depths greater than 2 m. This entailed recalculation of all depth averages, areas and volumes, based on a reappraisal of all isopach maps and site data records produced by the project teams for each study area. This reappraisal of the data in the Open File Reports and the integration of subsequent laboratory data resulted in the production of regional summary tables (Appendix A) including in this report. For detailed survey sites, these tables include: i) Study site number, and U.T.M. grid reference; ii) Total area of the peatland (ha) , total volume of peat in situ (x!0 6m3 ), volume of well-humified peat in situ (von Post scale H4"1", iii) Area of peatland ^2 m deep (ha, based on planimetry c^E isopach maps in Open File Reports) , number of sub-basins comprising that area, total volume of peat in situ (x!0 6m3 ) in area >2 m deep, volume of well-humified peat in situ (von Post scale H4 4"/ xlo6m3 r i n area ^2 m deep), average depth of peat in the area >2 m deep (cm, based on average of all core depths in area >2 m deep) , and number of cores for which depths were recorded; iv) Average thickness of unhumified peat (cm, von Post scale 1-TJ based on isopach maps) in area y2 m deep; v) Weighted average peat type of unhumified peat in area >2 m deep (based on average of the logged cores, with the core values weighted by thickness of intervals recorded, S-C-L-Other ^ (* moss/10 )-(* sedge-herb/lO-U wood/10 )-U other/10)); vi) Weighted average humification of unhumified peat in area >2 m deep (von Post scale, based on average of the logged cores, with the core values weighted by thickness of intervals recorded); vii) Weighted average heat value of unhumified peat in area >2 m deep (net cal/g, based on laboratory data on cores from area >2 m deep, with average weighted by thickness of the intervals analysed in the laboratory) ; - 48 - viii) Weighted average ash content of unhumif led peat in area >2 m deep (* ash, based on laboratory data on 'cores from areas >2 m deep, with average weighted by thickness of the intervals analysed in the laboratory) ; ix) Weighted average fibre content of unhumified peat in area >2 m deep (% fibre, based on laboratory data on cores from areas ^2 m deep, with average weighted by thickness of the intervals analysed in the laboratory) ; x) Weighted average peat pH of unhumified peat in area >2 m deep ( pH , based on laboratory data on cores from areas >2 m deep, with average weighted by thickness of the intervals analysed in the laboratory) ; xi-xvii) For the well-humified peat in the area >2 m deep, the average thickness, and weighted average peat type , humification, heat value, ash content, fibre conTent and peat pH were calculated by the same methods indicated above (iv-x); xviii) Percentage of the peatland area m deep with tree cover of less than IQ.%; xix) Presence of a basal ooze in the area m deep, expressed as the average thickness (cm), the number of cores showing basal ooze, and the total number of cores in the area y2 m deep; xx) Peatland vegetation types occurring on the whole peatland area, abbreviated as OB (open bog); TB (treed bog), OF (open fen), TF (treed fen), OPF (open poor fen), TPF (treed poor fen), cS (conifer swamp), hS (hardwood or deciduous swamp), tS (thicket swamp) , mS (mixed swamp) , and M (marsh) , and with definitions in Appendix C; xxi) Area of each peatland vegetation type (ha); xxii) Average peat depth beneath each peatland type (m), and number of cores on which average is based; xxiii) Stump content calculated for whole peatland area - 49 - xxiv) Ministry of Natural Resources Administrative District, and Site Region/Site District (Hills 1959, Hills and Pierpoint 1960); xxv) Comme n t s , in this case the categorization of the peat deposits in terms of energy and horticultural peat, as discussed in the following Section 3.4. The regional summary tables for reconnaissance survey sites reflect the restricted fieldwork done and the absence of complementary laboratory data on those sites. They cover the following aspects of the peat and peatland resource: i) Study site number, and U.T.M. grid reference; ii) Total area of the peatland (ha); iii) Estimated average peat depth (cm), and number of peat cores on which average is based; iv) Estimated total peat volume in situ (xl()6m3), based on multiplication of total area by average peat depth (ii and iii, above); v) Estimated volume of well-humified peat in situ (von Post scale H4~t', xlOm), by multiplyng the estimated total volume by proportion of the average peat depth occupied by well-humified peat. vi) Average thickness of unhumified peat (cm, von Post scale Hl-3), based on all logged cores; vii) Average humification of unhumified peat (von Post scale) , based on all logged cores with Hl-3 intervals; average of the logged cores, with the core values weighted by thickness of intervals logged; viii) Average peat type of unhumified peat (classification as indicated above), based on all cores logged with Hl-3 intervals; average of the logged cores, with the core values weighted by thickness of intervals logged; ix-xi) Average thickess , humification and peat type of well-humified peat (von Post H4"1"; same method as indicated above for unhumified peat) ; xii) Percentage of total peatland area with tree cover of - 50 - xiii) Presence or absence of basal ooze, based on cores logged; xiv) Peatland vegetation types occurring on the whole peatland area, the area of each peatland type (ha), and the average peat depth beneath each peatland type, based on the cores logged (same method as indicated above for detailed study sites); xv) Ministry of Natural Resources Administrative District, and Site Region/Site District. These regional summary tables include data not available in Open File Reports, and complement those Reports in their focus on peatland areas >2 m deep. However, the Open File Reports contain the results of intensive field studies not summarized in this report. They should be referred to for additional peatland information on all sites studied. 3.4 CATEGORIZATION OF PEAT DEPOSITS FOR POTENTIAL ENERGY OR HORTICULTURAL PEAT USE Almost all of the peatlands surveyed by the inventory have potential in terms of small-scale bulk peat production for local or specialty uses where the economics warrant and where land use policies permit. However, only a restricted number of peatlands have potential for large-scale, mechanized peat harvesting operations. The following comments on potential development scenarios for large-scale developments are made in order to introduce several aspects of peat resource development which are of critical importance, and which have been adapted to a tentative categorization of peat deposits from a horticultural peat and fuel peat point of view. In horticultural peat production, a large-scale operation is defined here as involving milled peat harvesting for a peat baling operation with an annual product of 100,000 bales (@ 80 Ibs at 50% moisture content). Estimated milled peat production would be in the order of 180 t/ha/yr, assuming about 12 mm of peat per harvest and almost 15 harvests per year (ref. Sect. 3.3). In comparison, Finnish production rates are estimated at 210 t/ha/yr based on 600 mVha at bulk densities of 350 kg/mS (suoninen 1982). Monenco Ontario Ltd. (1981) estimates potential northern Ontario production of 140 t/ha/yr, and southern Ontario production of 200 t/ha/yr. Midwest Research Institute (1976) estimates Irish annual - 51 - production at 165 t/ha/yr. Turverukki Oy (1982) estimated central Ontario production at 180 t/ha/yr. To produce 100,000 bales per year (3636 t/yr) at production rates of 180 t/ha/yr, 20 ha are required. However, if only l m of harvestable horticultural peat is present, and if capital requirements demand a production duration of at leat 15 years, then the area required is 50 ha. If harvestable peat depths are qreater, the area required is less. If capitalization requirements demand a longer production duration, or if the number of harvests per year is reduced by weather problems, the required area of production fields may be greater. A horticultural peat operation is used as an example above because it involves a smaller area of peatland than required for any large-scale fuel peat operation. Fuel-grade peat can be harvested at any scale dependent on the end use of the product. However, large-scale power generation requires large areas of suitable peat deposits. For example, peat power plants in Ireland vary in output from 40 to 90 MW (Lang 1984). A 40MW plant consumes peat at a rate of about 250 kt/yr (6.3 kt/MW) . Assuming a very high peat production rate of 200 t/ha/yr, this production would require 1250 ha of developed peat production fields. A 100 MW power plant, with a comsuinption rate of 700 kt/yr (est. 7 kt/MW) would require a minimum of 3500 ha. In Ireland, the smallest deposit developed for milled peat harvesting for energy production is 1135 ha, with production fields of 850 ha (Midwest Research Institute 1976). These area estimates can be considered minimum values because development of such an operation would require production of peat over an extended period of time, and the duration of production would again relate to the available thickness of suitable peat. These area requirements would rarely be met in a single deposit; a group of peatlands within an economical transport distance of a power plant is a more probable scenario. Monenco Ontario Ltd. (1981) estimates 100 km as the economic limit for transporting milled peat by rail or road. Figure 3 shows the general relationship between usable peat depths and the area of production fields, assuming a 40 MW power plant based on milled peat harvesting involving 16 harvests per year of 15 mm per harvest. - 52 - 6,000- 5,000- 4,000- (O O O. o 3,000- w o. Ik o 20 YEARS OF PRODUCTION g 2,000- YEARS OF PRODUCTION 1,250- MINIMUM AREAj 1,000- REQUIRED FOR ' 40 MW PLANT l MINIMUM 1.3m USABLE PEAT l DEPTH (-2m In situ peat) 12345 USABLE PEAT DEPTH (m) .(assuming 15-* compaction and 50 cm basement) FIGURE 3. GENERAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN USABLE PEAT DEPTH AND AREA OF PRODUCTION DEPOSITS FOR A 40MW POWER PLANT OPERATING FOR 10 AND 20 YEARS. - 53 - The production rates, area requirements and harvestable depths are estimates, but consideration of the relationship between these factors (and others) is critical in assessing the development potential of a site. A tentative categorization of the peatlands examined in detail has been derived from these considerations of deposit area and usable depths. Because of the present absence of specific data on operational Canadian energy peat developments, the area requirements have been biased towards the inclusion of relatively small fuel peat deposits which may be suitable for small-scale fuel peat production. These categories have been included on the regional summary tables (Appendix A) as a ready reference to the significance of the peat resource from an extraction point of view. Other relevant comments on the significance of sites in terms of agriculture, forestry, land tenure, biological conservation, drainage, etc., have been made in the detailed text on each site in the Open File Reports on each study area. Category A Fuel Peat Deposit i) Peatland area y2 m deep ...... ^50 ha i i) Average net heating value ...... M165 cal/q iii) Average ash content ...... <15% Category B Fuel Peat Deposit i) Peatland area >2 m deep ...... 50-150 ha ii) Average net heating value ...... M165 cal/q iii) Average ash content ...... <15% Category A Horticultural Peat Deposit i) Peatland area ^2 m deep ...... ^150 ha i i) Average unhumified peat thickness (von Post scale 1-3) ...... yi m iii) Average peat type of unhumified peat . ^0?; moss peat iv) Average pH of unhumified peat ...... ^.9 v) Average fibre content of unhumified peat ...... >6Q% Category B Horticultural Peat Deposit i) Peatland area >2 m deep ...... 50-150 ha i i) Average unhumified peat thickness (von Post scale 1-3) ...... >l m iii) Average peat type of unhumified peat . >70% moss peat iv) Average pH of unhumified peat ...... ^.9 v) Average fibre content of unhumified peat ...... >60% - 54 - The criteria for categorization of fuel peat deposits are discussed more fully in Section 2.3 of this report. The criteria for categorization of horticultural peat deposits are discussed above with the exception of i) average peat type, and ii) average fibre content. Moss peat is defined as having at least 75% moss composition ( Farnham 1968). In our inventory, the botanical composition was recorded to the nearest 1(^; therefore, the value of 1Q* was adopted for moss peat. Horticultural peat is conventionally considered to be fibric, defined as having 66% or more of unrubbed fibre content (syringe method). This value is equivalent to 60* fibre content by the laboratory methods used for this inventory (Riley 1986). Alternately, horticultural neat is considered to have Hl-3 or Hl-4 humif ications on the von Post scale. In either case, the value of 6C^ fibre content is an accurate minimum (refer to Sect. 7.0)* These categories are based directly on the peat-related data of the regional summary tables, and indirectly on the specific laboratory data on peat cores sampled (Appendix B) . Modifications to these categories can be readily made with reference to these sources; i.e. if the requirement for average peat pH is ^.0 rather than ^.9. Even for the detailed survey sites, this categorization is tentative because of the limited nature of the data collected, especially laboratory data. This categorization is not applied to any of the reconnaissance survey sites. The percentage of the peatland area >2 m deep with tree cover was not considered to be of critical importance because the significance of tree cover in terms of clearing costs will vary in relation to the value associated with the peat resource. In addition, the calculated stump content was not considered in this categorization because it was not based on a sufficient density of sampling points on the peatland area >2 m deep to provide more than an approximate guide to stump content. Within portions of peatlands >2 m deep, there may be sufficient lateral variation in peat materials to warrant horticultural peat production regardless of the overall 'average 1 values and the overall categorization of the deposit. More detailed information is in the relevant Open File Reports. - 55 - 3.5 LABORATORY TESTS, AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS From each peatland designated for detailed field survey, the project team recovered top-to-bottom sample cores. Up to four sample cores were recovered from each peatland, from points chosen after field studies to reflect the general patterns of peat stratigraphy/ peat depths and peatland vegetation (refer Section 3.1). The laboratory tests reflect the broad objectives of the inventory, and include parameters of relevance to the energy, horticultural, agricultural, forestry and ecological resources of the peatland. The testing was designed to complement the detailed site data published as Open File Reports on each study area, so that laboratory results on each core could be stratigraphically integrated with transect profiles of the peat deposits, and with other peatland data, such as peatland vegetation types. As a result, the test data is critical in documenting the resource potential of individual sites. The laboratory methods used in the inventory project have been described in detail elsewhere (Riley 1986), so descriptions of methods are abbreviated in this report. That report also describes the collection and handling of the samples, various tests of methods, results of blind duplicate and replicate tests, results from tests of standards and blanks, and the precision and accuracy achieved by the test methods. The outline below refers to published analytical methods, from which the general inventory methodology was derived (Riley 1986). Capitalized abbreviations (e.g. CAT EX CAP) are those used as column headings in Appendix B, Physical and Chemical Properties of Peat. i) Cation Exchange Capacity (As-Received Peat) (CAT EX CAP) - Total amount of exchangeable cations that can be held by a peat (McKeague 1976). Horticultural peats should have a cation exchange capacity of 90 meg/lOOg or greater (Farnham 1968, Carlson 1983). The method used was "CEC (of Fresh Sample) by NF^OAC at pH 7.0" (C.N.R.C. 1979), with results corrected to dry peat weight on the basis of the moisture content of sample. Sample: as-received, 25g. Result: cation exchange capacity, meg/lOOg, corrected to oven-dry weight. i i) Peat pH in H?O (F^O pH) - The measurement of hydrogen ion concentration (C.N.R.C. 1979, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1982, Levesque et al. 1980, A.S.T.M. D2976-71). Sample: as-received, 20g. Result: pH to nearest 0.1 pH unit. - 56 - iii) Peat pH in CaCl? (CaCl2 pH) - The measurement of hydrogen ion concentration independent of initial amounts of salts present (C.N.R.C. 1979). Sample: as-received, 20g. Result: pH to nearest 0.1 pH unit. iv) Conductivity (COND) - An indication of the total concentration of various dissolved ions, excluding hydrogen ions (C.N.R.C. 1979). Sample: as-received, 20g. Result: conductivity in umhos/cm at 25 0 C. v) Fibre content (FIB'fc) - A laboratory measure relating to the degree of fiber decomposition and water- retaining capacity of the peat. Fresh peat and deionized water stirred at 240 rpm for 10 minutes, sieved through 100 mesh (0.15 mm) under wash at flow rate of 5 1/min., carbonates dissolved, sieve residue dried and weighted (after Levesque and Dinel 1977; equations to correlate results with fibre content data by syringe method presented by Riley 1986). Sample: as-received, 20g. Result: fibre, * of oven- dry peat made up of fibres ^.15 mm. vi) Moisture Content (MC %) - Oven-drying to determine moisture content (C.N.R.C. 1979, A.S.T.M. D2974-71). Moisture content is used in converting results of tests on as-received peat to a dry weight .basis. Sample: as-received, 50g. Result: moisture content, % wet basis, by weight. vi i) Absorptive Value (VAL ABSO) - Ratio of the weight of water originally retained in the peat in situ to the dry weight of the peat. viii) Absorptive Capacity (CAP ABSO) - Rate of the weight of water potentially retained in the peat following saturation in the lab, to the dry weight of the peat; decreasing with increasing humification of the peat (after Graham 1979, as "Absorptive value, dry basis"). Reported values relate to more or less undisturbed peat; harvesting methods change a peat's absorptive capacity. Sample: as-received, 50q. Result: absorptive capacity, ratio. xi) Bulk Density (DRY BULK DENS, WET BULK DENS) - Measure of the weight of a given volume; generally increasing with increased humification and mineral content, and decreasing with increased sphagnum content and moisture content (after Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1982, Graham 1979). Bulk density can be used to convert water content, nutrient and energy characteristics measured on a unit weight - 57 - basis to a unit volume basis (e.g. Lucas and Reike basis (e.g. Lucas and Rieke 1968). Sample: as-received, 50g. Result: bulk density, dry weight basis, g/cc; and wet weight basis, g/cc. x) Sample Homogenization - The preparation of peat samples at (H moisture content for subsequent tests was done by drying bulk samples at 50 0 C until most moisture was evaporated (1-4 weeks); grinding samples with Wiley Mill (80 mesh, 0.18 mm); finish drying at 60-80 0 C for 16 hours. To avoid potential problems of rehydration of samples before tests, all samples were redried at 90 0 C to 0% moisture immediately before any tests on oven-dry peat were conducted. xi) Ash Content (ASH %) - Indicates accumulaton of mineral matter as a result of decomposition and sediment load in peatland waters (after C.N.R.C. 1979, Minnesota Dept. of Natural Resources 1982, A.S.T.M. D2974-71), Walmsley 1977). Organic soils or sediments are considered to be peat if they contain 25% or less inorganic material (i.e. ash) on a dry weight basis (Andrejko et al. 1983). Sample: lg at 0% moisture content. Result; ash content, %r dry weight. xii) Volatile Matter (VOL %) - Percentage of gaseous fraction obtained by combusting a peat sample; relates to the reactivity of peat to some processing methods. A high volatile matter content results in reduced combustion temperatures (Sheppard 1984) (A.S.T.M. D3175-77). Sample: lg at 0% moisture content. Result: volatile matter, %, dry weight. xiii) Calorific Value (NET CAL/G) - The U.S. Department of Energy considers peats with gross calorific values of 4400 cal/g or more as fuel-grade peat (LeMasters et al. 1983). At average levels of Nd.5%), S(0.18%T7 and H(5.(^), this value corresponds to a net calorific value of about 4165 cal/g for fuel grade peats (A.S.T.M. D2015-77).. Sample: lg, O* moisture content. Result: net calorific value, cal/g, dry weight xiv) Total Carbon (CTTL %) - Total inorganic and organic carbon (Riley 1986). Sample: O.OSg, 0% moisture content. Result: total carbon, %, dry weight. xv) Organic Carbon (CORG %) - Organic carbon content (Riley 1986) . Sample: O.OSg, 03; moisture content. Result: organic carbon, %, dry weight. - 58 - xvi) Nitrogen (^) - Nitrogen content by Kjel-Foss Automatic 16200 nitrogen determinator; method comparable to Semi Micro-Kjeldahl Method (C.N.R.C. 1979). Sample: O.lg, O** moisture content. Result: nitrogen, %, dry weight. xvii) Hydrogen (H %) - Hydrogen content (Riley 1986). Sample: O.lg, 0% moisture content. Result: hydrogen, %, weight. xviii) Sulphur (S %) - Sulphur content (Riley 1986). Sample: O.lg, 0% moisture content. Result: sulphur, %, dry weight. xix) Oxygen (O !fc) - By difference (^100-(Ash %+N%+H%+S%+ Total C%). xx) Arsenic (AS PPM) - Arsenic content by acid dissolution, hydride generation and atomic absorption (Riley 1986). Sample: l. Og , % moisture content. Result: arsenic, ppm, dry weight. xxi) Mercury (HG PPM) - Mercury content by acid dissolution, cold vapour generation and flameless atomic absorption (Riley 1986). Sample: l.Og, 0% moisture content. Result: mercury, ppm, dry weight. xxii) Multi-Element Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Emission Spectrometry 1984 - Calcium (CA PPM), Phosporus (P PPM), Potassium (K PPM, Aluminum (AL PPM), Iron (FF PPM), Lead (PB PPM), Manganese (MN PPM), Magnesium (MG PPM), Copper (CU PPM), Zinc ( ZN PPM) - Wet-ashing dissolution (modified from Arafat and Glooschenko 1981; Riley 1986); followed by simultaneous determination of elements by I.C.A.P. (Jarrell Ash Model 975 Atom Comp.) (Riley 1986). Sample: 0.25g, 0% moisture content. Result: the above elements, ppm, dry weight. 1985 - Calcium (CA PPM), Phosphorus (P PPM) Potassium (K PPM), Aluminum (AL PPM) Iron (FE PPM), Zinc (ZN PPM), Manganese (MN PPM) Magnesium (MG PPM), Zinc ( ZN PPM) - Dry-ashing dissolution, follwed by simultaneous determination of elements by I.C.A.P. (Jarrell Ash Model 975 Atom Comp.) (Riley 1986). Sample: lOg, O* moisture content. Result: the above elements, ppm, dry weight. - 59 - - Lead (PB PPM) and Copper (CU PPM) - Dry-ashing dissolution follwed by atomic absorption (Riley 1986) . The results of the above analyses are presented in Appendix B. Also included in Appendix B are various other descriptive parameters associated with individual peat sample intervals and with the sampling point location itself. i) Depth of the Top of the Sample Interval (TOP INT CM) (in cm). ii) Depth of the Bottom of the Sample Interval (BOT INT CM) (in cm). iii) Humification (HUM 1-9) - Recorded humification of the sampleinterval (von Post scale). iv) Moss Peat (S) - Percentage (/10) of moss peat recorded in the sample interval; 1=10**, 2=20* . . .0=100^. v ) Sedge Peat (C) - Percentage (/10) of graminoid- herbaceous peat recorded in the sample interval; 1 = 10**, 2 = 20^. .. .Q-100%. v i) Wood Peat (L) - Percentage (/10) of woody peat recorded in the sample interval; 1*1(^, 2=20*... 0=100%. vii) Other Peat or Material (X) - Percentage (/10) of other material recorded in the sample interval; X-10%, 2 = 20%. . .0 = 100%. viii) Relative Position (REL POS) - Relative position of theintervalTnthe overall peat core: O - strictly surface, living peat; 1-4 - midpoint between top and bottom of the sample interval occurs in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 4th quarter of the overall core length, with the overall core length determined as the distance from the surface (or bottom of 'O 1 relative position) down to the bottom of lowest interval with <25% ash content, or to the bottom of the sample core; - 60 - 5 s samples with 25-60% ash content, usually ooze or marl intervals; 6 - sample with >60% ash content, usually substrate samples. ix) Tree Cover at the Sampling Point (T %) - Vegetation cover at sampling point by tree species )15Q cm tall, as estimated percentage of intercepted light. x) Tall Shrub or Thicket Cover at Sampling Point (TS %) - Vegetation cover at sampling point by shrub species >15Q cm tall, as estimated percentage of intercepted light. xi) Low Shrub Cover at Sampling Point (LS %) - Vegetation cover at sampling point by shrub or tree species <15Q cm tall, as estimated percentage of intercept light. xii) Graminoid/Herbaceous Cover at Sampling Point (G %) - Vegetation cover at sampling point by graminoid/ herbaceous/subshrub species, as estimated percentage of intercepted light. xiii) Moss Cover .at Sampling Point (SP *) - Vegetaton cover at sampling point by moss or lichen species, as estimated percentage of intercepted light. xiv) Vegetation Formation (FOR) - Major vegetation classification type: 1 - bog; 2 s poor fen; 3 s fen; 4 - conifer swamp; 5 s mixed swamp? 6 - thicket swamp; 7 - hardwood swamp; 8 s meadow marsh; 9 - emergent marsh. xv) Substrate Type (SUB) - Recorded dominant substrate type underlying peatland: 1 - rock; 2 - gravel; 3 - sand; 4 s silt; 5 - clay; 6 = till. - 61 - xvi) Surficial Groundwater pH (SUR WAT PH) - pH of groundwater at sample point, sampled 10-15 cm below water table (refer Section 3.1). xvii) Average Depth-to-Water at Sampling Point (AV D-W CM) - Average depth-to-water tale, in cm, calculated as ((l of hummocks x depth-to-water in hummock)*(?i of hollows x depth-to-water in hollows)J/IOO. This data set (Appendix B), consisting of laboratory and site data, was input for computerized manipulation of the data, using SPSS PC+ and PC Tables (IBM compatible). Programs used in the analysis of results were MEANS, TABLES, OPTIONS, STATISTICS, PLOT, REGRESSION, and CORRELATION (PEARSON CORR). This package was used to produce the hardcopy Appendix B; the summary peat profiles (Figure 8); means, standard deviations, ranges of values for subsets of the data base (including subsets based on geographic locations, dominant peatland types, humification levels, relative positions of intervals within the cores, and combinations of these subsets); Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between 352 pairs of variables (again with peatland type and geographic subsets); and graphs and regression equations of ail variable pairs for which correlation coefficients were calculated as ^0.5 and *C-0.5. Some of this statistical analysis is incorporated into the discussion of results of the inventory; the remainder is on file with the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, Ontario Geological Survey. 3.6 REMOTE SENSING AND REGIONAL ESTIMATES OF PEATLAND AREAS AND PEAT VOLUMES Following several initial surveys, airphoto interpretation of entire study areas was not considered a practical or rapid enough method of estimating the total extent of peatland in each study area. Few individuals could be identified as sufficiently expert at the airphoto interpretation of peatland types on a large-scale production basis. In addition, the area which the Peatland Inventory Project was undertaking to study exceeded 21,700,000 ha, with the work to be completed within three years. Finally, a relatively high level of standardization of site-typing was required between study areas to permit the final results to be integrated on a regional basis. Given a longer period within which to complete the study, airphoto interpretation would have been an effective and accurate method. For this inventory, however, other remote sensing techniques were investigated and used. - 62 - During the late 1970's, the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing (O.C.R.S.), Ministry of Natural Resources developed special expertise in the field of peatland/wetland mapping in the Hudson/James Bay Lowland of northern Ontario (Pala and Boissonneau 1982, Pala and Weischet 1982, Pala 1982, Riley 1982). The methods used by O.C.R.S. were based on three factors: (i) the availability of excellent quality Landsat satellite data; (ii) the availability of suitable equipment for the classification and delineation of wetland types by means of a supervised classification technique and a computer-based plotting system? and (iii) the use of helicopters to carry small, multi-disciplinary field teams to inaccessible field investigation sites. In order to estimate regional volumes of peat resources from a restricted field data base, regional estimates of the distribution of peatland vegetation types were required. The usefulness of this type of data base in the generation of estimates of peat volumes is based on assumptions very similar to those underlying the use of Landsat data for peatland classification. It is assumed that the vegetation which occurs on a peatland is a relatively conservative expression integrating all features of the peatTand ecosystems (incuding peat depths), and that it segregates predictably in terms of community assemblages. The use of Landsat, of course, is based upon the further assumption that reflectance values recorded by the satellite relate directly to the variation in vegetation in the peatland ecosystem and to the exposure of surface water. In 1982, O.C.R.S. was commissioned by the Ontario Geological Survey to use remote sensing techniques in an evaluation of peatlands over a 1700 km^ study area northwest of Timmins, and to finalize a method for mapping peatlands in Ontario south of the James Bay Lowland (Pala and Boissonneau 1985). This investigation was undertaken in much greater detail than was possible for all study areas of the Inventory, but it was instrumental in defining the role of remote sensing in the overall methodology of the Peatland Inventory. The Landsat-based techniques became central to the project in terms of (i) selecting peatlands for detailed and reconnaissance field surveys; (ii) collecting regional reconnaissance data on peatlands for image classification and for familiarization with all detailed and reconnaissance survey sites; and (iii) providing a data base on the distribution and frequency of peatland types across each study area as a whole, from which to derive final estimates of peatland areas in the region. The latter objective was critical to the achievement of final estimates of total peat volumes by study area and by region. - 63 - The primary data sources of this remote sensing work were the Landsat imagery, available airphoto coverage, 35 mm obligue low-level and ground photography, botanical records, and measurements of environment parameters in the field (i.e. site data record forms). For most of the study areas, it was determined that Landsat imagery recorded in July or August - at about the same time of year when field studies were conducted - permitted recognition of the greatest number of peatland types. However, this was not always the case. For example, in areas with (spring-flooded) hardwood swamp, the reflectance values recorded in late summer did not allow accurate segregation of these swamps from other hardwood forests. The integration of a spring image with this late- summer image allowed swamps with above-ground spring water levels and delayed leaf appearance to be accurately delineated. Landsat computer-compatible tapes were geometrically corrected to 1:250 000-scale N.T.S. map sheets, with final registration to the U.T.M. grid. The images were resampled to give a pixel coverage of 50m x 50m, with a maximum tolerable error of one pixel in any one direction. For study areas for which coverage was provided by two adjacent satellite passes, a computer program 'merged 1 the frames digitally to create an accurate fit between them, after each frame had been geometrically corrected. In the event that images from two seasons were required for a single area, the digital information was merged using a computer program designed for this purpose (multitemporal imagery using image-to-image registration). Landsat MSS bands 4, 5 and 7 were combined to create false-colour images of the data in its original state. These composites were then printed as 'feature images', at scales of 1:100 000 and 1:50 000, using a computerized Applicon ink-jet plotter. The feature images were used in conjunction with topographic maps, airphotos and comments from Regional O.M.N.R. staff, to select the sites for field study, to delineate study sites in terms of the U.T.M. 1000 m grid, and to prepare preliminary plans of the position and orientation of field sampling grids to be used by project teams. Helicopter-supported field studies were made of most of the study areas, with a field crew consisting of a remote sensing specialist (S. Pala or A. Jano), a wetland/ - 64 - geomorphology specialist (A. Boissonneau) , a botanist/ peatlands specialist (J. Riley), and two additional crew for drilling and characterizing peat cores. The primary objectives were to evaluate the presence and variability of wetland/peatland types (ref. Appendix C, and Jeglum et al . 1974); to assess in the field the apparent spectral reflectance differences between peatland types; to decide, on the basis of the frequency of types and the spectral reflectance characteristics, which peatland/legend units were possible and most appropriate for the specific study area; and to select, delineate and document potential 'training areas' (relatively large areas of homogeneous peatland vegetation) for all the peatland types which were to be classified in the study area. Although this aspect of the inventory focussed on peatlands designated for detailed field survey, 'training areas' were often selected and field visits made at additional sites which usually, for reasons of inaccessibility, were not designated for detailed survey by the project teams. Field records of this reconnaissance consisted of complete (full vegetation) site data records, additional physiognomic data records, a selective delineation of types and areas on airphotos and 1:50 000-scale Landsat imagery and topographic maps, taped oral records, peat stratigraphy record sheets and, in some cases, video-taped records. The peatland type/legend units determined to be classifiable and which were used most frequently were the following : Open bog ; (tree cover ^0^, subdivided where possible into open graminoid bog or open shrub-rich bog) ; Treed bog ; (tree cover 10-30(40^; usually subdivided into low-density treed bog (lQ-15%), medium-density treed bog (lS-25%), low and medium-density treed bog (ID-25%), and/or high-density treed bog (>25%), with the latter often not segregating well from poorly stocked conifer swamp) ; Open fen: Open fen with pools; (patterned fen with very high water tables; occasionally combined in a complex with shoreline marsh which had similar spectral reflectance values) ; - 65 - Treed fen; (tree cover >lQ%j segregated where practical into the same density classes as treed bog); Poor fen; (segregated as treed poor fen on occasion; tree density classes not relevant in most cases because majority of poor fen had tree cover S-12%); Conifer swamp; (a class which was not always segregated because of difficulties in separating spectral reflectance values from dense, upland conifer stands); Mixed swamp; Hardwood swamp; (usually segregated into wet (spring- flooded)hardwood swamps and drier sites; occasionally combined in a complex with thicket swamp); Thicket swamp; (seldom used except in a complex with hardwood swamp because of the small size of many natural thicket swamp areas, and because of the prevalence of thicket swamp as colonizing vegetation on logged or flooded areas); Marsh; (occasionally combined as a complex with open fen with pools because of similar spectral reflectance values). In most study areas, not all of these peatland types occurred over sufficiently large areas to be practically segregated at the resolution level of Landsat imagery. The supervised classification of peatland types was done independently for each study area, based on 'training areas' within those study areas, two to eight such areas being established for each peatland type. For each training area for each peatland type, all the pixels were identified. For each of the pixels, the values of spectral reflectance intensity recorded on all four bands of the Landsat MSS data were aggregated to produce a 'signature 1 bell curve for each group of training areas corresponding to a particular peatland type. The various peatland type 'signatures' were statistically pared to occupy the range of possible reflectance values while avoiding detrimental overlap which might later result in the misclassification or multiple-classification of pixels. - 66 - Programmed searches of the digital data files were then made to assign a peatland type class to each pixel in the study area, and the computerized Applicon plotter was used to print the colours assigned to represent individual peatland types on a hard-copy map. Manual supervision and filtering programs designed to scan for individual or small assemblages of pixels ^5; by 'custering') were then used to remove from the image erroneous features irrelevant to the inventory, such as those resulting from anomalous spectral reflectance values associated with clear-cuts, fire burns, agriculture, urban development, etc. Most of this manipulation was done on cathode ray tube (CRT) terminals. The final hard-copy images produced on the Applicon plotter merged the theme and feature data so that the peatland themes appeared superimposed on the original, unclassified feature imagery. The final images were produced at scales of 1:100 000 and 1:50 000, and were annotated, using mapping software, with the U.T.M. and latitude/longitude co-ordinates, the names of geographic features, and a full legend. In addition, computer printouts were made of the area and pixel coverage of each legend unit, for the complete study area was well as for each peatland designated for detailed or reconaissance survey by project teams. These images, printouts and backup reports on field studies are maintained in the form of folios in the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, Ontario Geological Survey. During the generation of the classifications, checks were made of the accuracy of the designations of training areas, and of the final accuracy of the maps in relation to the sampling points actually visited during the helicopter- supported reconnaissance. An accuracy of 80% was considered the minimum acceptable for the points actually visited in the field. Following the regional classification work by O.C.R.S. and the submission of detailed peatland classification work done on designated sites, a method was developed to compare the thematic Landsat results with the more detailed airphoto interpretation/vegetation analysis by the project teams. On a site-by-site basis (all detailed and reconnaissance survey sites, using exactly the same site boundaries in terms of the U.T.M. 1000 m grid), a comparison was first made of the Landsat coverage and the peatland classification maps to calculate the proportion of peatland either overclassified or underclassified by the Landsat image interpretation. In the case of most units, a slight - 67 - under-classification had occurred, probably due to the resolution of the Landsat data and to programs which had been used to eliminate erroneously classified pixels. The under-classification was probably only slight because, within the designated U.T.M. block, there often occurred smaller peripheral peatland areas which were not always interpreted by the project teams. Some other peatland type units, such as conifer swamp, thicket swamp and marsh, were generally very much underclassified due to the reasons indicated above on the listing of legend units. This underclassification/ overclassification was quantified as an accumulative variance over all the sites, and expressed as a percentage variance for over/underclassification. A second comparison was made, again on a site-by-site basis, of any possible misclassifications made in the supervised Landsat classification. The standard against which it was compared was the peatland classification map from the relevant Open File Report, where that map was determined to be accurate on the basis of an independent airphoto check, site data record forms and vegetation data from the project teams, and from records made during the course of helicopter-supported reconnaissance of the site. In the case of a few study areas, the project team maps were judged to lack sufficient accuracy, and a separate airphoto interpretation was done to provide the necessary standard for comparison. In most cases, misclassification involved differences in the interpretation of tree cover densities (e.g. open bog vs. treed low-density bog; conifer swamp vs. treed high- density bog, treed high-density fen vs. conifer swamp), and also involved difficulties in determining the extent of poor fen in some areas. Some misclassification was, of course, also due to the differences in resolution between 1:50 000 Landsat imagery and 1:10 000 peatland classification maps. The degree of misclassification was quantified as an accumulative variance over all the sites, and expressed as a percentage variance for misclassification. The assumption was made that the variance quantified on this basis for designated survey sites also applied to the classification of peatlands elsewhere in the study area, in the same manner as specific 'training area 1 data is extrapolated to the whole study area. On this basis, the percentage variances for over/underclassification and mis- classification were applied to the areas of peatland types (Landsat theme imagery) for the study areas as a whole, as a means of improving the accuracy of the overall regional peatland cover estimates. - 68 - These data (Table 6b) were considered the best available by the methods used. Some modifications were made on the basis of a separate review of the feature and theme imagery, topographic maps and airphoto checks. On Table 6b, where relevant, these figures are indicated as estimates. Regional peat volume estimates were calculated by multiplying the area of a particular peatland type in each study area by the measured average depth under that peatland type in each study area, and then adding all the volumes for each peatland type in each study area (Table 7). The area covered by each peatland type was calculated in the manner outlined above. The best available data on average peat depth derives from the detailed and reconnaissance surveys done by the project teams. Average depths were calculated by two methods. First, average peat depths for each peatland type were calculated by averaging the depths of ail the peat cores sampled by inventory project teams (Table 6c) . Secondly, average peat depths for each peatland type were calculated by averaging the average peat depth per site for each peatland type, where there were 3 or more peat core depths per peatland type (Table 6d). This latter figure was considered to be a more conservative expression of peat depth, and more appropriate for extrapolating to other unsurveyed sites in the study area. This figure is less liable to be skewed by a large number of data derived from the survey of a few anomalously deep sites, in which project teams were expected to conduct more dense sampling. Table 7 presents these overall volume estimates for the study area, calculated on this basis. - 69 - 3.7 REGIONAL OVERVIEWS OF PEATLAND VEGETATION For the sites surveyed in each study area by the project teams, the relevant Open File Reports characterized the vegetation as it was surveyed by the team field botanist, usually on a site-by-site basis. In most cases, the Open File Report text on specific survey sites included descriptive summary text, and in some cases quantitative data was organized into dominance types for each peatland type, and tables listing the species present and the percentage cover values of each species. Several Open File Reports also included overall study area floristic checklists. The completed site data forms recording these data are maintained on file at the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, Ontario Geological Survey. During helicopter-supported reconnaissance of the peatlands of the study area, the author collected phyto- sociological data on the vegetation occurring in peatland ecosystems in southeastern Ontario (excluding Parry Sound area). These were completed on standard site data record forms, as indicated in Section 3.1, above. All vascular plant determinations were made by the author; all sphagnum specimens were determined by H. Crum (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor); all other moss specimens were determined by R.R. Ireland (National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa); liverworts by L. Ley (National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa); and lichens by P.W. Wong (National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa). Bryophyte nomenclature follows that of Ireland et al. (1980). The author's data set of 64 sites was expanded by including data collected by I. Macdonald in the Ottawa-Brockville area (Bird and Hale Ltd. 1984), to bring the total number of sample sites considered to 146, including in total the following: 18 marsh sites, 18 thicket swamp sites, 16 hardwood swamp sites, 12 mixed swamp sites, 16 conifer swamp sites, 23 open bog sites, 9 treed bog sites, 24 open fen sites, and 10 treed fen sites. The Macdonald data did not include moss species, and data on those are limited, as indicated in Appendix E. Evaluation -of this data base consisted largely of a tabulation of the data set in the form of mean values for each major peatland types. Table 8. Minor element composition of surface waters. Based on sampling sites indicated above, collected by author; reported as mean values, ±1 x standard deviation, and range of values for Ga, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Na, K, Pb, and P; all values in ppm, by I.C.A.P. spectrometry and flame emission photometry - 70 - (Na, K) (O.G.S. Geosciences Laboratories), on samples from 10-15 cm below water tables, filtered through Whatman 40 Ashless filter papers. The sites on which this table is based are as follows: open bog (31D-521, 31C-405, 31D-64, 31F-83, 31F-126, 31F-163, Wainfleet Bog, Tobermory Bog, Luther Bog, Derryville Bog, Macey Lake Bog, Farlain Lake Bog, Holland River Mouth Fen; treed bog (Wilfred Bog, Macey Lake Bog, Fairlain Lake Bog); open fen (31D-688, 31D-476, 31D-704, 31D-742, 31F-537, 31F-474, Holland River Mouth Fen); treed fen (31D-61, 31F-474); conifer swamp (31D-620, 31F-348, 31D-752, Duclos Point, Derryville Bog); hardwood/mixed swamp (31F-120, 31F-150); thicket swamp (31D-64, Murray Marsh, Holland River Mouth Fen); and shrub-rich marsh, shallow marsh, and meadow marsh (31C-45, 31F-191, 31D-819, 31F-553, Murray Marsh, Holland River Mouth Fen). Table 9. Physiognomic and environmental characteristics of peatland classification units. Based on sampling sites indicated above; reported as mean values, ±1 x standard deviation, and range of values for surface water pH, average depth-to- water, peat depth, % tree species cover ^50 cm, * shrub species cover ^50 cm, % shrub/tree species cover ^50 cm, % graminoid/herb cover, % bryophyte/ lichen cover, and average number of vascular plant species. Appendix E. Species composition of peatland vegetation types. Based on the sampling sites listed above; mean cover percentage values (and percentage frequency values). Based on sampling sites indicated above, and the following sites: open bog (31C-509, 31C-543, 31C-619, 31B-8, 31B-28, 31D-521) treed bog (31C-619, 31B-8, 31B-28, Holland River Mouth Fen) open fen (31C-569, 31G-30, 31B-4, 31B-28, 31B-38B, 31G-30) treed fen (31C-569, 31B-8, 31B-28, 31G-24, 31G-30); conifer swamp (31C-573B, 31C-588, 31B-8, 31B-4, 31B-28, 31G-30, 31B-18); hardwood/mixed swamp (31G/58, 31B-8, 31B-18, 31B-4, 31B-28, 31G-30, 31C-573B, 31C-593, 31C-522, 31C-565, 31C-560, 31B-38B, 31G-24, 31D-844); thicket swamp (31G-30, 31B-28, 31B-8, 31B-4, 31B-38B); and marsh (31G-30, 31G-8, 31B-4, 31B-28, 31G-58, Caledon Lake). This phytosociological synopsis is presented as base line data on the vegetation of peatlands in southeastern and southcentral Ontario. The peatland types are presented in a more descriptive, comparative manner in Appendix C, and described in the text of Chapter 6. - 71 - 4.0 REGIONAL SETTING OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO STUDY AREAS - 72 - - 73 - The physical environment has a critical role in the evolution of peatlands and the accumulation of various peat materials and deposits. As with other types of vegetation, peatlands can be viewed as ecosystems integrating environmental processes of geology, geomorphology, hydrology and climate. In addition, peatland vegetation creates its own substrate environment through organic deposition and landscape paludification. The following discussion summarises the regional setting of peatlands in southeastern Ontario in terms of bedrock geology (Sect. 4.1) and glacial and postglacial history (Sect. 4.2), both of which contribute the overall physiographic setting in which peatlands have developed (Sect. 4.3). These factors combine with the climate (Sect. 4.5) and ambient modern vegetation (Sect. 4.4) of the region, to define the regional environmental setting of the Inventory study areas. 4.1 BEDROCK GEOLOGY The southeastern Ontario study areas fall into two distinct bedrock types: crystalline Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield, and flat lying Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The Canadian Shield consists of exposed or near surface felsic plutonic and metasedimentary units with minor mafic to felsic intrusive rocks. The Shield extends south eastward into the Kingston-Belleville and Ottawa-Brockville study areas to form the Frontenac Axis. The rock units have been metamorphosed into northeast trending folds and faults, the troughs of which are unconformably overlain by Early Paleozoic clastic rock units. The northeast trend of the drainage system, and ultimately the configuration of peatland deposits, reflects this Precambrian metamorphic orientation in the extreme southwest corner of the Ottawa- Brockville study area. In the Pembroke study area, the Shield is dissected by the west-southwest-trending Lake Dore fault system (Carson 1982, Lumbers 1976, Freeman 1979, Chapman and Putnam 1984). The orientation of this fault system influences the configuration, to some extent, of the few small peatlands located in the western half of the study area. In the Lowlands, the bedrock consists mainly of dolostone, sandstone, limestone and shales of Paleozoic age. Along the southern margin of the Shield, these Paleozoic carbonates outcrop sporadically through the glacial deposits, particularly in the extreme southwest - 74 - corner of the Kingston-Belleville study area. East of the Shield, a large area of flat-lying sedimentary rock occurs at or near the surface. This feature, frequently referred to as the Smith Falls Limestone Plain, is an area of extensive peatlands west and south of the Rideau River. The high frequency of wetland probably reflects both the bedrock-perched hydrology of the area and the lack of any economic return in relation to drainage for agriculture. 4.2 GLACIAL AND POSTGLACIAL HISTORY Glacial and postglacial features and deposits occur throughout southeastern Ontario. The surficial geology of different parts of the region has been mapped by the Ontario Geological Survey, and the Geological Survey of Canada (see Appendix F). Terrain studies published at a scale of 1:100 000 have also been undertaken in some areas, details of which can be found in Gartner et al. (1981). During the last glaciation, the main glacier overrode the study areas in a south to southwesterly direction (Prest 1970). However, glacial features indicate that, during the Late Wisconsinan, the main glacier separated into different ice lobes which, in turn, oscillated independently and with different flow directions (Henderson 1973, Gadd 1980, Chapman and Putnam 1984). Deglaciation started approximately 14,500 years ago in the southernmost part of Ontario. Within the study areas, deglaciation occurred between 12,800 years ago southwest of Peterborough, and 10,500 years ago in the Ottawa valley near Pembroke. The process of glaciation and deglaciation created various landforms throughout the area (moraines, drumlins, eskers, spillways, deltas, shorelines and stillwater plains). To the east, in the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland, the flatness of the bedrock and the thickness of the sediments resulted in a topographic relief which is almost entirely controlled by these glacial deposits. In the Lowland, the till is generally thicker, more compact and of a silty clay matrix, mostly derived from the underlying Paleozoic bedrock. An area between Brockville and Carleton Place, called the "Smith Falls Limestone Plain" (Chapman and Putnam 1984), is almost devoid of surficial materials. The exposed bedrock is nearly level, the drainage often impeded, and large peatlands have developed. - 75 - Along the Canadian Shield however, the topography is more rugged. In general, it is covered by a thin and discontinuous mantle of sandy to stony till. In southern Ontario, south of Georgian Bay, a very complex pattern of moraines and spillways was formed as the result of late glacial activities. Closer to the study areas, two large moraines known as the Oak Ridges Moraine and the Dummer Moraine, are the major ice marginal features. The Oak Ridges Interlobate Moraine was formed when the glacier separated into two different lobes just south of the Peterborough study area (approximarely 12,800 years ago). The southern ice lobe (Lake Ontario Lobe) occupied the Lake Ontario basin, including the southern part of the Kingston- Belleville study area. It withdrew toward the Adirondacks, leading to the trangression of proglacial Lake Iroquois, 12,500 years ago. The northern ice mass readvanced over the eastern part of the Oak Ridges Moraine and then retreated northward to the position of the Dummer Moraine. This moraine extends from the Kawartha Lakes, in the Peterborough study area, to Kingston-Belleville study area. Recent studies suggest that it is a stagnant ice disintegration feature instead of an ice-marginal feature (Gravenor 1975, Terasmae 1980). It is referred to as the Dummer Drift by Muller and Prest (1985). To the north and east, no major moraines have been formed, indicating the retreat of the ice from this area was interrupted only by minor halts or readvances. The chronology of late glacial events in southeastern Ontario has not been completely resolved, especially during the 2000 year time period which occurred between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago. In the region, glacial features are often scattered and poorly defined, thus obscuring correlations between the ice marginal positions and proglacial submergences. Furthermore, radiocarbon dates of some marine shells in the Ottawa area are older than the proposed Champlain Sea episode (Gadd 1980). (For more information refer to Prest 1970, Gadd 1980, Terasmae 1980, Chapman and Putnam 1984, Eschman and Karrow 1985, Finamore 1985, Kaszicki 1985, and Muller and Prest 1985). During the melting of the ice, a large volume of water was released by the melting ice into the Great Lakes basins. The Great Lakes went through different phases as a sequence of outlets were opened or closed due to oscillation of the ice margins and differential isostatic uplift. Lake Algonquin (in the Huron-Georgian Bay basins) expanded eastward into the Parry Sound study area and the westernmost part of the Peterborough study area (Eschman and - 76 - Karrow 1985, Kaszicki 1985). In the Lake Ontario basin, Lake Iroquois expanded northeastward into the Peterborough, Kingston-Belleville and Ottawa-Brockville study areas (Prest 1970, Muller and Prest 1985). The Ottawa-Brockville and Pembroke study areas were later submerged by the Champlain Sea. The western limit of marine submergence is believed to have reached from west of Brockville north to the Petawawa area (Terasmae 1980). When the ice front receded to the position of the Dummer Moraine, the Kirkfield-Fenelon Falls outlet was uncovered. Lake Algonquin drained through this outlet into Lake Ontario basin along the Trent River valley, starting approximately 12,000 years ago (Karrow et jil. 1975). Its final drainage occurred when successive lower outlets were opened in the North Bay area, through which it drained into the Champlain Sea at Petawawa (approximately 10,800 to 10,500 years ago). Meanwhile Lake Iroquois occupied the Lake Ontario basin from 12,500 to 11,800 years ago, during which time it drained into the Hudson River through an outlet near Rome, New York. It went on to successively lower levels as new outlets affected drainage through the Champlain Valley, and finally occupied its modern drainage route when the ice disappeared from the St. Lawrence River valley. At the same time the Champlain Sea entered the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River valleys. It occupied the area approximately 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, and regressed eastward as isostatic rebound proceeded. During the lacustrine and marine submergence, clayey sediments were deposited in the lowlying areas and coarser sediments settled in shallower water environments. These deposits are most conspicuous in the Ottawa-Brockville study area where they form large clay or sand plains, on which organic accumulation frequently occurred. In the Ottawa area a large delta was formed as the Ottawa River drained into the Champlain Sea (approximately 10,000 years ago). It was subsequently channelled as a result of isostatic uplift. Some of these abandonned channels hold large peatlands, such as the Mer Bleue and Alfred Bog. Immediately following deglaciation, the emergent landscape was colonized by vegetation. Numerous palynological studies have been conducted in and surrounding the study areas. These include studies by Potzger and Courtemanche (1956), Mott and Camfield (1969), Karrow et al. (1975), and Terasmae (1980). General overviews are presented by Wright (1964), Terasmae (1967, 1968), Anderson (1985), and Holloway and Bryant (1985). - 77 - The first pollen assemblage following deglaciation suggests that the emerged landscape supported mostly non- arboreal species, including willows (Salix), birch (Betula), alder (Almas) , Juniper (Juniperus) , wormwood (Artemisia), Cyperaceae and Gramineae. This vegetation was rapidly transformed by the immigration of spruce (Picea), which dominated an open woodland from 12 f OOO to 10,500 years ago. To the north, along the Ottawa valley this period was delayed due to later deglaciation (Terasmae 1980). A subsequent transition from spruce-dominated forest to pine- dominated forest (Pinus banksiana, Pinus resinosa) marked a climatic shift toward better conditions. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) also became common during this period. White pine (Pinus strobus) migrated into the area approximately 9,000 to 9500 years ago and became a dominant component of the forest between 7500 to 8000 years ago. This pine period was followed by a period marked by an increase of hemlock (Tsuga) and hardwood species such as beech (Fagus), birch (Betula), oak (Quercus), elm (ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) and maple (Acer). A synchronous decline in hemlock occurred approximately 4,600 years ago in eastern America (Anderson 1985, Holloway and Bryant 1985). Davis (1981) suggests that this decline was the result of a pathogen. Hemlock Ipegan increasing again 3200 years ago. In the late Holocene, an overall cooling tendency (3000 to 4000 years ago) was marked by an increase of black spruce (Picea mariana) in the pollen assemblage. Recent changes in vegetation patterns are largely attributable to human agricultural practices and the associated forest clearance. This is characterized by a decline of pine and a significant rise of ragweed (Ambrosia) in pollen assemblages. Initiation of peatlands probably occurred shortly after the land emerged from the ice or proglacial waters. In many basins peat accumulation was preceded by a period of marl formation (Vreeken 1981). This occurred particularly where groundwater was influenced by calcareous rock formations as is the case in much of southeastern Ontario, especially near the Precambrian/Paleozoic contact. In northern Ontario and Minnesota, studies have demonstrated that peat accumulation was enhanced during the post-Hypsithermal Period, as a result of a shift to both moister and colder climatic conditions (Terasmae 1968, Griffin 1977). In southeastern Ontario, however, the effect of this climatic change on peat accumulation may not have been as significant as for the more northern regions. In southeastern Ontario, the Late-Holocene climate may have stayed warmer and somewhat dryer (in summer) than in the northern regions, and may never have been as favourable for peat accumulation. - 78 - 4.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY The Laurentian Highlands of the Canadian Shield and the St. Lawrence Lowlands are the physiographic setting of the region, as described by Bostock (1970). The Frontenac Axis, a spur of the Highlands, protrudes southward dividing the St. Lawrence Lowlands into its central and western units. The lowlands are composed of flat lying Paleozoic strata, commonly overlain by glacial features. Chapman and Putnam (1984) have documented the physiography of the area in terms of 19 physiographic regions ranging from flat clay and sand plains to rolling and rugged rock ridges. In the Parry Sound area, the rugged Shield topography of rock knobs and ridges is discontinuously overlain with shallow till. Relatively small areas of sand and clay are located in some lowlying areas. Elevations rise 45 m from Georgian Bay to the uplands in the east. The deranged drained of this Shield area eventually flows into Georgian Bay. The well known drumlin fields of the Peterborough area dominate the southern half of that study area, producing a rolling topography. Flat lying areas occur between the drumlins. In the north, the rugged Shield topography is covered with shallow till. The elevations in the south average 245 m a.s.l. and rise to an average of 430 m a.s.l. on the Shield. The drainage for the area is mainly south into Lake Ontario via the Kawartha Lakes system. To the east are the flat limestone plains of the Kingston-Belleville study area. Rolling Shield topography is prevalent in the northwest part of this area. In the vicinity of Lake Ontario, clay and sand plains, as well as drumlins, result in a gently rolling topography. The elevations rise from about 75 m a.s.l. in the south to 245 m a.s.l. in the north. The Frontenac Axis separates the lowlands to the west from the lowlands in the Ottawa- Brockville area. The Ottawa-Brockville area is dominated by flat to undulating clay and sand plains to the east and flat limestone plains to the west. A drumlin field with rolling topography occurs in the central portion of this study area. In the southeast, morainic features provide undulating topography. Elevations for the whole area range from 90 to 120 m a.s.l. Rivers and streams flow into the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. The Pembroke area is located in the Laurentian Highlands. Most of the area has a rolling Shield topography covered by shallow till. In the Ottawa Valley, flat lying - 79 - clay and sand plains are prevalent. The Ottawa Valley has elevations averaging 90 m a.s.l. and the highlands in the west rise to 245 to 305 m a.s.l. This study area is drained by streams flowing into the Ottawa River. 4.4 VEGETATION The study areas are located in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region, as described by Rowe (1972). The forest subdivisions include the Huron-Ontario, the Upper St. Lawrence, the Algonguin-Pontiac, the Middle Ottawa and the Georgian Bay Sections. In the southwest, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and beech (Fagus grandifolia) are the dominant species of the Huron-Ontario Section, accompanied by basswood (Tilia americana), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red maple (Acer rub rum) , white and red ash (Fraxinus americana, j?, pennsylvanica), and red, white and bur oak (Quercus rubra, Q. alba and Q. macrocarpa). Eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and tamarack (Larix laricina) are frequent in swamp depressions. The northern boundary of this section is the southern limit of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands. To the east, the Upper St. Lawrence Section is dominantly deciduous forest consisting of sugar maple and beech, as well as red maple, yellow birch, basswood, white ash, large tooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), and red and bur oak. Poorly drained hardwood swamps are dominated by black ash (Fraxinus nigra). Black spruce (Picea mariana) and eastern white cedar can be found in other wetland environments. Other conifers can be found on shallow acidic soils. The Algonguin-Pontiac Section is in a transitional position on the south side of the Boreal Forest Region. The area south of the Ottawa River consists of more hardwoods and fewer pine stands as compared to the north and northeast. The dominant species are sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). Black spruce is more abundant in this section. The Middle Ottawa Section is another transitional section with the western parts having a boreal character and the southern parts an affinity to the deciduous forests. Sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, red maple and eastern hemlock are the constituents of the south, with eastern white pine, red pine and jack pine scattered across the area. Hardwood and mixed wood swamps containing eastern white cedar, tamarack, black spruce, black ash, red maple and white elm (ulmus americana) are common. - 80 - Located in the lee of Georgian Bay t the Georgian Bay Section is a mixed forest similar to the Middle Ottawa. Sugar maple, beech, basswood, yellow birch, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, red maple and white ash are prominent species. Along the shore, there are scrubby stands of jack pine, trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) red oak, white birch (Betula papyrifera),and white and black spruce (Picea glauca, l?, mariana). To the south and east, swamp stands of red maple, black ash and eastern white cedar are common. In southeastern Ontario in general, sugar maple, beech yellow birch, basswood, red maple, and oak are the most common deciduous species. Eastern hemlock, eastern white cedar and eastern white pine are the most common conifers. Hardwood and mixed swamps contain black ash, red maple, white elm, eastern white cedar, black spruce and tamarack. Forest sections along the northern limit reflect a boreal forest character while temperate deciduous forests dominate the region south to Lake Ontario. The forest landscape of the whole region has been perceptibly modified by land clearing for agriculture, lumbering activities, fires and forest pathogens. 4.5 REGIONAL CLIMATE The regional climate is characterized by mild winters and warm, humid summers, and is considered a modified, humid continental climate. The study areas coincide with seven of the climatic regions described by Brown et al. (1968) and Putnam and Chapman (1938). Other references of interest relating to climate and peat production can be found in Monenco Ontario Ltd. (1981) and Ecologistics Ltd. (1985). The climate in Southern Ontario can vary significantly as a result of the topography and proximity to the Great Lakes (Brown et al. 1969). Data from several stations in the study areas,"Tor the 1931-1960 period, show a range of mean annual temperatures of 5 0 C to 7 0 C, average January temperatures of -11 0 C to -5 0 C, average July temperatures of 19 0 C to 21 0 C and a mean annual precipitation of 711 mm to 1061 mm. The region receives between 125 and 150 days of measureable precipitation annually (Putnam and Chapman 1938). May to September precipitation varies from 356 mm to 406 mm. Mean annual snowfall ranges from 1524 mm to 2032 mm for most of the areas, with the snowbelt area of Parry Sound receiving 2794 mm of mean annual snowfall. The Pembroke and Prince Edward County areas are the driest while the area east of Georgian Bay receives the most precipitation. The range of mean annual potential and actual evapo- transpiratition is 559 to 609 mm and 533 to 559 mm, - 81 - respectively. Water deficiency ranges from 25 to 76 mm while the water surplus ranges from 279 to 356 mm over most of the areas. The Parry Sound area has a higher surplus of 406 mm, due to the influence of Georgian Bay. The prevailing wind is westerly in southern Ontario; more than 50 percent of the time it is from the west, northwest and southwest. These winds are light in the summer and strongest in the winter and spring. Southern Ontario is in the path of cyclonic storms, and the asscociated winds can come from all directions. The frost free period varies considerably across the region, ranging from 115 to 150 days. Longer frost free periods occur along Lake Ontario, whereas shorter frost free periods prevail on the Shield areas to the north. The last frost occurs between May 15th and 25th and the first frost occurs between September 20 and October 10th. In the provincial context, the region can be considered to have a modified humid continental climate with mild winters, warm summer and a long growing season. The climate is modified by the proximity of the Great Lakes and the prevailing westerly winds and frequent cyclonic storms. In comparison to northern Ontario the region has warmer summers and milder winters and a much longer frost free period. Ottawa and Fort Frances are similar in terms of climatic potential for peat production (Ecologistics Ltd. 1985). In comparison to Finland, southeastern Ontario is warmer and wetter. Based on the frequency of dry periods of various lengths in Renfrew, Ottawa and Lindsay over a 40 year period (Brown et al. 1986, Figure 36), there appears to be the likelihood of approximately 15-17 periods of 3-4 consecutive dry days per summer. (May l and Sept. 30), equivalent to about the same number of peat harvests by conventional milled peat harvesting methods. This frequency would vary considerably on a year to year basis. Ecologistics Ltd. (1985) employed a meteorological computer simulation model developed for agriculture, adapted to the problem of peat production, to calculate a mean estimated production rate for the Ottawa, Lindsay and Algonquin areas of 12 or more harvests per year. However, the lack of actual peat production data for southern Ontario prevents a validation of the modelling approach at this time. - 82 - - 83 - 5.0 PEAT AND PEATLANDS OF THE STUDY AREAS - 84 - - 85 - The peatlands surveyed in southeastern Ontario were the subject of detailed evaluation, mapping and profiling, presented in the Open File Reports published on each study area. In the five study areas, fifty-two peatlands were surveyed in detail (Table 4). These peatlands covered a total area of almost 28,000 ha, only 24% of which was found to have peat over 2 m deep. Ten of the sites included areas greater than 150 ha with peat >2 m deep. An additional 91 sites were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a further 37,000 ha of peatland (Table 5). The following synopsis is intended to complement the more intensive treatments of the Open File Reports. It provides additional information on different aspects of the peat and peatland resources of each study area, and integrates the inventory data (Appendix A) with remote sensing results. It also presents estimates of the total peatland areas and peat volumes of each study area (Tables 6,7). TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF DETAILED SURVEYS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. Peter Kingston- Ottawa- Parry Study Area borough Belleville Pembroke Brockville Sound Totals No. of sites 17 11 7 8 9 52 Total peatland area (ha) 5240 5922 4738 9879 1894 27,673 Total peat volume (xlo6m 3 ) 43.3 85.2 25.8 145.6 22.5 322.4 Volume of well- humified peat 26.1 69.2 22.3 93.3 13.7 224.6 (H4+) (xlO^m3 ) Total area ^m deep (ha) 641 1693 981 2960 351 6,626 Total peat volume in area 16.4 51.6 17.6 78.9 18.3 182.8 ^m deep (x!0 6m 3 ) Volume of well- humified peat (H4 + ) in area ^m 13.2 49.9 15.6 59.2 10.2 148.1 deep (x!0 6m 3 ) (* of total volume (8U) (97*0 (89%) (75%) (56%) (81*0 in same area) No. of sites with ^50 ha of area 0 2 2 6 0 10 ^m deep) - 86 - TABLE 5. SUMMARY OF RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. Ottawa- Peter Kingston- Brock- Parry Study Area borough Belleville Pembroke ville Sound Totals No. of sites 33 19 10 17 12 91 Total peatland area (ha) 14,324 7575 2795 7858 2005 34,648 Total estimated peat volume 261.3 86.1 50.3 101.6 44.3 543.6 (xlo6m 3) Estimated volume of well-humified peat 206.7 83.8 35.3 80.2 40.9 446.9 (H4+) (xl0 6n\3) (* of total (79%) (97!*) (79%) (92?;) (82?;) volume in same sites) - 87 - t. a ^ 1 i 7 a a ^^ a i .c f a f *- o* ^ ^ o* so P* S CM OD "5 s (0 * O* I CM in^ p* o p* r* —T A * (M m P^ "o -o io *C 2 o* 8s * c " * so ~. sp in * •o * p* p* lO IO p- m M P* — CO — V CM 5 s. 10 ^ U ' sO CM ~ CM — O Q p A o -. m 5 fi in * •2 1 — CM CM 9t ^S CNSB **0 ^^^ — CO C. Ift s| f. 86 p- * ao" *- CO *~ I-o o so "" m -" 5| •o a. 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"3 10 o rt o eo rt ^ r* v rt co CM rt a * 8 0 S tO 00 Q.i 24- HardwoodSwamp Q. 1 ThicketSwamp 51 c en S?. q c 0 I l. 0 W Q O 0 U. l. Ut o *- ~ ffi U. 0 Totals T3 T) ^ e c Q — IA 00 0 C X t u o. v. q O K O t- O z - 93 - 5.1 PETERBOROUGH The Peterborough study area (Fig. 4; 77 0 30'-79 0 W and 44 0 15'-45 0 N) straddles the boundary between the Canadian Shield and the St. Lawrence Lowlands. The study area is characterized by its drumlin fields. To the north, peatlands are relatively small and confined to small basins of the Shield. South of the boundary, peatlands tend to be larger, and shallower. More than 5,000 ha of peatland, at 17 sites, were surveyed in detail (Table 4 and Appendix A), with a surveyed total volume of 43,300,000 m3 o f i n s jtu peat. Only 13* of the total area surveyed was more "EEan 2 m deep, and this area contained 16,400,000 m3 of peat, 8^ of which was well- humified (von Post H4~h )f suitable for consideration as potential fuel peat. The proportion of these deeper deposits which had tree cover less than 10% varied from 0% to 80**. However on most of these sites, this proportion was less than 40%. None of the 17 sites surveyed in detail had areas greater than 150 ha with more than 2 m of peat. In terms of horticultural peat potential, only two of these sites had surficial, unhumified peats (Hl-3) in excess of 90 cm (310-360 and 31D-521), and these two sites had areas of 104 and 32 ha greater than 2 m deep overall. However, neither had moss peat as the dominant peat type or had peats with high laboratory fibre contents (Appendix A). Numerous other peatlands occur in the Peterborough area. Thirty-three of those were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a total area of 14,300 ha (Table 5). These deposits have an estimated total peat volume of 261,300,000 m 3 , o f which 19% was found to be well- humified peat (von Post H4"1") . Although only limited coring was undertaken on these sites, 10 of them appeared to contain some peat deposits in excess of 2 m deep, and had average areas of more than 200 ha total peatland (for example, sites 31C-119 and 310-704). Overall, the surveyed quantities of peat were modest, with very strong predominance of well-humified peat in the area, of interest in terms of fuel uses. However, in many cases, the combination of high stump content, dense tree growth and generally woody peat with relatively high ash contents suggest limited peat extraction potential by conventional means or for conventional uses. Mixed swamp, conifer swamp and thicket swamp accounted for 77?, of the peatland area surveyed in detail (over 4,000 ha) (Photo 1). Bogs and fens were encountered on only 150 ha (3%) of the peatlands surveyed (Table 6a). - 94 - Photo 1. Three-quarters of the peatlands in the Peter borough study area occur as mixed swamp, conifer swamp and thicket swamp. The Murray Swamp (31C-487) is an exceptionally large expanse of swamp, and much of it is impenetrable thicket swamp (above) dominated by willows, dwarf birch, sweet gale and tamarack. Photo 2. Bogs and fens are unusual peatland types in the Peterborough study area. Where they occur on the Canadian Shield, they were characteristically dissected in shape, reflecting the discontinuous Shield topography, .such as in this area north of Pigeon Lake (31C-476). - 95 - In the Peterborough study area as a whole, S.6% of the total area was estimated to be peatland/wetland (Table 6b) . As in the case of the individual survey sites, mixed swamp (19,423 ha; 34!?!), conifer swamp (16,488 ha; 29 s!) and thicket swamp (6,985 ha; 12%) dominated the peatland landscape. Marsh was estimated to cover 8,651 ha {15% of the peatland areas) , and often occurred in conjunction with thicket swamp. Again, bogs and fens were estimated to represent only 3*fc (1578 ha) of the total peatland area, most of it with tree cover less than 1(^ (Photo 2). Based on all the peat cores taken in the study area (722 cores), the greatest average peat depths were encountered under bog (3.6 m), fen (2.3 m) and conifer swamp (2.4 m) (Table 6c) . All the other peatland types were found to have depth figures averaging 2 m or less. These figures and depths figures, derived from averaging peat depths per site (Table 6d) , were used to estimate total peat volumes in the Peterborough study area (Table 7). The total peat volume estimated for the whole study area was 1,003,400,000 m 3 of in situ peat, but the volume in peatlands which are predictably deeper than 2 m was estimated to be in the order of 390,100,000 m 3 of in situ peat, most of it occurring under, conifer swamps. The extensive areas of shallower peats occurring under hardwood swamp, mixed swamp and thicket swamp contain further peat volumes in the order of 492,200,000 m 3 of in situ peat. Based on the survey data, the majority of this peat is woody with relatively high stump contents. 5.2 KINGSTON-BELLEVILLE The Kingston-Belleville study area (Fig. 4; from 45 0 N southward to Lake Ontario, 76 0 W-77 0 30 ' W) straddles the Frontenac Axis, with Paleozoic bedrock in the southwest, central and northeast parts of the study area. On the Precambrian rocks of the Axis, the peatlands are topographically confined, and tend to be deeper, with lower stump contents than those on the Paleozoic bedrock. On these flatter areas, the peatlands are larger, and tend to be dominated by forested swamp, mostly hardwood swamp, with much shallower woody peats, with higher stump contents and greater humification. Almost 6,000 ha of peatland, at 11 sites, were surveyed in detail (Table 4 and Appendix A), with a measured total volume of 85,200,000 m3 of in situ peat. Approximately 30^^ of the total area surveyed was more than 2 m deep, and this area contained 51,600,000 m 3 of peat, almost all of it well- humified (von Post H4+) and suitable for consideration as - 96 - potential fuel peat. The proportion of these deposits with tree cover less than 1(H varied from O?; to 88?;. Two of the 11 sites surveyed in detail had areas greater than 150 ha with more than 2 m of peat, 312 ha and 834 ha respectively (sites 31C-593 and 31C-619). The proportion of these areas with tree cover less than 1C^ were O?; and 8% f and woody peat was the dominant peat type of both. Numerous other peatlands occur in the Kingston- Belleville study area. Nineteen of these were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a total area of 7,575 ha (Table 5). These deposits have an estimated total peat volume of 86,100,000 m3 f 97-^ o f which was found to be well- humified peat (von Post H4"1") . Although only limited coring was undertaken on these sites, 4 of them appeared to contain significant peat deposits in excess of 2 m deep, and had average areas of more than 140 ha total peatland (sites 31C-549, 597, 623 and 686). Overall, the surveyed quantities of peat were significant, and suggest an overwhelming predominance of well-humified peat of interest in terms of fuel uses. However, in most cases the combination of high stump content, dense tree growth and the relatively high wood content in the well humified layers suggest limited peat extraction potential by conventionial means or for conventional uses. In terms of horticultural peat potential, none of the sites surveyed had surficial, unhumified peat (Hl-3) greater than 65 cm in thickness. On the sites surveyed, hardwood swamp was the dominant peatland type, with a total area of 7,259 ha (54!?, of peatland surveyed). A further 4,473 ha of mixed swamp, conifer swamp and thicket swamp represented 35% of the peatland types surveyed. Bogs and fens accounted for only 555 ha (4%) of the peatlands, mostly as open bog (387 ha) (Table 6a). In the Kingston-Belleville study area as a whole, S.8% of the entire landscape was estimated to be peatland/wetland (Table 6b). Most of the estimated peatland areas were classified as hardwood swamp (34.318 ha; 32.7^?;), thicket swamp (35.988 ha; 34.2%) and mixed swamp (19,094 ha; IR.2%) (Photo 3, 4 and 5). Only 838 ha (less than l* of the total peatland area) were estimated to be bog or fen. Based on all the peat cores taken in the study area (809 cores), the greatest average peat depth were encountered under open and treed bogs (3.3 m and 3.4 m respectively), followed by conifer swamp (2.7 m) and fens (2.5 m). All of the other peatland types were found to have peat depths averaging 2 m or less. These figures, and depth - 97 - Photo 3. Hardwood and mixed swamps are a more frequent peatland type in the Kingston-Belleville area than elsewhere in southeastern Ontario, and dominate peatlands such as the Big Swamp in Prince Edward County (31C-593). The average peat depth of this site was 2.9 m, all of it well-humified (H4+), woody peat. Photo 4. Tree regeneration is characteristically vigorous in cut-over hardwood swamps, often as coppice growth of silver and red maple, such as at the Verona Swamp (31C-560). - 98 - figures derived from averaging peat depths per site (Table 6dj, were used to estimate total peat volumes in the Kingston-Belleville study area (Table 7). The total estimated peat volume for the whole study area was 1,781,800,000 m 3 of in situ peat. Approximately 13% (229,300,000 m 3 ) of that total volume was estimated to occur in peatlands which are predictably deeper than 2 m; in this case, under bog, fen and conifer swamp. The extensive areas of shallower peats occurring under hardwood swamp, mixed swamp and thicket swamp contain further peat volumes in the order of 1,487,200,000 m 3 of in situ peat. 5.3 PEMBROKE The Pembroke study area (Fig. 4; from 45 0 N northward to the Ottawa River, 76 0 -77 0 W) is at the boundary between the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland and the Canadain Shield. Along the Ottawa basin, a wide textural range of sediments was deposited during the last glacial period, as large amounts of water entered the Champlain Sea in the study area. To the southeast of the study area, extensive peatlands have developed on the Smith Falls Limestone Plain. In the western and central portions of the study area, the peat deposits are generally small and confined. Almost 5,000 ha of peatland, at 7 sites were surveyed in detail (Table 4 and Appendix A), with a measured volume of 25,800,000 m 3 o f in situ peat. Only 21** of the total area surveyed in detaTl was more than 2 m deep, and this area contained 17,600,000 m 3 of peat, 89% of which was well- humified (von Post H4"1") and suitable for consideration as potential fuel peat. The proportion of these deeper deposits which had tree cover less than 10% varied from O to 66?;. Two of the 7 sites surveyed in detail had areas greater than 150 ha with more than 2 m of peat, having 174 ha and 410 ha respectively. These two deposits had no areas with less than 10?; tree cover (sites 31F-551A and 31F-474). Many other peatlands occur in the Pembroke study area. Ten of these were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a total area of almost 3,000 ha (Table 5). These deposits have an estimated total peat volume of 50,300,000 m3 t 70 !fc of which was found to be well-humified peat (von Post H4"1") . Although only limited coring was undertaken on these sites, only one of them appeared to have a significant peat deposit in excess of 2 m deep; it included 600 ha total peatland (sites 31F-567A). Overall, the surveyed quantities of peat were modest, and suggest a very strong predominance of well-humified peat in the area, of possible interest in terms of fuel uses. In - 99 - terms of horticultural potential, one of the two largest sites surveyed in detail (31F-474) had an average surficial unhumified (Hl-3) peat layer of 98 cm (averaged across the peatland area ^2 m deep), but was dominated by conifer swamp, had high stump contents, and a relatively thick layer of basal ooze. On the sites surveyed in detail, conifer swamp was the dominant peatland type, with a total area of 1,719 ha (36% of peatland surveyed). Hardwood swamp, mixed swamp and thicket swamp accounted for a further 2,200 ha surveyed. Bogs and fens accounted for only 205 ha surveyed (Table 6a). In the Pembroke study area as a whole, 13.5% of the entire landscape was estimated to be peatland/wetland (Table 6b) . Over 42,000 ha was classified as conifer swamp (54.S 1* of the total peatland area). Thicket swamp, mixed swamp and hardwood swamp were estimated to cover 12,310 ha, 7,360 ha, and 4,275 ha respectively. In the area, marsh is also relatively abundant, occurring an estimated 10,900 ha. Bog and fen represented only l* of the total peatland area. Based on all the peat cores taken in the area (452 cores), most of the peatland types had average depth greater than 2 m (Table 6c). These figures, and depth figures derived from averaging peat depths per site (Table 6d), were used to estimated total peat volumes in the Pembroke study area (Table 7). The total peat volume, estimated for the whole study area was 1,705,100,000 m3 f 53.43 of which was estimated to occur in peatlands which are predictably deeper than 2 m; in this case, under bogs, fen and conifer swamp. A further 625,000,000 m-* of in situ peat are contained under hardwood swamp, thicket swamp, mixed swamp and marsh. 5.4 OTTAWA-BROCKVILLE The Ottawa-Brockville study area (Fig. 4? 75 0 -76 0 W, from Ottawa River to St. Lawrence River) lies almost entirely in the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland. The flat Paleozoic bedrock is generally covered by relatively thick layers of till, glaciomarine and fluviolacustrine deposits. However, in the west-central part of the study area, the surface sediments are shallow or absent, such as on the Smith Falls Limestone Plain. In that area, peatlands are extensive and freguent. More than 60% of the peatlands larger than 100 ha in the study area are located on this limestone plain, which makes up only 27*?; of the study area. Almost 10,000 ha of peatland, at 8 sites (Table 4 and Appendix A), were surveyed in detail, with a measured volume of peat in situ of 145,600,000 m3. Approximately 30% of the total peatland area surveyed in detail was more than 2 m - 100 - deep, and this area contained 78,900,000 n\3 o f peat, 75* of which was well-humified peat (von Post H4"1") suitable for consideration as potential fuel peat. The proportion of these deeper deposits which had tree cover less than 10% varied from O* to 44!*. Six of the 8 sites surveyed in detail had areas greater than 150 ha with more than 2 m of peat, ranqinq from 168 ha to 1091 ha. On these sites, the proportion of area with tree cover less than 10% ranqed from 0% to 22*. In terms of horticultural peat potential, only one site had surficial, unhumified peat (Hl-3) in excess of 95 cm (site 31B-4). It has an area of 393 ha with more than 2 m of peat. However, this site contains no moss peat (Appendix A). Numerous other peatlands occur in the Ottawa-Brockville study area. Seventeen of these were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a total area of 7,858 ha (Table 5). These deposits have an estimated total peat volume of 101,600,000 m3, 79;^ o f which was found to be well- humified peat (von Post H4"1"). Only limited coring was undertaken on these sites, and only one of them appeared to contain a significant peat deposit in excess of 2 m deep; it had an area of 343 ha total peatland (site 31B-35). Overall, the quantities of peat surveyed were significant, and suggest a strong predominance of well- humified peat in the area, of interest in terms of fuel uses. However, on many sites surveyed, the combination of high stump contents, dense tree growth and relatively hiqh wood and ash contents suggest limited peat extraction potential by conventional means for conventional uses. The expanding local use of the peatland perimeters for agricultural purposes suggests an appropriate land use in the area. On the sites surveyed, mixed swamp and thicket swamp were dominant peatland types, with total areas of 6,085 ha and 4,990 ha respectively (62% of peatland surveyed). Bogs occupied 513 ha (31) of peatlands, and fens, 1753 ha (10*) (Table 6a). In the Ottawa-Brockville study area as a whole, 15.5* of the entire landscape was estimated to be peatland/wetland (Table 6b). Most of the estimated peatland area was classified as thicket swamp (39,062 ha; 39.9*), mixed swamp (21,447 ha; 21.9!!) and hardwood swamp (20,710 ha; 21.23;). Bogs were estimated to cover 2,154 ha (2.2*), and fens, 4,166 ha (4.2!?;) of the total peatland area. Both bogs and fens were more frequent than in other peatland study areas off the Canadian Shield and were, in some cases, very large sites (Photo 6). - 101 - Photo 5. The effects of modified water levels on hardwood swamp, and other peatland types, can often be seen . along road embankments which intercept normal water flows. In this case, die-back attributable to higher water tables occurs in .the foreground. Drainage is towards the background in this portion of the Verona Swamp (31C-560). Photo 6. The open graminoid fens of the Richmond Swamp, southwest of Ottawa, are unusual vegetation types in southeastern Ontario, and contain numerous unusual and distinctive plant species (31G-30). - 102 - Based on all the cores taken in the study area (1063 cores), the greatest average peat depths occurred under open bog (2.3 m), followed by treed bog (2.0 m) and open fen (2.1 m). All the other peatland types had peat depths averaging 2 m or less (Table 6c). These figures, and depth figures derived from averaging peat depth per site (Table 6d), were used to estimate total peat volumes in the Ottawa-Brockville study area (Table 7). * The total estimated peat volumes for the entire study area was 1,363,300,000 m 3 of in situ peat, but only 141,000,000 m 3 (IQ.3%) was estimated to occur in peatlands which are predictably deeper than 2 m; in this case, under bog and fen. The extensive areas of shallower peats occurring under thicket swamp, hardwood swamp, mixed swamp and conifer swamp contained further peat volumes in the order of 1,157,600,000 m3 o f jn s jtu peat. 5.5 PARRY SOUND The Parry Sound study area (Fig. 4; 45 0 -46 0 N, and from 79 0 30'W westward to Georgian Bay) is the only study area of southeastern Ontario which lies entirely on the Canadian Shield. The rock knob Shield topography of low relief provides numerous small depressions occupied mostly by small streams, lakes, and beaver floods. The area is generally covered by a thin discontinuous till layer, often washed by the successive lowering of proglacial lakes occupying the study area, namely Lakes Algonguin, Hough and Stanley. In the study area the peatlands are topographically confined and tend to occupy larger basins farther away from Georgian Bay. They tend to be basin bogs and flat bogs, and rarely achieve 100 ha areas of peat more than l m deep. Almost 1900 ha of peatland at 9 sites were surveyed in detail (Table 4 and Appendix A), with a measured volume of 22,500,000 m 3 of in situ peat. Only 19% of the total peatland area surveyed in detail was more than 2 m deep, and this area contained 18,300,000 m 3 of peat, 56% of which was well-humified peat (von Post H4+) , suitable for consideration as potential fuel peat. The proportion of these deeper deposits which had tree cover less than 10?, varied from 0% to 100%. None of these sites surveyed in detail had areas greater than 150 ha with more than 2 m of peat. Many other peatlands occur in the Parry Sound study area. Twelve of them were surveyed at a reconnaissance level, covering a total area of 2,000 ha (Table 5). These deposits have an estimated total peat volume of 44,300,000 m3 , 92% of which was found to be well-humified peat (von Post H4"f"). Although only limited coring was undertaken on - 103 - these sites, five of them appeared to contain significant peat deposits in excess of 2 m deep, and had average areas of more than 150 ha total peatland (for example, site 31E-3) . Overall, the surveyed quantities of peat were small, and suggest almost ecrual amounts of well-humified (H4+) and poorly humified peat (Hl-3). However, in terms of horticultural peat potential, none of the sites surveyed had surficial, unhumified peats (Hl-3) exceeding 75 cm in thickness (Appendix A). Open and treed bog dominated almost all of the peatland surveyed in the study area (Table 6a), accounting for 1,764 ha (45%) and 1,872 ha (48*), respectively. However, in the study area as a whole (Table 6b), conifer swamp was estimated to represent almost 503, of all the peatland occurring in the study area (24,290 ha). Open and treed bogs were estimated to cover 11,400 ha (22.6% of all peatlands). Based on all the peat cores taken in the study area (431 cores), the greatest average peat depths were encountered under treed bog (2.6 m), followed by open boq (2.5 m) and conifer swamp (2.5 m). The two other peatland types surveyed had average peat depths of less than 2 m (Table 6c). These figures, and depth figures derived from averaging peat depths per site (Table 6d), were used to estimate total peat volumes in the Parry Sound area (Table 7) . The total estimated peat volume for the study area was 1,109,700,000 m3. Approximately 73^ (810,200,000 m3 ) of that volume was estimated to occur in peatlands which are predictably deeper than 2 m (bogs, fens and conifer swamp). A further 300,000,000 m 3 of in situ peat was estimated to occur in shallower deposits. - 104 - - 105 - 6.0 PEATLAND VEGETATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES - 106 - - 107 - One of the primary objectives of the inventory was to map and characterize peatland vegetation types, both to provide a descriptive data base for the disposition and management of peatlands, and to enable a predictive extra polation of site-specific resource data to the region as a whole. A brief description of the major plant communities identified on each of the peatland types is presented in the following text (Section 6.1). The variability and distinctiveness of the different vegetation communities associated with peatland ecosystems are the result of vegetative responses to edaphic factors, which in turn are largely conditioned by the peat substrates and the hydrological regimes. Data on these environmental processes are presented in Section 6.2. 6.1 PEATLAND VEGETATION TYPES AMD SUCCESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO The following synopsis is based on sites (Table 8, 9; Appendix E) which were sampled in southeastern and south- central Ontario. It follows the classification system of Jeglum et al. (1974) and Appendix C. Additional dominance types and specific sites can be found in the Open File Reports on each study area. Common names of the species cited below are listed in Appendix C. MARSH In southeastern Ontario, marsh often occurs on organic substrates, especially in sites removed from major river or lake shores (Photo 7, 8). Most of these organic substrates would probably not be defined as peat because of high levels of inorganic materials (i.e. >25% ash content), but were included in the inventory at sites where they occurred. Most commonly, they occurred as EMERGENT MARSHES (DEEP MARSH, SHALLOW MARSH, or MEADOW MARSH), dominated by similar series of graminoid and herbaceous species, especially Calamagrostis canadensis, Typha latifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Carex aquatilis, C. lasiocarpa, Thelypteris palustris, Bidens cernua, Bidens frondosa, Carex pseudocyperus, Leersia oryzoides ,""Scirpus cyperinus and Dulicheum arundinaceum. Other species frequently occurring included Carex lacustris, ^C. comosa, C. stricta, Lythrum salicaria, Hydrocharis morus-ranae, Lycopus uniflorus, Impatiens capensis, Utricularia vulgaris, Sagittaria latifolia and Pontederia cordata (especially on the Shield). Also abundant were SHRUB-RICH MARSHES (dense, wet carr communities less than 150 cm tall). The dominant shrub species were Cornus stolonifera, Myrica gale, Alnus rugosa, - 108 - Photo 7. Riparian, or streamside marshes are characteristic of southeastern Ontario. In the Peterborough area, such as here at Mariposa Brook (310-801) north of Lake Scugog, shallow emergent marsh, shrub-rich marsh and thicket swamp all occur as a continuous gradient away from the stream. Photo 8. Riparian marshes also occur as broad emergent cat tail marshes, such as along Wiltse Creek (31C-681 in the Kingston-Belleville area. The organic accumulation of peat averaged only 0.6 m at this site . - 109 - Salix discolor, Betula pumila , Salix petiolaris and, especially on the Shield, Chamaedaphne calcyulata, Potentilla fruticosa and Rhamnus alnifolia. Decodon verticillata and Cephalanthus occidental!? also dominate some shrub-rich marshes. The ground cover of herbs and graminoids was dominated by the same species as occurred most frequently in emergent marshes. The dominant bryophyte species observed in marsh sites were Calliergonella cuspidata, Calliergon giganteum, Hypnum lindbergii, Brachythecium salebrosum, Campylium stellatum and Drepanocladus spp. THICKET SWAMP THICKET SWAMP also occurs on sites with substrates varying from shallow or non-existing organic soils to deep peats. The great variability of thicket swamp types may reflect the successional or regenerational status of many such communities, with species dominance reflecting the species present at sites before flooding, cutting or other activity provided a site for successional thickets (carrs M50 cm tall) . The dominant shrub species recorded were Salix petiolaris, Cornus stolonifera, Alnus rugosa, Salix discolor, Ilex verticillata and Betula pumila. Also occasionally subdominant were Salix serissima, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Rhamnus frangula and Viburnum cassinoides. The dominant graminoid and herbaceous species were somewhat similar to marsh communities in wetter thicket situations; e.g. Bidens cernua, Ei. frondosa, Hydrocharis morus-ranae, Typha latifolia, Calamagrostis canadensis and Calla palustris. More typically, however, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris and Rubus pubescens were more dominant. Matteuccia struthiopteris dominated where organic accumulation was minimal and spring flooding significant. Among the -bryophyte species noted were Campylium stellatum, Calliergonella cuspidata, Sphagnum recurvum, ,S. fimbriatum and Calliergon cord ifolium. HARDWOOD SWAMP The hardwood swamps studied occurred on sites varying from almost no organic accumulation to very deep peats, most with significant spring-flooding (and inorganic nutrient input) and late-summer water table draw-down (and improved root aeration). In southeastern Ontario, the dominant tree species were Acer rubrum, A, saccharinum and Fraxinus nigra, - 110 - with Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera , Ulmus americana and Fraxinus pennsylvanica subdominant. The dominant species ofthe usually thin shrub understorey were Ilex verticillata, Alnus rugosa, Cornus stolonifera and Viburnum cassinoides. The most frequent and dominant ground cover species evident in late summer were Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda regalis , Rubus pubescens , Glyceria striata r Lycopus uniflorus and Laportea canadensis. In the moister areas which had been spring-flooded pools Leersia oryzoides and Lemna minor were dominant. Also important in these hardwood swamps were Bidens spp., Gal i urn trifidum, Solanum dulcamara, Impatiens capensis, Boehmeria cylindrica, Thelypteris palustris, Osmunda cinnamomea and Eupatorium maculatum. The most freguently observed bryophytes, occurring sparsely in general, were Calliergon cordifolium, Hypnum lindbergii and Climacium dendroides. Also occurring were Plagiomnium ciliare, Aulacomnium palustre, Drepanocladus aduncus and Conocephalum conicum. CONIFER SWAMP The most frequent conifer swamps in southeastern Ontario are nutrient-rich, minerotrophic swamps occurring on shallow or deep peats, often overlying marl materials (Photos 9, 10). These sites were dominated by Thuja occidentalis and Larix laricina, with Abies balsamea, Picea mariana and Fraxinus nigra also frequently occurring. A diverse assemblage of shrub species was usually present, including some of the following: Rhamnus alnifolia, Ilex verticillata, Cornus stolonifera, Alnus rugosa, Ledurn groenlandicum, Nemopanthus mucronatus, and, less importantly, Viburnum cassinoides, Rhamnus frangula, Salix petiolaris and Betula pumila. The most frequent and dominant ground cover species were Osmunda regalis, Rubus pubescens, Thelypteris palustris, Smilac ina trifolia , Carex leptalea, C. interior, and C. trisperma. Occurring much less freguently in southeastern Ontario are nutrient-poor, acidic conifer swamps occurring on deep peats. These sites, dominated by Picea mariana and ^P. glauca (with Pinus strobus and Larix laricina) appear as transitional types to treed bogs, and have shrub-rich understoreys dominated by Ledum groendlandicum , Ka1mia angustifolia and Nemopanthus mucronatus. The bryophyte species most commonly observed in conifer swamps were Thuidium recognitum, Pleurozium schreberi, Rhizomnium pseudopunctaturn, Thuidium delicatulum, Rhytiadelphus triguetrus, Conocephalum conicum, Dicranum - 111 - polysetum , D. undulatum, Callierqon qiganteum, Sphagnum warnstorfii and S^ capillifolium. MIXED SWAMP The mixed hardwood-conifer swamps of southeastern Ontario were dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Thuja occidentalis , with co-dominant and subdominant species including Populus balsamifera f Betula papyrifera r Ulmus americana, Abies balsamea t Larix laricina and Acer rubrum. The dominant shrub species were Cornus stolonifera, Ilex vertillata , Rhamnus alnifolius , Alnus rugosa and others typical of hardwood and conifer swamp.The most freguent dominant ground cover species were Rubus pubescens, Onoclea sensiblis , Osmunda regalis, Rhus radicans, Impatiens capensis , and Lycopus uniTlorus. FEN Fens are infrequent peatland vegetation communities in southeastern Ontario, occurring on moderately deep peats or on shallow or deep peat/marl substrates (Photo 10, 11). As treed formations, they are transitional to conifer swamps and very infrequent in occurrence. All treed fens observed were shrub-rich, dominated by both tall and low shrubs; none were dominated by graminoids or herbs in the understorey. The most frequent dominance types of TREED FENS were Thuja occidentalis-Larix laricina (-Picea mariana) and Larix laricina (-Picea mariana). The dominant shrub understorey species were Betula pumi'la, Cornus stolonifera, Salix petiolaris, Ilex verticillata, Spiraea alba, and Chamaedaphne calyculata. Frequent qround cover species were Rubus pubescens, Osmunda regalis and Thelypteris palustris, as well as many of the species indicated below as frequent in open fens. The OPEN SHRUB-RICH FENS observed had a diverse shrub assemblaqe: Betula pumila, fly r i ea gale, Spiraea alba, Cornus stolonifera, Salix" petiofaris , Andromeda""glaucophylla , Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ilex verticillata, Aronia melanocarpa and Potentilla fruticosa were most dominant, with Salix pedicellaris, LorTicera oblonqifolia, Spiraea tomentosa, Rhamnus alnifolia and Ledum groenlandicum also frequent. The graminoids and herbs noted most frequently as dominant species were Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Carex lasiocarpa, Calamaqrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, C,, lacustris and Rubus pubescens. Shrub species also occurred frequently at low cover values in OPEN GRAMINOID FENS, but the dominant species there were a rich diversity of vascular plant species. The - 112 - Photo 9. Dense conifer swamp is most characteristic of peatlands close to or on the Canadian Shield in southeastern Ontario. White cedar, balsam fir and black spruce dominate this site in Dummer Township, Peterborough study area (31D-752). Photo 10. The Stoco Fen, in the Kingston-Belleville study area (31C-549), displays a pattern of open fen, algal marl pools and conifer swamp which is unique in southeastern Ontario. This small site is a Provincial Nature Reserve. - 113 - Photo 11. The largest fen in the area between Peterborough and Kingston is the open graminoid fen occurring along Emily Creek near Emily Lake (31D-704), in an elongate topographic trough between Pigeon and Sturgeon Lakes. Photo 12. Open bogs, such as this 200 ha site in the Harlow area of the Kingston-Belleville study area (31C-509), are infrequent in southeastern Ontario. The average peat depth at this site is 3.3 m and moss peat dominates, but the average depth of unhumified, possibly horticultural-grade peat (Hl-3) is only 0.6 m. - 114 - most frequently observed co-dominant species were Carex lasiocarpa, Thelypteris palustris, Osmunda regal is, Carex limosa, Menyanthes trTToliata, Care~livida , Cla"c!Tum mariscoides, and Phragmites austral is, with other sub- dominant species including Rhynchospora alba, Carex aquatilis , C^. chordorrhiza , c:, ex 11 is , Equisetum fluviatile , Scirpus hudsonianus, Sarracenia purpurea, Muhlenberqia glomerata and Eleocharis elliptica. In open fens, the bryophyte species observed most frequently were Campyl iurn stellatum, Scorpidium scorpioides , Calliergonella cuspidata, Cinclidium stygium, Sphagnum warnstorfii, Drepanocladus revolvens, Aulocomnium palustre, Sphagnum teres, S. subfulvum, S. sTTSsecundum and S. magellanicum. In treed fens, Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum warnstorfii and Rhizomnium spp. were frequently observed as well. BOG Small ombrotrophic bogs (Photo 12) occur on very deep peat deposits infrequently throughout eastern Ontario. They are particularly infrequent in areas off the Canadian Shield. In terms of plant communities, these are the least diverse, most specialized and most uniform of peatland ecosystems. OPEN BOG was almost always dominated by low or tall shrubs, and the open boqs dominated by qraminoids were usually dominated by Eriophorum spissum, 13. virginicum or Carex oligosperma. The graminoid bog systems in the confined basins of the Shield are more diverse (e.g. Parry Sound area) but were insufficiently studied to warrant comment. The dominant shrub species were Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledurn groenland icum, Kalmia anqustifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium y. myrtilloides, Nemopanthus mucronatus and Aronia melanocarpa, with Kalmia polifolia, Nemopanthus mucronatus, Vaccinium corymbosum and Viburnum cassinoides also common. The most frequently observed ground cover species were Eriophorum spissum, 12. virginicum, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Smilac ina trifolia , and Carex trisperma.The bryophyte species most frequently present were Sphagnum fuscum, S5. magellanicum, ^. capillifolium, ^. recurvum, S3. cuspidatum, Polytrichum strictum, Cladonia mitis, Pleurozium schreberi and Aulacomnium palustre, with Sphagnum papillosum and S^. centrale also noted on occasion. TREED BOGS were rarely observed, almost always in sites transitional between open bog and conifer swamp, or. on the driest (and presumably highest) centres of small bog pockets. Picea mariana dominated the treed bogs observed in southeastern Ontario, with Larix laricina also predictably present. - 115 - In the eastern Shield areas of Muskoka, Simcoe and Parry Sound, many of the small Shield basin bogs have stronger fen affinities and are wetter sites than the more ombrotrophic bogs referred to above. The dominant shrub species are similar, but open graminoid bogs are more freguent, often dominated by species such as Carex oligosperma, Eriophorum virginicum, Carex canescens and Woodwardia virginica. species such as Rhynchospora alba, Xyris difformis and Lycopodium inundatum suggest the stronger fen affinities of these sites. - 116 - 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOGNOMIC CHARACTERISTICS A relatively limited data set on the environmental and physiognomic characteristics of the peatland vegetation types is presented to provide some descriptive measures of the variability and distinctiveness of the vegetation communities. Within the almost continuous gradient of vegetation ecosystems occurring on peatlands in southeastern Ontario, the classification system recognizes the most predictably recurring types, and some individual sites may be considered somewhat transitional between types. Fifty surface water samples (10-15 cm below water table) were recovered for element determination using I.C.A.P. spectrometry (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, P, Pb) and flame emission photometry (Na, K) (Table 8), after filtering samples through Whatman 40 Ashless filters. Based on the data on Table 8 for marsh, swamp, fen and open bog sites and the average pH's of these water samples in the field, the concentrations of most elements tested were correlated strongly with pH. Strong positive correlations were found in the case of Ca (r = +0.98), Mg (r ~ +0.74), Na (r = +0.67) and Pb (r * +0.75). Strong negative correlations were found in the cases of Zn (r ~ -0.84) and Al (r s -0.74). Only weak correlations were found with Fe (r * -0.38), K (r - -0.09), Mn (r = +0.07), P (r - -0.24) and Cu (r s -0.42). The lower Ca, Mg, and Na levels in the more acidic bog waters reflect the ombrotrophic conditions of these bog ecosystems. The higher Zn and Al levels in the bog waters perhaps reflect greater solubility of these elements at low pH values. Both Cu and Fe tend towards higher values in fens and bogs, perhaps reflecting the same phenomenon. The peatland types have characteristic mean values for physiognomic canopy strata (Table 9), which reflect in large part the arbitrary cover distinctions used in the classification keys (Appendix C). However, they also illustrate the relative biomass productivity of these types, decreasing in overall cover values from treed to open associations. This biomass productivity is not paralleled by similar variation in net accumulation of peat, primarily because the climate and hydrology of southern systems tend to promote significant late-summer draw-downs of water tables, increasing the net rates of oxidation and decomposition. Hardwood swamps are a good example of sites with high overall site productivity, but very low rates of net organic accumulation. - 117 - CM CM •0 o ^ tO * * * CO P 00 P o IO P* tO IO o CM ** o IO -~ * •fi ~ CM l m " 1 2 O IO O IO lO CO 0 4 x CO ~ IO *! tt A 3 •fi 1 ~- ^ 0 p ^ p i™ p * CM — ** "i o , p r* 00 * r* P* OD CM 10 ^ 00 —. 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A R2S8 ^ 0 ^.-[ 2 2&1 0 d 2 2 h- A — 9< lo f 1!a O f ac. a* o o o ^ o o mpr-m o o omo mm oom om CMm — O O CN O (N O o ir* ^ ir\ ^- tr\ ao *OIO lOm lOCM P^CN ODO OfM ^CM tCM ^V VCM CM^— *o ^ vo — ^o -j o. . — -o ^ v CM -o tn ^m ^-A 910 o^v ^CM —v — m —m —w —m — W CfV — —T —V -~ O ' 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 — 4-1 1 ' 4-1 1 m — - a a *gi A o' lA O* 4 i OQ OO ""S OJJO 0)in —P oo oo mo mo om oo mn oo oo -WK 00- io "O ^ *^ OD ^ O iO*o ^(N p*it o"n ao^ —in — CO —W —V OW 7\"O V* "OC lOT \OV —C t- to (N — W *- CM IN CM CM P*— tOCM ~- ~* (SjwB PS4.K -^1 O C a 4-1 u? tfi O o (x o o — a. ~ v. -* *-* a-O a c S S S ? 5 o i 8 g s O 0 . o •00 V O 10 O om *om om oo r-o ~ a i - 4-1 1 4-1 1 4-11 4-1 1 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 +I 1 4-11 O i a c: o •O CM (O O "O CM CM r*O *-o waCM 00*0 — *o ^*O CMr~ vO OO coo CNlO CM'0 ^|O |OO f— O —C — m K 9S m — in IO — CM ^— mfM ?N— m— m— ~* o a. "E (/i 1 1 1 *> aO ~O 4-1W o — o . l. Q- 4-1 1 s 4) O r- Or* O -O r- or- om o o o vo om Oto O"O Or- or- Ovo ot o* Ov ot ov mcM a ix o in o to *™ to co OOO CMiO CMP~ Or~ CM^ — * r-* —O OO CMco (MC3 —O ^fM fOsO m^ VC ^ z o io mi ia. acS 5 a l - S V a i. E a t/i e z ^ ui JC e u 4- a i I si" b * 1 XV 9 S z U C 4- I Z u. tn ^ -5. T n -o f 0 1 u. u •o 3 — U TJ i x 9 c x i ui f Z "o a vi a J3 — A U1 — 1C i i .5 1 4 g r g | 1 4 S i ? S Oy e S 2 I Q.. K 4--4-U iA ft.2 " * i o z to z x o a o 5 3 U) CT a O a — m < in c u c E 4 5 i u •o 3 — T3 Z -^ 3 "- 10 8 2 S z r fl u a fi Z Z Z Off e o *" a 1^-B*" X X 1/1 o Jt I T3 o Q Kl Q C ft i Wl uj z g H I J i ft i Z S c o (T QL f S 5 S 1- O o g i - 119 - The highest values for surface water pH (an index of nutrient availability) were observed in marshes 5.8-7.0, av. 6.5) and hardwood/thicket swamps (4.8-7.0, av. 6.1). Mixed swamps and conifer swamps had intermediate pH values (5.4-6.7, av. 6.0), as did fens (4.4-7.0, av. 5.9). Bogs had distinctively more acidic surface waters, with an average pH of 4.3 (3.6-4.7). The average depths-to-water recorded in the various vegetation formations may be viewed as a rough measure of the moisture-aeration regime of particular sites (Jeglum 1974), and also varied in a similar manner. Marshes were the wettest sites, with an average depth-to-water of 6 cm (-12 to 34), followed by thicket swamps (av. 17 cm, O to ^0) and fens (av. 19 cm, O to 50). Among the forested swamps, there was little variation; hardwood swamp with an average depth-to-water of 31 cm (O to )*100), mixed swamp 26 cm (2 to 42) and conifer swamp 38 cm (6 to ^00). With respect to these forested swamps, the data suggest that these sites had the greatest variability of moisture- aeration regimes, with standard deviations close to the mean values. This reflects, in some part, the degree of seasonal variation in depths-to-water in these sites. Data were collected throughout July and August, the period of most active water table draw-down. The bogs observed in this inventory in southern Ontario were effectively the driest sites, with an average summer depths-to-water of 53 (10 to 100) on open sites, and 42 cm (13 to 65) on treed sites. If the stability of water table levels can be inferred from the variability observed in average depths-to-water, then fens, with very low standard deviations from the mean, may be viewed as having among the strictest reguirements in terms of maintaining water table eguilibrium vis-a-vis the surface of the peatland. The forested swamps show the most extreme variation in depths-to-water, probably on a seasonal as well as single-time basis. A graph plotting the relationship between surface water pH and average summer depths-to-water (Fig. 5) illustrates the general relationships between these peatland types. The graph illustrates the distinctiveness of the bog ecosystems, but also the general overlap of these characteristics in terms of the more minerotrophic systems, especially the swamps. This degree of overlap suggests that other environmental parameters are more significant in the segregation of peatland/wetland systems in the southeastern Ontario. - 120 - 80- OPEN BOO (n.23) 70- CONIFER SWAMP (n.ie) 60- | HARDWOOD SWAMP (mie) 40- TREED BOO (n.9) TREED FEN 30- (n.10) MIXED SWAMP 20- THICKET 10- POINTS INDICATE MEAN VALUES SWAMP' OPEN FOB EACH TYPE; AHMS INDICATE FEN 1x STANDARD DEVIATION IN EACH DIRECTION; n. NO. OF OBSERVATIONS. (n:24) MARSH 0- 10- 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 SURFACE WATER pH FIGURE 5. RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACE WATER pH AND AVERAGE DEPTH-TO-WATER FOR MAJOR PEATLAND VEGETATION TYPES. - 121 - In terms -of the relationships between the minerotrophic vegetation types, two temporal parameters appear to be especially important, and not evident on Fig. 5. The first of these is the strong unidirectional parameter of peat accumulation. This operates in most peatland successional scenarios because net accumulation exceeds decomposition even in situations where net accumulation rates may be low, e.g. in most hardwood and thicket swamps. For southeastern Ontario, Table 6c indicates the average peat depths found under the major peatland types during the course of the inventory (3477 individual measurements). Hardwood, thicket and mixed swamp had the shallowest peat depths (combined average of 1.7 m, ns !985) , and much of this depth may well be defined as other than peat substrate; i.e. ^5?; ash content. Marshes averaged 2 m of peat, again with much of that depth probably having ash contents of >25%, indicating the input of inorganic sediments through spring flooding. Fens tended to be slightly deeper, averaging 2.1 m (n^!87). Bogs occurred on distinctly deeper peats, averaging 2.7 m (n-582). Interactive with this process of peat accumulation are the strong patterns of seasonal water table draw-down in southern Ontario, patterns which may well be distinctively different in different vegetation communities. For example, the large late-summer lowering of water tables in hardwood swamps allow the root aeration necessary to the growth of mature hardwood and allows more rapid oxidation, decomposition and nutrient cycling of organic materials. In conifer swamps, the draw-down may also be considerable, but the wood of many of the tree species is more resistant to decomposition. In fen systems, a more stable equilibrium appears to be maintained in terms of water table, probably both as a function of generally more stable water levels and possibly more expansive/contractive capabilities of deep, stratified sedge peat, floating or sinking in synchrony with water level changes. These relationships have considerable bearing on the succession of wetland/peatland communities, and the successional aspects of these scenarios may be inferred from the inventory data in a general manner (Fig. 6). In southern Ontario, most peatland sites have been modified by cutting, fire, drainage or water level control, and the apparent complexity of environmental relationships on minerotrophic sites is not unexpected. The schematic does suggest a number of successional patterns; for example, that flooded hardwood swamp shifts towards marsh and thicket swamp; that a water table drop in a fen may result in thicket swamp; that the more acidic conifer swamps, - 122 - white spruce. \ X white pine, AND \ t \l 4.0 5.0 SURFACE WATER pH FIGURE 6. SCHEMATIC OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MAJOR PEATLAND/WETLAND TYPES, SOUTHERN ONTARIO. accumulating peat to a degree which isolates the surface from substrate nutrients, may result in bog formation; etc. More so than in northern Ontario, these successional possibilities are strongly effected by deliberate or coincidental water table changes and land use patterns. - 123 - 7.0 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. - 124 - - 125 - The characteristics of the peat, as well as their spatial and stratigraphic distribution, are critical to the attribution of peat resource potential to specific peatlands. As part of the peatland inventory program, 483 samples from 100 stratigraphic cores were tested for their physical and chemical properties (Sect. 3.5; Riley 1986). The cores were selected by field teams to represent the typical stratigraphy of peatlands surveyed in detail. The following description of the results emphasizes the overall regional characteristics of the peat analyzed in terms of different potential uses, specifically for energy and horticultural purposes. The full data set, for site- specific evaluation, is present in Appendix B. In addition, peat profiles representative of the major peatland types surveyed in the region, are presented in Figure 7. They illustrate the typical peat stratigraphy of the peatland types, and the distribution of elements within the profiles. Fuel-grade Peat As discussed previously, fuel-grade peat in Ontario can be defined as peat materials having more than 4165 cal/g net heating value and less than 25*^ ash content, based on European and ^American standards and usage. As a general rule-of-thumb, fuel-grade peats were considered in the field and in the summary tables of this report, to have a degree of humification of H4 or more on the von Post scale (Appendix A). In southeastern Ontario, 264 of the peat samples analysed had the above properties, and the test results follow: Standard Mean Deviation Range Net heating value (cal/g) 4855 ± 39 6 r 4167 -6384 Volatile matter m 66 .7 ± 4. 2 r 49. 8 -86 .2 Moisture content (* wet) 86 ± 5, 7 1 -94 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0 .14 ± 0. 0 5, 0. 06 - 0 .30 Wet bulk density (g/cc) 1 .03 ± 0. 0 4, 0. 95- 1 .15 Ash content (*) 7 .2 ± 4. 3 r 0. 8 -21 .5 Total carbon f 5*) 52 .2 ± 4. 9 r 35. 7 -61 .8 Hydrogen (*) 5 .5 ± 0. 6 r 2. 6 - 6 .8 Sulphur (*) 0 .32 ± 0. 3 4, 0. 01 - 2 .10 Humification (von Post scale) 5 .6 ± 1. 3 r 4 - 9 Percentage moss peat 20 ± 29 Percentage sedge peat 55 ± 35 Percentage woody peat 25 ± 33 - 126 - Trace elements which may be problematic as eventual emissions from future combustion plants were also analysed. With the exceptions of zinc and manganese, levels are equivalent or less than those found in Finnish fuel peats, for which the resultant emission levels are documented (Hasanen 1982). Standard Mean Deviation Range Arsenic (ppm) *C0.4 ±0.4, ^.1 -2.6 Mercury (ppm) ^.04 ±0.05, ^.01-0.65 Lead (ppm) ^0 ±13, Net heating value (cal/g) 4768 399, 4167 - 6384 Volatile matter (l) 67.7 ± 5.1, 49.8 - 86.2 Moisture content (* wet) 86 ± 6, 52 - 95 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.14 ± 0.06, 0.05- 0.36 Wet bulk density (g/cc) 1. 03 ± 0 * 05, 0 .75- 1 .39 Ash content (*) 7. 1 ± 4 * 3, 0 .8 - 23 .8 Total carbon (*) 51. 4 ± 4 * 9 35 .7 - 61 .8 Hydrogen (*) 5. 4 ± 0 * 7, 2 .6 - 6 .8 Sulphur (1) 0. 32 ± 0 * 32, 0 .01- 2 .10 Humification (von Post scale) 4. 8 ± 1 * 8, 1 - 9 Percentage moss peat 25 ± 3 4 Percentage sedge peat 51 ± 3 6 Percentage woody peat 23 ± 3 2 Trace element concentrations are slightly greater because of the inclusion of a greater proportion of surficial peats. Two hundred and thirty-two of these peats with net heating values M165 cal/g and ash contents <25% were from southeastern Ontario study areas excluding Parry Sound, which was entirely on the Canadian Shield. These peats had mean values very similar to those above; bulk densities, - 127 - ash contents and the percentage of woody peat were very slightly higher, and net heating values were slightly lower. Trace element levels were slightly higher again, by about the same proportion as the increase in mean ash content. Ninety-six of the 147 peat samples collected in the Parry Sound study area were reported to have humification levels of H4 or more, and were found to have net heating values M165 cal/g and ash contents ^5**. The following data suggest good fuel-peat potential in terms of material characteristics. Standard Mean Deviation Range Net heating value (cal/g) 5024 ± 260 t 4167 - 5622 Volatile matter m 68 .4 ± 3. 5 r 57 .9 - 79. 2 Moisture content ( 1 wet) 90 ± 2, 82 - 93 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0. 10 ± 0. 0 2, 0 .06- 0. 18 Wet bulk density (g/cc) 1. 01 ± 0. 0 2, 0 .96- 1. 08 Ash content (*) 5. 6 ± 4. 2 r 1 .2 - 21. 5 Total carbon (*) 56. 2 ± 3. 0 47 .0 - 61. 8 Hydrogen (*) 5. 9 ± 0. 5 r 3 .5 - 6. 8 Sulphur (*) 0. 16 ± 0. 08, 0 .01- 0. 40 Humification (von Post scale) 6. 2 i 1. 4 t 4 - 9 Percentage moss peat 35 ± 26 Percentage sedge peat 59 ± 24 Percentage woody peat 6 ± 9 Trace element levels were eguivalent or less than those found in Finnish fuel peats, for which the resultant- emission levels are documented (Hasanen 1982). Horticultural-grade Peat In general, the reguirements for horticultural-grade peat materials are for fibrous organic materials which are resistant to rapid decomposition (i.e. sphagnum moss peats), with high cation exchange capacities and high absorptive capacities. Forty of the peat samples collected in southeastern Ontario had a humification level of Hl-3 (von Post scale) and were reported as containing more than 70** moss peat (including some brown moss peats as well as sphagnum peats). The following were the results in terms of some parameters of horticultural interest. - 128 - Standard Mean Deviation Range Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOq) 115 ±36, 27 -187 Peat pH (in H 2 0) 4.5 ±1.0, 3.3 - 7.0 Peat pH ( in CaCl 2 ) 3.8 ±1.1 2.7 - 6.8 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 152 ±202, 2.5 -817 Fibre content (S fibres >0.15 mm) 80 ±23, 23 -124 Moisture content C 5?;) 86 ±10, 52 -95 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.13 ±0.09, 0.05- 0.36 Absorptive Capacity 21.2 ±8.2, 4.0 -38.4 Ash content (*) 4.9 ±2.8, 0.8 -11.3 Nitrogen (*) 1.5 ±0.5, 0.8 - 2.9 Phosphorus (ppm) 693 ±284, 160 -1287 Potassium (ppm) 1981 -1-1362, 183 -6145 Calcium (ppm) 7969 ±9282, 1066 -40831 Humification (von Post scale) 1.8 ±0.8, 1 -3 Percentage moss peat 87 ±12 Percentage sedge peat 10 ±11 Percentage woody peat 3 ±7 If one includes all peat samples with moss content reported as more than 70*1 and a von Post humification of Hl-4, the results indicate that the inclusion of H4 peats results in a decrease in the horticultural guality of the peat, especially in terms of pH, fibre content, bulk density and absorptive capacity. However, horticultural peat producers often use H4 peats where necessary, and the characteristics of all Hl-4 peats (n=51) with more than 70* moss content are reported below. Standard Mean Deviation Range Cation exchange capacity (meg/lOOg) 110 ±38, 7-197 Peat pH (in H20) 4.7 ±1.0, 3.3-7.0 Peat pH ( in CaCl 2 ) 4.1 ±1.2, 2.7-7.5 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 132 ±181, 2.5-817 Fibre content (Sfibres ^.15 mm) 70 ±29, 23-124 Moisture content ('l) 85 ±10, 52-95 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.15 ±0.09, 0 .05-0.36 Absorptive Capacity 18.5 ±9.0, 4.0 38.4 Ash content (*) 5.2 ±3.2, 0.8-17.9 Nitrogen (5?;) 1.6 ±0.5, 0.8- 2.9 Phosphorus (ppm) 617 ±293, 160-1287 Potassium (ppm) 1771 ±1372, 129-6145 Calcium (ppm) 10268 ±10699, 1066-40831 Humification (von Post scale) 2.3 ±1.2, 1-4 Percentage moss peat 86 ±12 Percentage sedge peat 9 ±11 Percentage woody peat 5 ±8 - 129 - The samples meeting these criteria represented only about ten percent of all samples analysed. Almost one half of these samples were collected in the Parry Sound study area. The peatlands of this study area are probably similar to many of the peatlands of Muskoka, Haliburton and Parry Sound in terms of peatland size, configurations and peat types. For Parry Sound study area samples reported to have humification levels of Hl-3 and moss composition of the values are reported below. Standard Mean Deviation Range Cation exchange capacity (meg/lOOg) 121 ±37, 27 -187 Peat pH (in H 2 0) 4.3 ±0.4, 3.6 - 5.0 Peat pH ( in CaC^) 3.5 ±0.5 2.8 - 4.4 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 78 ±56, 16 -250 Fibre content (% fibres X). 15 mm) 82 ±16, 42 -104 Moisture content (*) 93 ± 2, 89 -95 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.07 ±0.018 , 0.0 5- 0.10 Absorptive Capacity 23.8 ±4.8, 13.2 -35.3 Ash content (*) 5.1 ±2.6, 1.5 -10.4 Nitrogen (*) 1.4 ±0.3, 1.0 - 2.1 Phosphorus (ppm) 713 ±170, 395 -967 Potassium (ppm) 1875 + 8S9, 326 -3217 Calcium (ppm) 3099 ±1444, 1080 -5962 Humification (von Post scale) 1.4 ±0.7, 1 -3 Percentage moss peat 88 ±12 Percentage sedge peat 12 ±12 Percentage woody peat 0 ±0 - 130 - Sedge Peats Poorly decomposed sedge peats ( "reed-sedge peats") are widely marketed for horticultural purposes in the United States, and may have limited local usefulness. In comparison with moss peats, the peat pH, absorptive capacity and fibre contents are less suitable for horticultural uses. In terms of energy potential, the ash content, total carbon, and trace elements are less attractive than in the more common moss-dominated peats. The following values are relevant, however, to considerations of how much of the peat type composition of a prospective horticultural peat deposit can be sedge or herbaceous peat without compromising the peat's horticultural usefulness. The following values (n=30) are for peats with ^0** sedge composition, von Post humification levels of Hl-3, and ash contents of <25%. Standard Mean Deviation Range Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)i 111 ±38, 64-241 Peat pH ( in H 2 O) 6.2 ±0.9, 3.7-7.6 Peat pH (in CaCl 2 ) 5.7 ±1.1, 2.9-7.4 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 123 ±153, 30-795 Fibre content (l fibres X). 15 mm) 51 ±22, 16-108 Moisture content (*fe) 87 ±6, 73-94 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.13 ±0.06, 0.06-0.28 Total carbon (*) 50.0 ±3.4 44.4-56.1 Net heating value (cal/g) 4551 ±296, 3763-5140 Volatile matter (*) 69.1 ±5.9, 62.2-86.2 Absorptive capacity 13.0 ±5.2, 4.3-25.8 Ash content (?;) 6.8 ±3.1, 2.2-13.6 Hydrogen (fc) 5.1 ±0.6, 4.2- 6.5 Nitrogen (*) 2.3 ±0.5, 1.4- 3.4 Phosphorus (ppm) 506 ±403, 178-2209 Potassium (ppm) 637 ±785, 10-2717 Calcium (ppm) 22527 ±11605 , 1851-48994 Arsenic (ppm) 0.6 ±0.7, 0.1-2.9 Mercury (ppm) 0.05 ±0.04, 0.01-0.14 Lead (ppm) 20 ±28, 2-103 Zinc (ppm) 35 ±47, 1-183 Manganese (ppm) 134 ±242, 3-1007 Humification (von Post scale) 2.6 ±0.8, 1-3 Percentage moss peat 7 ±17 Percentage sedge peat 86 ±17 Percentage woody peat 7 ±11 - 131 - Wooody Peats One of the most distinctive and frequent peat types of southeastern Ontario, particularly off the Shield, is the woody peat characteristic of the extensive hardwood and mixed swamps. Locally these materials may be referred to as 'peat loam 1 or 'terre noire'. These peats are of limited potential in terms of conventional horticultural peat because of high pH's and very low fibre contents. However, they have agricultural potential at some sites and may also have energy potential in situations where the ash contents of the peats are sufficiently low. In southern Ontario, small-scale peat operations commonly deal with these woody peats. The following data are derived from 111 peat samples which were reported to have a composition of ^(H wood peat and which were found to have ash contents of less than 25%. The data are reported as follows. Standard Mean Deviation Range Cation exchange capacity (meg/lOOg) 122 ±31, 52-220 pH ( in H 2 O) 6.3 ±0.9, 3.4-7.4 pH (in CaCl 2 ) 5.7 ±1.0, 2.9-7.4 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 140 ±130, 10-833 Fibre content (l fibres X). 15 mm) 38 ±13, 12-85 Moisture content (*) 82 ±4, 74-91 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.18 ±0.04, 0.09-0.31 Absorptive capacity 7.1 ±2.1, 3.5-15.0 Ash content ( * ) 11.2 ±4.5, 0.9-22.0 Volatile matter (?.) 63.3 ±3.7, 54.3-71.7 Net heating value (cal/g) 4374 ±469, 3342-6315 Total carbon Cfc) 47.3 ±4.4 38.2-55.6 N m 2.1 ±1.2, 1.2-14.0 H U) 5.0 ±0.6, 4.1- 6.2 As (ppm) 0.6 ±0.6, 0.1-4.4 Hg ( ppm ) 0.6 ±0.05, 0.01-0.23 Ca (ppm) 36072 ±16601 , 1853-71576 P (ppm) 549 ±318, 140-1937 K ( ppm ) 870 ±748, 10-3298 Al ( ppm ) 2788 ±1684, 535-9580 Fe (ppm) 3782 ±2451, 565-12349 Pb ( ppm ) 23 ±24, 1-110 Mn (ppm) 120 ±184, 4-1714 Zn (ppm) 29 ±30, 1-178 - 132 - Variability Related to Peat Humification The Peatland Inventory's field studies relied on field determination of peat humification by the von Post scale. These degrees of humification were the bases of transect profiles of humification levels, and calculations of volumes of peat in deposits. On the basis of laboratory results, the followinq are the general characteristics of each degree of humification (von Post scale) in southeastern Ontario, reported as mean values (Table 10). TABLE 10. PEAT CHARACTERISTICS OF VON POST HUMIFICATION DEGREES, SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. HI H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 ^24) ^22) (n^6) ^75) ^82) ^79) (n^43) ^32) Ash content ( !fc ) 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.4 7.8 11.3 10.9 10.3 Net heating value (cal/q) 4299 4384 4493 4635 4773 4670 4642 4880 Dry bulk density (g/cc) 0.12 0.17 0'. 15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 Volatile matter (*) 75.5 73.6 68.0 66.5 65.8 65.0 64.0 65.2 Total carbon (*) 48.3 47.1 49.0 50.4 51.4 50.3 50.0 52.2 Fibre content (1) 82.3 74.1 52.2 42.5 40.2 40.0 40.2 41.4 Cation exchange capacity (meg/ 106 101 127 113 111 117 103 107 100 g) Absorptive capacity 21.6 18.7 11.7 9.9 10.3 9.5 9.7 10.8 Peat pH (H 2 0) 4.5 5.1 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.1 These data suggest that the range of test values associated with peat were consistently represented through the use of the von Post scale, especially in the critical Hl-6 range. - 133 - Schematic Peat Profiles for Major Peatland Types The laboratory results from the 100 peat cores from southeastern Ontario (483 physical samples; Appendix B) document typical peat profiles under a number of distinctive and easily recognizable peatland types; 19 profiles under open bog; 12 under treed bog; 9 under open fen and poor fen; 2 under treed fen and poor fen; 23 under conifer swamp, 13 under mixed swamp; 11 under thicket swamp; 9 under hardwood swamp; l under marsh/meadow marsh, and l under emergent marsh. These data have been integrated to provide schematic peat profiles under each of these types (Fig.7), to illustrate the typical peat stratigraphy found in southeastern Ontario and the stratigraphic sequestering of elements within the profiles. Note that Parry Sound profiles, located beneath either open or treed bog vegetation cover, are separated from the southeastern study regions' profiles, on the basis of the geographic/climatic differences between Parry Sound and southeastern Ontario. in m p. 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LUO u. - 156 - - 157 - 8.0 REGIONAL PEAT RESOURCE EVALUATION - 158 - - 159 - The Peatland Inventory was designed to quantify numerous aspects of the peat and peatland resources of southeastern Ontario. It addressed the issues of quantity and quality of the resource, the former by direct measurement and reqional extrapolation, and the latter by evaluating the peat in the field and analysing representative peat samples in the laboratory. The following regional evaluation summarizes several aspects of these peat and peatland resources. It is based primarily on the extensive field studies described above, from which an overview of the region's peat volumes and peatland distribution is derived. An area of 41,570 km^ of southeastern Ontario was surveyed by the Peatland Inventory. This area as a whole encompasses two major physiographic/geologic entities, the Canadian Shield and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, from which are derived the major differences in peatland characteristics. The Shield has a rugged topography with bedrock often outcroping at the surface. In this environment, peatlands are located in the lowlying areas and are characterized by their confinement in small basins. Irregular configurations and unpredictable peat deoths are common characteristics of the peatlands on the Shield. In the Lowlands, the nearly flat Paleozoic bedrock is covered by various surficial sediments. Till, sand, silt and clay are the most common sediments deposited during the glacial, lacustrine and marine episodes which defined these Lowlands. However, a large area known as the Smith Falls Limestone Plain has very little surficial materials, and has a large concentration of peat deposits. The lack of agricultural merit in clearing this area also probably contributes to the high frequency of peatlands. In general, peatlands in the Lowlands are larger and shallower than on the Shield. In southeastern Ontario the land is actively occupied. The Lowlands, except for the limestone plains and peatlands, are characterized by relatively intense agricultural land use, whereas the proximity of the Shield areas to the major urban centers satisfies a growing need for recreational use, in addition to the traditional resource-based industries. Peatlands are not as conspicuous an element of the landscape as in northern Ontario, but they represent an important terrain feature in southeastern Ontario, and are worthy of consideration in a southern Ontario context. In southern Ontario, peatlands have been viewed primarily as an in situ potential resource for agriculture, wildlife production, conservation, and for regulation of surface runoff and groundwater levels. Small scale bulk - 160 - peat extraction is currently onqoing in the region, particularly in terms of bulk harvesting and shipping for landscape and nursery use, for soil-less potting mixes, for mushroom and earthworm culturing, and for local horticultural use. The scale of the domestic market for or supply of these materials, predominantly 'peat loams', is not yet quantified but should not be underestimated. To date, these uses and these producers include almost all southern Ontario operations. This industry is not competitive in the context of overall Canadian or export market for horticultural peat, primarily because of the limited quantity and quality compared to other regions. In the local context, however, the development of a peat resource industry represents an attractive opportunity. This should be considered in terms of the quantity and quality of the resource, the means and costs of production and transportation to local markets, and the marketability of peat and peat products (including energy) within a competitive industry. - 161 - 8.l REGIONAL ESTIMATES OF PEATLAND AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO The estimates of areal coverage by the major peatland and wetland types were based on an integration of field studies and Landsat image interpretation (Table 6b). The figures should be viewed as estimates which can be refined through more detailed airphoto interpretation and field study, but they are the overall results of this inventory project by the methods indicated (Sect. 3.6; Table 6b f Fig. 8). The Peterborough, Pembroke and Kingston-Belleville study areas cover portions of both the Canadian Shield and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. The peatland characteristics vary significantly between these two different geological regimes. On the rugged Shield terrain, peatlands are topographically confined into numerous small basins. They have irregular configurations and peat depths, but tend to be deeper than those in the Lowlands. In the Lowlands, peatlands have developed in larger basins and occupy a higher percentage of the landscape. However, they are generally shallower than on the Shield. These different characteristics are best represented in the Kingston- Belleville and Peterborough study areas, in which peatland occupies S.8% and 5.63 of the total landscape, respectively. In the Pembroke study area this proportion is higher (13.53) because of a high concentration of peatlands in the Carleton Place area. The Ottawa-Brockville study area coincides almost entirely with the Ottawa-St. Lawrence Lowland. It contains the highest concentration of peatlands of all the south eastern Ontario study areas, 15.5% of its total area. The Parry Sound study area lies entirely on the Shield. Peatlands occupy 6.83 of the landscape, and are distributed as numerous small basins throughout the study area. In this area peatlands tend to be more acidic, with peat type more often moss-dominated, and with much less wood content in the peat. Bog ecosystems are also more freguent (22.6% of total peatland area) compared to the other study areas. The proportion of peatland types varies significantly between the study areas. Conifer swamp is the dominant peatland type in the more northern Parry Sound and Pembroke study areas, representing about 503 of the estimated peatland areas. Conifer swamp is also very common in the Peterborough study (29.23), but drops to less than 103 in the Ottawa-Brockville and Kingston-Belleville study areas. Instead, in these two study areas, the deciduous forest component of the swamp vegetation is at its highest. Hardwood swamp and mixed swamp represent 473 of the neatland - 162 - a E CO * 01 w . d) ^ ZZ G. C CO O J- o CO o •*-o c "S ea^ S " **w .**c 1 IS (fi O. s1 l o H - X O) -— o E 10 i l!S coE. 7* a 1 E 03 co K 5 co o 1 -0 O c 5 CD *O Q. ± - 163 - area in those two study areas. Thicket swamp is also a very important peatland type, especially further eastward in the Ottawa-Brockville study area, in which it occupies an estimated 39.9% of total peatland area. The extremely high proportion of thicket swamp in these easternmost study areas suggests a high frequency of poorly drained soils, where sites are reverting to post-agricultural successions and/or where water tables are being raised or lowered. The highest proportion of mixed swamp occurs in Peterborough study area (34.4?;), corresponding to the intermediate location of the study area between conifer- dominated and hardwood-dominated swamp areas. Throughout the region marshes generally cover less than 1C^ of the total peatland/wetland area. However, in the Peterborough and Pembroke study areas they represent 14. 1^ of the peatland types. These figures also include estimates of riparian marshes which probably have peat depths less than 40 cm. The proportion of bogs and fens is very limited in southeastern Ontario as a whole, and represents less than 3Z of the peatland types in the study areas, except in the Parry Sound study area they were estimated to cover about 23% of all its peatland area. In the southeastern Ontario study areas as a whole, 9.3% of the landscape is considered to be peatland or wetland. Thicket swamp (25.5?;; 98,800 ha) and conifer swamp (25?;; 97,100 ha) dominate the peatland landscape, followed by mixed swamp (19%; 73,800 ha), hardwood swamp (IS.6%; 64,300 ha) and marsh (8.5?;; 33,100 ha). The southeastern Ontario peatlands are distinct from the more northern regions in the low frequency of bog H.1%; 15,800 ha) and fen d.4%; 5,300 ha) . Previous estimates of the extent of wetlands and peatlands in southern Ontario have focussed on those areas which occur south and east of the Shield, where strong concerns over the decline of wetlands have been expressed. Previous estimates of the total area of wetlands in this region vary from 4.6 i^ of the landscape (Clarke 1981) to 7* (Riley 1981). A reliable estimate, based on review of current 1:50 000 N.T.S. maps is in the order of 6.5?; (Bardecki 1980, unpublished). Considering that estimates derived from the present peatland inventory exclude any of the highly developed areas of southwestern Ontario, the estimate reported here of 9.3?; of the landscape as peatlands and wetlands is an independent confirmation of several of these previous estimates. - 164 - 8.2 PEAT RESOURCES OF SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO The inventory surveyed peatlands at several levels of detail, varying from detailed field surveys, laboratory analyses and reconnaissance surveys, to regional studies based on remote sensing techniques. As in all resource evaluations, the findings of the inventory should be considered in terms of the intensity of investigative effort. In the course of selecting sites for survey work, peatlands of about 100 ha or more were assigned an identifying number (see Appendix D). Many deposits were ill-defined and interconnected, but over 700 individual peatland sites were indentified in the five study areas. Of these, a number were selected for surveys, on the basis of their peatland types and the anticipated peat depths. In most parts of southeastern Ontario, site accessibility and proximity to transportation routes were criteria of only secondary importance. Detailed Field surveys (Probable Resources) Fifty-two peatland sites were surveyed at a level of detail considered appropriate to the estimation of 'probable 1 resource measurements, but short of the level of detail necessary for actual production planning. These 52 peatlands cover a total of 27,673 ha, and were surveyed on a grid matrix of transects laid out at 500 m intervals, sampled at every 100 m on those transects ^3200 individual peat cores). The data collected were plotted areally as isopach maps, elevation maps and peatland classification maps, and stratigraphically as peat type profiles and peat humification profiles. The total measured peat volume in situ in these deposits was 322,400,000 m3, -ynsfc of which was well-humified peat (von Post scale H4+). Within these sites, 6,626 ha were areas with deeper than 2 m of peat, excluding any basal ooze or marl intervals. Basal ooze and marl deposits were encountered much more frequently than in northern Ontario. These deeper portions of the sites contained the majority of the surveyed peat, 182,800,000 m 3 of in situ peat, with 8^ of this volume being well-humified peat (H4+). Ten of the 32 sites had significant areas of peat deeper than 2 m, i.e. ^50 ha in area. Six of them were located in the Ottawa-Rrockville study area. In all of the southeastern Ontario sites surveyed, forested swamps dominated the peatlands; hardwood, conifer and mixed swamp vegetation covered about 601 of the total peatland area, and thicket swamp covered a further 18% of - 165 - peatland areas. The proportion of surveyed bog and fen vegetation types were higher than for the region as a whole, reflecting the survey bias towards the deeper peat deposits underlying bogs and fens. The percentages of major peatland types surveyed were as follows: Mixed swamp 10,471 ha 23.2?; av. 1.7 m deep. Hardwood swamp 10,217 ha 22.7?; av. 1.3 m deep. Thicket swamp 8,157 ha 18. l* av. 1.7 m deep. Conifer swamp 6,587 ha 14.6* av. 2.1 m deep. Marsh 2,679 ha S.9% av. 1.6 m deep. Open bog 2,422 ha S.4% av. 2.7 m deep. Treed bog 2,363 ha S.3% av. 2.7 m deep. Open fen 1,135 ha 2.5% av. 2.4 m deep. Treed fen 895 ha 2.2% av. 2.5 m deep. (Includes reconnaissance survey sites; peat depths exclude basal ooze or marl intervals. See also Tables 6a and 6d). On a regional scale, relatively few of the total number of peatlands were surveyed in detail because of the high number of sites in the region, but those that were surveyed included a considerable variability in terms of peat resources. Many of the sites, independent of hydrological and land use considerations, contain potential fuel peat, but few, if any, are large enough or aggregated closely enough to warrant consideration in terms of large-scale operations by conventional means. Of the 52 sites surveyed in detail, only 10 sites had areas greater than 150 ha with peat >2 m in depth. Six of these were surveyed in the Ottawa-Brockville study area, and it is in this study area that larger and deeper peatlands were most frequent. None fulfilled the size requirements of a large-scale fuel peat development. Small-scale fuel peat operations for briquetting or local uses are feasible from a material or site point of view, as has been demonstrated in the Parry Sound study area. Stump contents and/or extent of tree cover are also constraints on most sites. The site- specific variability of these characteristics is detailed in Appendix A. Large scale horticultural peat operations developed for export or domestic production of baled peat (Sect. 3.4) do not appear to be feasible on any of the sites surveyed in detail. None of these sites had averaged horticultural peat depths of more than l m over more than 50 ha (i.e. Hl-3 peat with >70% moss content, pH ^.9 and fibre content >60%) (Appendix A). Some sites had vegetation cover and surficial moss peats which were highly suggestive of horticultural peat potential, such as sites 31C-509 and 31C-511 in the Kingston-Belleville area, site 31F-163 in the Pembroke - 166 - area, and several of the surveyed sites in the Parry Sound area. However, none of them had surficial (Hl-3) peat depths approaching l m in depth. The quality of horticultural peat material is less of a critical concern in smaller scale operations providing bulk peat or peat loam for local uses, for nurseries, top soil or landscaping uses, for mushroom growers, or for use in the manufacture of soil-less potting mixtures. These are all current extractive peat uses in southern Ontario, and reflect appropriate uses of these materials. Forestry, agriculture and conservation remain the dominant uses of peatlands in southeastern Ontario. For these and small scale extractive uses, a large number of sites offer a suitable diversity of peatlands and peat materials. Reconnaissance Field Surveys (Possible Resources) An additional 91 peatlands covering 35,650 ha were surveyed at a reconnaissance level. On these sites, limited peat coring was undertaken to evaluate the general resource potential of particular sites, and the suitability of sites for further detailed surveys at a later date. The peat volumes estimated for these sites are more approximate estimations, and a total estimate of 543,600,000 m3 of peat indicates 'possible 1 resources. Approximately 82*fc of the peat encountered in these sites was well-humified (von Post H4+), and a few of these sites were very large deposits within which significant areas deeper than 2 m are certain to occur. The data available on these sites (Appendix A and Open File Reports) are of a more limited nature but are sufficient to direct the attention of interested individuals towards sites of interest. The level of detail is similar to the level of detail undertaken in previous Ontario peatland inventories (e.g. Tibbetts 1970, Graham 1979). Regional Resource Estimates (Inferred Resources) For the 41,570 kn\2 area surveyed by the inventory in southeastern Ontario, overall resource estimates were derived through the use of remote sensing surveys (Sect. 3.6; satellite imagery) which were closely appraised and modified in relation to the more detailed surveys undertaken in the field. The same peatland classification system (Appendix C) was used for all aspects of the inventory, with the intention of integrating the different levels of investigation to infer regional peat and peatland estimates. Across the entire study region, peatlands were estimated to occupy 9.3* of the entire landscape, a total of 388,100 ha. Of this total, 25?; was estimated to be conifer - 167 - swamp (91,100 ha) f and 99,000 ha (25.5?;) to be thicket swamp. The proportion of conifer swamp was higher in the study areas having a large portion on the Canadian Shield (Peterborough, Pembroke and Parry Sound study areas). Similarly, the proportion of thicket swamp was the highest in Kingston-Belleville and Ottawa-Brockville study areas, where large areas of poorly drained soils occur, where sites are reverting to post-agricultural successions, and/or where water tables are being raised or lowered. Mixed swamp and hardwood swamp were estimated to cover 73,800 ha and 64,300 ha respectively. Together with thicket swamp they represented over SO 1! of all the peatland area in Ottawa-Brockville and Kingston-Belleville study areas. In the other study areas, these two peatland types are less significant, except in the Peterborough study area where mixed swamp represents 34?; of all the peatland types. In order to include all major peatland/wetland types, marshes were considered. Marshes occur on both peat and mineral substrates. The total estimated coverage was S.5% of the total peatland area (33,100 ha). One of the foci of the provincial peatland resource inventory was on the bogs and fens, which were known to have both the deepest peat depths and the least tree cover (less than 25%). However, in southeastern Ontario, they represent only S.5% of all the peatland types (21,000 ha), and occur as small individual units diffused throughout the region, especially on the Shield. The average peat depth figures used in the estimation of regional peat volumes were depth figures considered most suitable for extrapolation from surveyed to unsurveyed sites in the same study areas. The figures used are averages of the average peat depths per site by major peatland type, where there were more than 3 core depths per peatland type per site (Table 6d). These figures were then multiplied by total study area estimates of peatland types to provide study area totals (Table 7). These, in turn were then summed to indicate regional totals (Table 11). Of the total regional volume estimate of 6,963,000,000 nH of in situ peat, almost two thirds occurs as relatively shallow deposits underlying swamps. However, an estimated 118,000 ha of the total peatland area are bog, fen and conifer swamp, which predictably have peat depths averaging greater than 2 m. The volume of peat which this represents is about 2,750,000,000 m^, a volume eguivalent to about 495,000,000 tonnes of peat at 50 5?; moisture content (usinq a conversion factor of l m^ in situ peat at about 90% M.C. s 0.18 tonne at 50?; M.C.; derived from Scott et al. 1980). If one third of this volume were exploitable fuel peat, the - 168 - TABLE 11. SUMMARY OF PEAT VOLUME ESTIMATES AND PEATLAND TYPE ESTIMATES FOR ALL STUDY AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. Peatland Type Estimated Total Percentage of Estimated Total Percentage of Area (ha) in Total Peatland Peat Volume Total Estimated All Study Areas Area (in situ, x!06m3 ) Peat Volume Bog 15,781 4.1 414.1 6.0 Fen 5,280 1.4 123.3 1.8 Conifer Swamp 97,092 25.0 2,216.0 31.8 Hardwood Swamp 64,296 16.6 808.9 11.6 Mix Swamp 73,824 19.0 1,253.6 18.0 Thicket Swamp 98,845 25.5 1,602.6 23.0 Marsh 33,104 8.5 544.8 7.8 Totals 388,122 ha 100 6,963.3 100 Totals for Peatland Types with average depths ^m; in 118,153 ha 30.4 2,753.4 39.5 this case Bog, Fen and Conifer Swamp - 169 - energy equivalent would be 44,600,000 tonnes of oil, or 285,000,000 barrels of oil (Monenco Ontario Ltd. 1981; pp. viii, 25). However, at least two thirds of the overall total areal and volume estimate must be discounted as exploitable resource because of various factors such as the non-continuity of many deposits, the small size of many peatlands, usually dense tree cover, poor drainability, and, especially in southeastern Ontario, competition with other potential land uses (agriculture, conservation, hydrological control, recreation). In addition, the socioeconomic costs and benefits of large-scale fuel peat developments remain to be demonstrated. The regional peat resource figures and the detailed survey data provided through this inventory indicate a large and still poorly documented resource base. Agriculture has been the primary use of peatlands, largely through the drainage and clearing of small sites or the peripheries of large peatland sites. This pattern of land use is likely to continue, at a smaller scale than in the past but with greater specificity as to the type of site suitable for specific agricultural uses; for example, muck farming on sites such as the Moose Creek peatland (31G-24). Softwood forestry in conifer and hardwood swamps is an ongoing, renewable-resource use of many peatlands of southeastern Ontario. In terms of peat extraction, southeastern Ontario has very limited quantities of peat with the necessary material characteristics for large-scale horticultural or fuel peat production. However, for small-scale bulk production for local uses, a potential exists in all the study areas, and should be considered for present and future needs. In the Parry Sound-Muskoka area, cranberry production and bulk peat extraction for tree plantation and soil-less potting mixtures are presently ongoing and appear to be viable small-scale peatland uses. There is also an unguantified amount of ongoing small-scale extraction operations, mostly of woody 'peat loam', throughout southern Ontario. The scale of the resource suggests that, in south eastern Ontario, both in situ and extractive demands on the resource can be appropriately balanced to satisfy local needs, initiatives and land use planning processes. - 170 - - 171 - 9.0 REFERENCES Adamson, A. 1975: Crop Production of Peat-vegetables; p. 97-109, in D.W. Robinson and J.G.D. Lamb (eds.), Peat in Horticulture; Academic Press, 170p. ADI Ltd. 1982: Report on a Study of the Biogasification of Peat; publ. by National Research Council of Canada under the auspices of the Peat Forum; NRCC 20600, 57p., appendices. Anderson, A. pers.comm. Nova Scotia Dept. of Mines and Energy, 1649 Hollis St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 2P3 Anderson, T.W. 1985: Late-Quaternary Pollen Records from Eastern Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada; p. 281-326, in V.M. Bryant Jr. and R.G. 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Ltd. 1982: Survey of Literature on the Assessment of Pollution Potential of the Peat Resource; publ. by National Research Council of Canada under the auspices of the Peat Forum; NRCC 22859, l Vol. 1983a: Identification of the Pollution of the Harvesting and Preutilization Processing of Peat as an Energy Commodity; publ. by National Research Council of Canada under the auspices of the Peat Forum; NRCC 22858, 75p. 1983b: Evlauation of Data from 1982 Sampling Program of Potential Polllutants in Water and Peat Samples from Three Peat Bogs in Canada; publ. by National Research Council of Canada under the auspices of the Peat Forum; NRCC 23214, 43p., appendices. Weatherson, G.L. 1985: 1984 Ontario Mineral Score; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Video Census Series No.4, 258p. We 11 s , E D. , and Pollett, F.C. 1983: Peatland Inventories for Newfoundland: Methodology and Application; p. 25-30, in S.M. Morgan and F.C. Pollett (eds.), Proceedings of a Peatland Inventory Workshop; Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, and Environment Canada, St. John's 121p. Williams Bros. Engineering Co. 1979: Peat and the Environment; p. 241-256, in Management Assessment of Peat as an Energy Resource, Proceedings of Executive Conference, July 22-24, 1979; Institute of Gas Techology, ITT Center, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616. Worley, I.A. 1984: Axiological and Ethical Factors in Peatland Preservation and Use in the United States; p. 49-61, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Peat Congress, Dublin, Ireland, June 18-23, 1984; International Peat Society, Helsinki, Finland; Vol. II, 521p. Wright Jr., H.E. 1964: Aspects of the Early Postglalcial forest succession in the Great Lakes region; Ecology 45:439-448. - 204 - - 205 - APPENDIX A. SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. 1. Peterborough 2. Kingston-Belleville 3. Pembroke 4. Ottawa-Brockville 5. Parry Sound (Refer Sect. 3.3 for sources and context of data). - 206 - APPENDIX A.I SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN PETERBOROUGH AREA. (REFER SECT. 3.3 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) i) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. TOTAL PEATLANO AREA GREATER THAN 2MOEEP 1 1 1 UNHUMIFIEDPEAT (MI-H3) * 1 1 TOTAL 1 VOLUME 1 TOTAL TOTAL VOLUME 1 AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE) WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED IWEIGHTED [DETAILED STUDY 1 TOTAL VOLUME 1 H4* ! AREA VOLUME M4+ PEAT lOEPTH ITHICKMESS PEAT TYPE 1 AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 SITE 1 AREA 631 631 (ha) 6 3 6 3 Hon) (no.l (on) (no. (S-C-L -OTHER) (HUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUEIASH CONTENT 1 L AB FIBER (LAB PH 1 (U.T.M. Grid 1 (ha) (xlO M IKxIO M II (no. of (xlO M ) (xlO M l lo* cores) l of cores) (t MOSS X10 - ((von Post Kcal/g) 1 (J) [CONTENT (S) (OF PEAT 1 Reference) 1 (In situ) K In sltu)l basins) (in situ) (In sltuH 1 t SEDGE/10 - (scale) ((no. of ((no. of K no. of l (no. of 1 1 1 1 1 1 t WOOD/10 - K no. of cores) (sampled (sampled (sampled [sampled 1 1 1 1 1 1 t OTHER/ 10) t 1 Intervals) 1 Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) 1 1 1 1 (no. of core*) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . | . -1- -I-- 1 31C-316 1 403 2.2 1 0.4 1 0 (0) 1 - - 1 - -1 - - i . 1(18 280 4938) 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 (III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - -I--I- -!- -i.. 1 31C-406 1 362 2.2 1 1.1 1 0 (1) 1 - - 1 - -1 1(18 281 4924) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-61 1 264 2.3 l 1.5 1 25 (1) 0.3 0.2 1343 (20) 116.0 (20) 1-6-3-0 (11)1 2.5 (8) 14,441 1 7.5 (2) 1 39 (2) 13.9 (2) 1(17 692 4977) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1(11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-210 1 229 3.5 1 2.7 1 86 (1) 2.5 2.2 1324 (28) 1 9.0 (28) 1-2-7-0 (9) 1 1.7 (9) 1 — 110.2 (1) 1 33 (1) 16.1 (1) 1(17 668 49)7) 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-323 1 182 1.9 1 1.1 1 35 (1) 0.7 0.4 1324 (21) 150.0 (21) 0-4-6-0 (20)1 2.7 (20) 14,653 1 4.9 (1) 1 50 ( 1 ) (3.7 (1) 1(17 720 4971) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-329 1 155 1.4 1 0.9 1 19 (1) 0.6 0.4 1451 (3) 1 13 (31 0-5-5-0 (2) 1 3.0 (2) 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — K 17 729 4970) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-360 1 268 3.7 1 2.4 1 104 (2) 3.3 2.3 1420 (32) 195.0 (32) 2-5-5-0 (29)1 2.8 (28) 15,063 1 6.2 (2) 1 39 (2) 15.7 (2) 1(17 727 4963) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lilt 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 3ID-368 ! 182 1.2 1 0.4 I 10 (1) O.I 0.1 1270 (5) 1 13 (5) 2-0-8-0 (2) 1 3.0 (2) 1 1 — ! 1 — 1(17 661 4855) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-476 ! 278 2.5 ! 1.6 t 49 (1) 1.0 0.8 1324 (42) 133.0 (42) 0-6-4-0 (30)1 2.5 (25) 14,492 113.2 (1) ! 31 (1) 16.7 (1) 1(17 703 4949) 1 1 1 1 1 1 111! 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1(11 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 111! ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 I 1 ! 310-521 ! 193 2.5 ! 0.7 1 32 (1) 1.0 0.2 1412 (44) 1 186 (44) 3-4-3-0 (48)1 2.9 (42) 14,986 ! 4.9 (2) ! 38 (2) 15.9 (2) !( 17 729 4950) ! 1 1 1 1 1 111! ! 1 1 1 1 1 I l ! ! l ! | 1 1 1 1 1 111! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 310-682 1 760 7.7 1 5.7 1 144 (1) 4.5 4.4 1312 (26) 1 3.0 (26) 1-9-0-0 (3) 1 3.0 (3) ! ! - ! - ! - 1(17 674 4925 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 ! 1 ! ! l 1 1 1 111! t ! 1 1 1 1 ! (III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 111! ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 i ! ! 1 310-701 ! 417 3.0 ! 2.5 ! 55 ( 1) 0.8 0.7 1226 (10) ! 6.0 (10) 0-5-5-0 (2) 1 3.0 (1) I 1 l 1 !(I7 684 4918) 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ! ! 1 t ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 .1 ! 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 ! ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! ' 310-741 1 464 2.0 ! 0.7 1 0(1) 0.0 ! - - 1 - - ! - -i- i- i. . i . . 1(17 724 4926) ! ! 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 l ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! 1 t 1 1 ! 1 ! ! i 1 ! 1 1 1 ! ! l 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 II!! - 207 - TOTALPEATLAND ! ! P E A T L A M 0 ! 1 1 HUMIFIED PEAT (H4+) CLASS 1 F 1 C A T 1 0 Nl 1 1 AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED PERCENT AGE l BASAL OOZE PEATLANO AREA (AVERAGE ! TOTAL 1 M.N.R 1 COMMENTS l 1 THICKNESS PEAT TYPE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE OF 1 an thick TYPE (ha) 1 DEPTH OF 1PEATLANDI ADMINISTRATIVE 1 l Man) (S-C-L-OTHER) IHUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUEIASH CONTENT! LAB FIBER (LAB PH PEATLAND ((no. of (PEAT (m) 1 STUMP 1 DISTRICT/ 1 ! !(no. of (I MOSS /10 - ((von Post Kcal/g) 1 (f) 1 CONTENT (JIHOF PEAT AREA WITH l core* lith 1 (no. of 1 CONTENT 1 SITE REGION 1 ! 1 cores) t SEDGE/ 10 - (seal*) Kno. of !(no. of K no. of ((no. of •UO* TREE looze 1 1 cores) l (f) 1 l 1 1 f WOOD/10 - Kno. of cores) (sampled (sampled 1 sampled (sampled COVER 1 total no. 1 1 1 l 1 1 t OTHER/ 10 ) 1 1 Intervals)! Intervals) 1 Interval J) (Intervals) (of cores) lit 1 ! 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 ! II! 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 CS 80 ! 0.7 (10)1 - ! TWEED/ 5-111 1 1 1 1 1 1 US 131 1 0.7 (8) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nS 134 1 0.8 (17)1 l ! 1 1 1 I ts 27 1 0.5 (3) l 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 M 31 1 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 - - ! - l - . | - - 1 OF 7 1 - (0)1 1 LINDSAY/ 6-9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CS 187 1 1.2 (19)1 l ! 1 l t 1 1 1 ts 149 1 I.I (12)1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 M 19 1 - (0)1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 III l 1 1327 (20) 0-3-7-0 (20)1 5.8 (20) 14,972 (9) 7.2 (9) 23 (9) (4.7 (9) 13 1 70 OF 12 1 1.3 (4) 1 3.2 1 MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (10/20) TF 19 1 1.8 (8) l 1 1 ! 1 1 1 CS 15 1 1.6 (11)1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ts 163 1 1.9 (50)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 55 ! - (0)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1315 (28) 0-4-6-0 (28)1 5.4 (28) 14,786 (4) 8.7 (4) 34 (4) 16.5 (4) 0 1 80 TF 5 i 4.4 (3) 1 3.0 ! Ml MOEN/ 5-11 4 (Category B fuel l 1 1 1 1 1 (19/28) CS 60 1 3.4 (12)1 1 5-8 Ipeat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 MS 89 1 2.7 (17)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ts 26 t 2.7 (6) 1 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 M 49 l 1.7 (2) 1 1 ! l 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1274 (21) 0-6-4-0 (21)1 4.4 (21) 15,152 (3) 6.2 (3) 46 (3) 15.1 (3) 0 ! 0.0 cS 98 ! 2.2 (29)1 2.4 (BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0/21) mS 49 1 2.8 (14)1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ts 21 1 - (0) ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 l 1 M 14 1 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1438 (3) 0-5-5-0 (3) ! 4.9 (3) 1 1 - 0 1 0.0 cS 34 1 1.4 (7) ! 1.1 (BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0/31) nS 70 l 1.1 (24)1 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 hS 4 ! - (0)1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ts 26 1 0.6 (5) ! 1 1 1 ! l 1 1 1 M 21 1 - (0)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11! 1 1 1325 (32) 2-6-2-0 (32)1 4.8 (32) 14,817 (6) 9.4 (6) 32 (6) (5.7 (6) O 1 60 08 6 ! 3.3 (4) ! 2.9 (BANCROFT/ 5-11 (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 (18/32) TB 3 ! - (0)1 1 (peat deposit. 1 [ 1 1 1 1 CS 108 ! 2.5 (40)1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 nS 39 ! - (0)! ! ! 1 1 1 t ! 1 ts 49 ! 3.9 (5) l 1 l 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 M 63 l 1.5 (2) ! 1 1 ! 1 1 l 1 ! l 1 1 1 1257 (5) 0-5-5-0 (5) 1 5.3 (5) 14,299 (5) 14.9 (5) 29 (5) 17.2 (5) 0 l 70 CS 58 1 1.6 (19)1 3.0 1 MINDEN/ 6-9 t ! 1 l l 1 l (5/5) mS 38 ! - (0)1 1 1 l l l 1 1 1 nS 39 1 0.6 (8) 1 l ! ! l 1 1 1 ts 5 ! - (0) ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 42 ! - (0) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 l 1 1 II! 1 1 1291 (42) 0-6-4-0 (42)1 5.4 (42) 15,053 (9) 9.4 (9) 24 (9) 15.5 (9) 80 1 100 OF 67 1 2.6 (6) I 2.0 ! MINDEN/ 5-11 ! Category 3 fuel ! ! 1 1 1 (26/42) CS 14 ! - (0) l ! (peat deposit. ! ! ! 1 1 1 ts 55 ! 6.0 (9) ! 1 1 ! ! 1 ! 1 1 142 1 2.3 (29)1 l l ! 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! l !226 (44) 3-4-3-0 (44)1 4.6 (44) 15,229 (2) 3.2 (2) 34 (2) !4.6 (2) 40 l 120 OB 22 ! 3.7 (8) ! 3.3 (BANCROFT/ 5-11 ! l ! 1 1 ! ( 26/44 ) TF 6 l 2.5 (4) ! ! ! l 1 ! ! ! cS 152 1 4.1 (34)1 ! ! ! ! ! 1 1 ! 13 1 3.1 (8) ! ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! !309 (26) 0-4-6-0 (26)1 5.6 (26) 14,512 (2) 11.1 (2) 30 (2) 17.2 (2) •CIO ! 90 08 6 1 - (0) ! 1.0 l LINDSAY/ 6-8 ICatogory B fuel 1 1 ! ! 1 1 (6/26) cS 109 1 - (0) ! l Ipeat deposit. ! 1 ! 1 1 (US 434 ! 2.1 (53)1 1 ! ! 1 ! 1 1 ! hS 15 ! 1.5 (2) ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 1 1 ts 151 t 1.0 (4) ! ! ! ! 1 ! l 1 45.0 ! 0.8 (6) I ! ! ! ! ! l ! 1 1 ! ! ! ! 1220 (10) 0-5-5-0 (10)1 5.5 (10) 14,287 (6) 14.0 (6) 23 (6) 17.1 (6) APPENDIX A.I i) (CON'T) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. Area: PETERBOROUGH TOTAL PEATLAND AREA GREATER THAN 2MDEEP 1 UNHUMIFIEOPEAT (H1-H3) * ———————— | ——————— | ——————— | ———————— | ————————————— | ————————————— | ———————— | ————————— | ————————— | ———————— 1 TOTAL VOLUME TOTAL TOTAL 1 VOLUME IAVERAGE (AVERAGE [WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 DETAILED STUDY TOTAL VOLUME H4* AREA VOLUME IH4+ PEAT 1 DEPTH (THICKNESS IPEAT TYPE 1 AVERAGE IAVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 SITE AREA 6 3 6 3 (ha) 631 63 Ken) (no.l (on) (no.! (S-C-L -OTHER) IHUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUE 1 ASH CONTENT 1 L A8 FIBER ILAB PH 1 (U.T.M. Grid (ha) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (no. of (xtO M ) KxlO M )lof car**)! of cores) l(| MOSS /10 - ((von Post Kcal/g) 1 (l) ! CONTENT (JHOF PEAT 1 Reference) (In situ) ( In situ) basins) (In situ) Kin sltull 1 t SEDGE/10 - Iscale) ((no. of l(no. of !(no. of !(no. of 1 1 1 1 t WOOD/10 - ((no. of cores) (sampled (sampled (sampled (sampled 1 1 1 t t OTHER/10) ! Intervals) 1 Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) 1 1 1 l (no. of cores) ! 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 310-80 t 259 O.I .0 •O (1) 0.0 1 0.0 1270 (1) 30 (1) l 0-1-9-0 (1) 3.0 (1) 1 — 1 - 1 - - 1(17 67) 4906) 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 t l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 310-603 261 2.5 1.7 43 (1) 0.7 1 0.6 1246 (II) 8.0 (11) t 0-2-8-0 (4) 3.0 (4) 14,259 (1) 115.3 (1) ! - 7.2 (1) 1(17 676 4903) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | l 1 1 1 1 310-606 328 3.6 2.4 39 (1) 1.0 1 0.9 1264 (12) 53 (12) 1 0-10-0-0 (7) 3.0 (6) 14,706 (1) 1 8.3 (1) 1 32 ( 1 ) 6.9 (1) 1(17 686 4916) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 310-888 231 1.2 0.4 0 (0) 1 - 1 - . | - 1 - 1 - l - - 1(17 734 4908) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 —————— ——————— ——————— 1 —————— | ——————— 1 TOTAL 5.240 43.3 26.1 641 16.4 1 13.2 1 * In 8v *r aging these values all H1-H3 not they were In a surficial position. - 209 - , TO AL PEAT L AND 1 P E A T L A M D 1 1 HUMIFIED PEAT (H4+) ! 1C L A S S 1 F 1 C A T 1 0 Nl l ——————— | ——————————— | —————————— | ——————— | ———————— | ———————— | ——————— | ——————— l ——————— t. —————— • ••••H ' - - - - - (AVERAGE ! WEIGHTED AVERAGE 1 ME 1 GHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 PERCENTAGE 1 BASAL OOZEIPEATUNO AREA AVERAGE ! TOTAL M.N.R COMMENTS 1 THICKNESS PEAT TYPE AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 OF 1 cm thick ! TYPE (ha) DEPTH OF IPEATLANO ADMINISTRATIVE Ken) (S-C-L -OTHER) HUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUE 1 ASH CONTENTlLAB FIBER (LAB PH 1 PEATLAM) H no. of 1 PEAT (m) 1 STUMP 0 1 STR 1 CT/ K no. of (t MOSS /tO - (von Post Kcal/g) 1 (J) (CONTENT (l) (OF PEAT (AREA WITH cores wlthl (no. of 1 CONTENT SITE REGION l cores) I SEDGE/tO - seal*) ((no. of Kno. of K no. of ((no. of K 101 TREE ooze X 1 cores) t (O 1 t WOOD/10 - (no. of cores) (sampled (sampled (sampled (sampled 1 COVER total no. 1 1 1 l OTHER/10) Interval sil Interval s) (Intervals) (Intervals)! of cores) 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 !240 (1) 0-5-7-0 (1) 7.1 (1) 1 - l - 1 0 0 1 "S 55 2.1 (2) t 1.8 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 1 1 1 (0/1) I ts 94 0.5 (11)1 1 1 1 t 1 M 110 0.5 (5) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1238 (H) 0-5-7-0 (II) 5.8 (H) 4,146 (4) 115.7 (4) 25 (4) 16.7 (4) 1 0 100 1 cS 18 - (0) 1 1.3 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 1 1 1 (6/11) 1 mS 147 1.9 (20)1 1 1 1 l i ts 95 5.2 (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 5 0.8 (8) 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1211 (12) 0-5-7-0 (12) 5.6 (12) 4,199 (2) 115.6 (2) 25 (2) 16.8 (2) t 0 60 1 cS 60 - (0) t 0.6 LINDSAY/ 6-6 1 1 1 1 (10/12) 1 iS 151 1.7 (55)1 1 1 1 1 t hS 45 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 i ts 57 1.2 (12)1 1 1 t 1 1 M 55 - (0) 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 cS 53 - (0) 1 LINDSAY/ 5-8 1 1 1 1 1 IS 75 I.I (51)1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 51 0.6 (4) 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 46 0.4 (9) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 . M 26 I.I (3) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 210 - APPENDIX A.I n) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES. l AREA: PETERBOROUGH l PEATLANO t l UNHUMIFIEO PEAT (H1-H3) l HUMIFIED PEAT (H4 l CLASSIFICATION ! l RECONNAISSANCE l TOTAL ESTIMATED ESTIMATED l AVERAGE l AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE l AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE! BASAL l M.N.R ! l STUDY SITE IPEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME ITHICKNESSIHUMIFICATION IPEAT TYPE ITHICKNESSIHUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE ! OOZE l ADMINISTRATIVE l l l AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ 1H1-H3 l(von Post- KS-C-L-OTHER) IH4+ PEAT l (von Post ! {S-C-L-OTHER) l PRESENT l DISTRICT/ l MU.T.M. Grid l (ha) (on) (no. 6 3 6 3 (PEAT l scale) HI MOSS /IO - (PEAT l scale) t (t MOSS /IO - ! (P) OR l SITE REGION - ! (Reference) l of corn) (xlO M ) (xlO M )l(cn) (no.((no. of cores; l t SEDGE/10 - l (en) (no. l (no. of cores)! t SEDGE/10 - l ABSENT (AH DISTRICT l (In situ) (In sltuHof cores)! t WOOD/10 - (of cores)! ! t WOOD/10 ! l l l 1 1 f OTHER/10) 1 1 1 t OTHER/10) ! 1 1 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 K no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1J1C-I7 1 233 ! 395 (1)1 9.2 7.8 60 (I) 1 2.0 (1) 2-0-8-0 (1) 1335 (1) 1 4.6 (1) 1 5-1-4-0 (1) 1 A (BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 (10-263 4980)1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 I31C-47 1 619 1 247 (3)1 15.3 8.5 110 (3) 1 2.8 (1) 4-2-4-0 (1) 1137 (3) 1 5.1 (3) l 6.5-2.5-1-(3) l A ! BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 (18-287 4982)1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 ! 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 l I31C-I07 1 229 1 525 (2)1 12.0 7.8 183 (2) l 3.0 (2) 4-0-6-0 (2) 1343 (2) 1 4.8 (2) 1 6-0.5-3-0.(2) 1 P (BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 (18-271 4967)1 1 1 1 1 l ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 I31C-119 ! 801 1 257 (3)1 20.6 15.0 70 (2) 1 2.7 (2) 2.5-0.5-7-0(2) 1187 (3) 1 5.9 (2) 1 3-6-1-0 (2) 1 P (BANCROFT/ 5-11 1 1 (18-269 4963)1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 131C-249 1 276 1 430 (3)1 12.4 9.8 95 (3) 1 2.5 (3) 2.5-3-4.5-(3) 1355 (3) l 4.5 (3) 1 3.5-5-1. 5-(3) 1 P 1 TWEED/ 5-11 1 1 (18-297 4954)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 I3IC-375 1 132 1 145 (2)1 1.9 0.8 88 (2) 1 2.8 (2) 1-1.5-7.5-0(2) 1 58 (2) 1 4.8 (2) 1 l-l.5-7.5-(2) ! A 1 TWEED/ 5-114 ! 1 (18-287 4933)1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 6-18 ! 1 1 1 1 ! l 1 1 1 1 I3IC-391 1 474 ! 103 (3)1 4.9 3.8 23 (3) 1 3.0 (3) 1-1-8-0 (3) ! 80 (3) 1 4.0 (3) 1 3-1-6-0 (3) ! A 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 ! ! (18-264 4924)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 I3IC-490 ! 473 l 35 (1)1 1.7 0.0 35 (1) 1 2.3 (1) O-IO-O-O (1) 1 0(1) 1 - ! - ! A ! NAPANEE/ 6-8 ! l (18-289 4906)1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1310-64 1 228 1 284 (4)1 6.5 5.8 32 (4) l 2.2 (3) 4-3.5-2.VO(3) 1252 (4) 1 5.8 (4) 1 1-5-4-0 (4) 1 P ! MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 (17 685 4975 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 i I3ID-I23 ! 442 1 132 (3)1 5.8 5.8 0 (3) 1 - 1132 (3) 1 5.4 (3) 1 0-6-4-0 (3) 1 A 1 MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 (17 611 4974)1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! t 1 1 1310-247 1 292 1 163 (2)1 4.8 2.7 70 (2) 1 2.8 (t) 7-1-2-0 (1) 1 93 (2) 1 6.2 (2) 1 0-7-3-0 (2) ! P 1 MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 (17 689 4960)1 l 1 1 ! 1 1 ! ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1310-383 ! 253 ! 50 (3)1 1.3 0.6 27 (3) 1 3.0 (2) 1-0.5-8. 5-0(2) 1 23 (3) 1 5.0 (3) 1 0-9-1-0 (3) ! P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-9 1 l ( 1 7 668 4946 ) l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1310-386 1 171 1 75 (2)1 1.3 1.2 30 (2) 1 1.2 (2) 0-4-6-0 (2) 1 45 (2) l 6.1 (1) 1 0-8-2-0 (1) ! P l MINDEN/ 6-9 ! ! (17 672 4994)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1310-397 1 540 ! 160 (DI 5.4 5.1 10 (1) 1 1.0 (1 1 0-0-10-0 (1) 1150 (1) 1 6.1(1) 1 0-2-8-0 ( 1 ) ! A t MINDEN/ 6-9 ! 1 (17 68! 4954)1 I 1 ! 1 l ! l ! 1 l ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1310-405 ! 347 ! 228 (2)1 7.9 7.9 0 (2) ! - 1228 (2) ! 5.5 (2) 1 0-1-9-0 (2) ! P ! MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 (17 691 4955)1 1 1 1 l 1 ! ! 1 ! ! 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! ! 1310-408 ! 479 ! 80 (D! 3.8 3.4 10 (1) 1 1.0 (1) 0-0-10-0 1 1) ! 70 (1 1 1 5.0 (1) 1 0-0-10-0 (1) ! A ! MINDEN/ 5-11 ! 1 (17 686 4952 1 1 1 l 1 1 l 1 1 ! ! 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 1310-427 1 254 1 258 (2)1 6.6 6.6 0 (2) 1 - 1258 (2) I 5.4 (2) ! 2.5-3. 5-4-(2) 1 A ! MINDEN/ 5-11 1 1 (17 688 4946 ) 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! i ! ! 13 ID-543 ! 921 1 252 (3)1 23.2 23.2 0 (3) 1 - 1252 (3) 1 5.7 (3) ! 0-5.5-4.5-13) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 ! 1 (17 663 4933)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! 1 1310-557 ! 245 ! 148 (2)1 3.6 3.6 0 (2) ! -1148 (2) 1 6.1 (2) 1 0-2-8-0 (2) l A ! LINDSAY/ 6-9 1 ! ( 1 7 672 4928 ) 1 1 ! I 1 ! ! I ! ! 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! (31D-576 ! 285 ! 85 (2)1 2.4 2.4 0 (2) 1 - 1 85 (2) ! 4.5 (2) ! 0-1-9-0 (2) l P 1 LINDSAY/ 5-9 ! 1 ( 17 691 4940)1 ! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! t 1 1310-675 ! 372 1 148 (2)1 5.5 5.5 0 (2) ! - M38 (2) ! 6.1 (2) 1 0-0-10-0 (2) ! P I LINDSAY/ 6-9 1 ! l 1 7 664 4926 1 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! - 211 - APPENDIX A.I li) (CON'T) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES. 1 1 1 AREA: PETERBOROUGH 1 1 1 1 1 1 PEATLANO 1 1 UNHUMIFIED PEAT (H1-H3) 1 HUMIFIED P E A T (H4 *) 1 (CLASSIFICATION (RECONNAISSANCE t TOTAL ESTIMATED ESTIMATED AVERAGE AVERAGE 1 WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE! BASAL 1 M.N.R 1 STUDY SITE IPEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME THICKNESS HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE 1 THICKNESS 1 HIM IF ICATION PEAT TYPE 1 OOZE l ADMIN 1 STRATI VE 1 1 AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ HI-H3 (von Post- HS-C-L-OTHER) IH4+ PEAT 1 (von Post (S-C-L -OTHER) 1 PRESENT 1 DISTRICT/ Ku.T.M. Grid 1 (ha) (on) (no. 63 63 PEAT scale) Ut MOSS /10 - (PEAT 1 scale) (t MOSS /10 - 1 (P) OR 1 SITE REGION - (Reference) 1 of cores) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (c*) (no. (no. of cores)! t SEDGE/10 - Ken) (no. K no. of cores) { SEDGE/10 - (ABSENT (A)! DISTRICT II (In situ) (In situ) of cores) 1 t WOOD/10 - lof cores)! t WOOD/10 - 1 1 1 1 t t OTHER/10) t 1 t OTHER/10) 1 1 1 1 K no. of cores) 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 t l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1310-688 ! 482 48 (2)1 2.3 2.3 0 (2) -1 - - 1 48 (2) 1 5.5 (2) 0-0.5-9.X2) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-9 ! (17 670 4921)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 ID-697 1 202 145 (DI 2.9 2.9 0 (D -1 - - 1145 (D 1 6.4 (1) 0-4.5-5.5-(l) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 686 4921)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1310-704 1 2.622 226 (3)1 59.4 41.5 68 (3) 2.6 (3) 1 0-2-8-0 (3) 1158 (3) 1 3.5 (3) 0-5-5-0 (3) ! P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 693 4924)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 I3IO-742A ! 548 118 (2)1 6.4 2.5 73 (2) 2.4 (2) t 1.5-3-5.5-0(2) t 45 (2) 1 4.7 (2) 2-3-5-0 (2) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 721 4923)1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 13 ID- 768 1 249 60 (DI 1.5 0.0 60 (D 2.3 (1) 1 1-6-1-0 (1) 1 0 (D 1 - 1 A 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 731 4919)1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 131D-780 l 256 123 (3)1 3.2 3.2 0 (3) - 1 - - 1123 (3) 1 5.4 (3) 0-4-6-0 (3) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 665 4910)1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1310-802 1 200 100 (2)1 2.0 2.0 0 (2) - 1 - - 1100 (2) 1 6.0 (2) 0-0-10-0 (2) 1 A ! LIM3SAY/ 6-8 1 (17 673 4902)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1310-604 1 200 158 (2)1 3.2 3.2 0 (2) - 1 - - 1158 (2) t 5.6 (2) 0-2-8-0 (2) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 679 4902)1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1310-814 1 662 136 (4)1 9.0 7.1 29 (4) 3.0 (3) 1 0-4-6-0 (3) 1107 (4) 1 6.3 (3) 0-2-8-0 (3) 1 A 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 1 1 7 683 4902 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1310-819 ! 94 75 (DI 0.7 0.2 50 (D 3.0 tl) 1 0-7-3-0 (D 1 25 (1) 1 4.0 (D 0-7-3-0 (DI A 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 689 4902)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 I 1 1310-829 l 234 60 (2)1 1.4 1.4 0 (2) -1 - - 1 60 (2) 1 4.0 (2) 0-4-6-0 (2) 1 A 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 692 4903)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1310-844 ! 711 186 (4)1 13.3 13.3 0 (4) -1 - - 1184 (4) 1 5.9 (4) 0-1-9-0 (4) 1 P 1 LINDSAY/ 6-8 1 (17 702 4903)1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! TOTAL 1 14,324 1 261.3 206.7 " In averaging tnese values all H1-H3 Intervals cere Included, •nether or not they were In a surficial position. - 212 - APPENDIX A.2 SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN KINGSTON-BELLEVILLE AREA. (REFER SECT. 3.3 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) i) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. TOTAL P E A T L A N 0 1 U M H U M 1 F ED PEAT (H1-H3) * TOTAL VOLUME TOTAL TOTAL VOLUME 1 AVERAGE ! AVERAGE l WEIGHTED AVERAGE •LIGHTED WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED DETAILED STUDY TOTAL VOLUME H4+ AREA VOLUME H4+ PEAT 1 DEPTH 1 THICKNESS PEAT TYPE AVERAGE AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE SITE AREA 6 3 6 3 (ha) 6 3 6 3 Ken) (no.l (cm) (no. (S-C-L-OTHER) HUMIFICATION HEAT VALUE 1 ASH CONTENT LAB FIBER LAB PH (U.T.M. Grid (ha) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (no. of (xlO M ) (xlO M Hot cores)! of cores) l(f MOSS /10 - (von Pott (cal/g) 1 W CONTENT (f) OF PEAT Reference) ( In situ) ( In situ) Dailns) ( In situ) ( In slfuH l t SEDGE/10 - scale) (no. of 1 (no. of (no. of (no. of 1 1 H MOOO/10 - (no. of cores) sampled 1 sampled sampled sampled 1 1 t OTHER/10) 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3IC-S09 233 3.9 2.8 98 (1) 3.3 2.6 1332 (35)1 62 (35) 10-0-0-0 (32) 2.4 (32) 4,532 (4)1 1.8 (4) 91 (4) 3.9 (4) (18 340 4961) 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 JIC-5II 166 3.6 2.8 76 (1) 2.9 2.7 1406 (15)1 29 (15) 10-0-0-0 (15) 3.0 (14) 4,235 (DI 1.3 (1) 87 (t) 4.1 (1) (18 344 4999) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 3IC-52I 136 1.1 0.6 10 (1) 0.3 0.3 1367 (8) 1 0 (8) (18 334 4996) 1 1 1 1 1 31C-522 197 6.2 5.7 118 (1) 5.8 5.6 1499 (20)1 0 (20) - (18 337 4991) 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-567 486 2.6 0.3 0 - 1 - (0) 1 - 1 (18 310 4904) 1 1 1 1 1 1 31 C- 569 741 7.8 4.7 116 (2) 2.9 2.7 1263 (23)1 7 (23) 0-9-1-0 (1) 3.0 (t) 4,635 (5)1 3.9 (5) 54 (5) 6.6 (5) ( 18 331 4914) 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3IC-576 239 3.9 3.4 101 (1) 2.3 2.3 1321 (24)1 0 (24) 1 1 18 346 4912) 1 1 1 1 | 1 31C-588 229 2.3 1.2 29 (8) 0.7 0.7 1332 (8) 1 II (8) 0-10-0-0 (6) 2.5 (2) 4,489 (2)1 5.6 (2) 51 (2) 6.2 (2) (18 367 4900) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 ! 31C-592 595 3.8 3.8 0 1 - (0) 1 - " 1 (18 314 4877) 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-593 1411 18.2 14.4 312 (1) 6.7 6.7 1293 (59)1 0 (59) (18 320 4878) 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-6I9 1489 31.9 29.5 834 ( 1) 26.7 26.3 1318 (93)1 3 (93) 10-0-O-0 (14) 3.0 (12) 4,285 (1)1 1.9 (1) 99 I 1 ) 3.6 (1) (18 398 4976) 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! TOTALS 15,922 85.2 69.2 1,693 51.6 49.9 1 * in averaging these values al H1-H3 ! 1 Intervals vere Included, whether or not - 213 - 1 1 PEATLAND 1 1 HUMIFIED PEAT H4+) 1C L A S S 1 F 1 C A T 1 0 Nl ——————— l ———————— | ———————— | ———————— • ••••••••- f,. .JHH,,...... ! . H ...... •••••B ' ' - ' - - (AVERAGE 1 WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WE IGHTED WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED PERCENT AGE t BASAL OOZE IPEATLAND AREA AVERAGE i TOTAL 1 M.N.R 1 COMMENTS (THICKNESS PEAT TYPE (AVERAGE AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE OF (em thick 1 TYPE (ha) DEPTH OF IPEATLANOI ADMINISTRATIVE ! Ken) (S-C-L-OTHER) (HUMIFICATION HEAT VALUE (ASH CONTENT (LAB FIBER (LAB PH PEATLAND Kno. of 1 PEAT (m) ! STUMP 1 DISTRICT/ 1 Kno. of (t MOSS /ID - (von Post (cal/g) 1 (t) (CONTENT (f) (OF PEAT AREA WITH cores vlth 1 (no. of (CONTENT 1 SITE REGION ! 1 corss) f SEDGE/ 10 - seal*) (no. of Kno. of Kno. of Kno. of *UOf TREE ooze / 1 cores) 1 (t) l 1 1 t MOOD/10 - (no. of cores) sampled 1 sampled (sampled (sampled COVER total no. 1 1 1 ! 1 t OTHER/10) Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1270 (35) 7-3-0-0 (33) 6.1 (33) 5.108 (9)1 2.9 (9) 1 50 (9) 4.4 (9) 88 60 (29/35)1 08 149 3.0 (36) 1 0.0 t TWEED/ 5-11 (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 TB 3 2.0 (2) 1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 1 1 1 tS 81 2.6 (3) 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1379 (15) 3-6-1-0 (15) 4.8 (15) 5,029 (4)1 2.8 (4) 1 53 (4) 4.8 (4) 85 1)4 (14/15)1 OB 125 3.8 (14) 1 0.4 1 TWEED/ 5-11 (Category 3 fuel 1 1 1 1 TB 14 4.4 (1) 1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 1 1 1 CS 4 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 23 2.1 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1367 (8) 0-3-7-0 (7) 5.7 (7) 4,808 (3)1 9.2 (3) 1 43 (3) 6.2 (3) 0 122 (8/8) 1 IS 113 1.5 (27) 1 0.4 1 TWEED/ 5-11 (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 M 23 - (0) 1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1499 (20) 0-3-7-0 (19) 5.7 (19) 4,728 (8)1 5.3 (8) 1 49 (8) 6.2 (8) 0 164 (18/20)1 cS 1 6.0 (2) 1 1.4 ! TWEED/ 5-11 1 1 1 1 1 ns 170 4.5 (18) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 26 3.5 (4) 1 1 6-81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g . . - 1 - 1 - 0 DEEP OOZE 1 ns 433 0.6 (74) i 0.0 1 TWEED/ 5-11 {Category B fuel 1 t 1 1 tS 53 1.1 (8) 1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1256 (23) 0-6-4-0 (20) 5.8 (20) 4,262 (121 9.8 (12)1 34 (12) 6.6 (12) 0 26 (11/23)1 OF 24 3.1 (3) i 1.3 1 NAPANEE/ 6-9 (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 TF 51 2.5 (1) t 1 (peat deposit 1 1 1 1 cS 370 2.2 (15) ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 mS 248 1.5 (18) 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 hS 21 1.4 (16) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 15 - (0) 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 M 12 1.9 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1321 (24) 0-5- 5-0 (24) 6.2 (24) 4,763 (2)1 6.1 (2) 1 49 (2) 5.7 (2) 0 89 (24/24)1 hS 230 1.8 (45) 1 2.5 ! NAPANEE/ 6-9 l 1 1 1 1 tS g 1.1 (5) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t ! !321 (8) 0-4-6-0 (8) 5.0 (8) 4,550 (7)1 9.3 (7) 1 37 (7) 6.7 (7) 0 109 (7/8) 1 cS 130 2.0 (10) 1 2.5 ! NAPANEE/ 6-13 ! 1 1 1 1 mS 18 1.9 (1 ) 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 hS 27 4.0 (5) ! ! 1 ! 1 1 1 tS 54 - (0) 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 - - - t - 1 - - - 1 ns 595 0.7 (97) ! - 1 NAPANEE/ 6-15 ! 1 1 t l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1293 (59) 0-1-9-0 (54) 6.1 (54) 4,249 (6)1 9.6 (6) 1 37 (6) 6.5 (6) 0 22 (43/59)1 ns 1411 1.7 (161)1 3.8 1 NAPANEE/ 6-11 (Category A fuel ! ! 1 1 1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1315 (95) 0-4-6-0 (93) 5.9 (93) 4,709 (10! 5.3 (10)1 50 (9) 5.1 (10) 8 22 (26/93)1 OB 67 3.7 (7) 1 1.0 ! TWEED/ 6-11 (Category A fuel ! 1 1 1 TB 42 3.9 (3) ! ! (peat deposit ! 1 1 ! CS 465 3.0 (35) 1 l r 1 ! 1 1 mS 295 2.3 (53) ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ns 494 1.8 (39) ! 1 ! l 1 1 1 tS 126 1.8 (11) ! 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! APPENDIX A,2 n) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES. i l AREA: KINGSTON - BELLEVILLE 1 1 1 1 1 U N H U M 1 F 1 E D PEAT (H1-H3) * ! (RECONNAISSANCE 1 ESTIMATED ESTIMATED 1 AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE ! WEIGHTED AVERAGE 1 l STUDY SITE 1 TOTAL PEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME ! THICKNESS 1 HUMIFICATION IPEAT TYPE ! 1 1 AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ 1 H1-H3 Kvon Post scale)l(S-C-L-OTHER) ! HU.T.M. Grid 1 (ha) (cm) (no. 6 3 6 3 1 PEAT K no. of CO/-8S) Ut MOSS /10 - ! 1 Reference) 1 of cores) (X10 M ) (xlO M ) l (on) (no. 1 1 t SEDGE/10 - 1 1 1 (In situ) ( In situ) l of cores) 1 ! t WOOD/10 - I 1 1 1 1 ! * OTHER/10) 1 1 1 1 1 K no. of cores) 1 t ! l 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 ! 1 3IC-507 1 34 440 (1) 1.5 1.3 1 60 (1) 1 2.5 (1) l 6-4-0-0 (1) 1 1 (18 320 4963) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 31C-533 1 126 63 (3) 0.8 0.8 1 3 (3) 1 3(1) 1 0-0-10-0 (1) 1 1 (18 318 4936) 1 1 t 1 1 1 t i l 1 1 1 31C-537 1 159 140 (1) 2.2 1.8 1 30 (1) 1 3(1) 1 0-0-10-0 (1) ! 1 (18 336 4930) t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-543 ! 238 165 (6) 3.9 3.9 I 0 (6) 1 - (0) 1 - 1 t (18 364 4932) 1 1 1 1 t I t 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-549 ! 388 240 (2) 9.3 8.5 ! 20 (2) 1 3(1) I 10-0-0-0 ( 1 ) ! 1 (18 322 4926) l 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 I i i ; 1 31C-555 l 174 145 (2) 2.5 2.5 1 0 (2) 1 - (0) l - l 1 (18 340 4917) t I i i i 1 1 1 i t i 1 31C-560 ! 2,682 84 (19) 22.5 22.0 1 2 (19) 1 3 (1) I 8-1-1-0 (1) ! 1 (18 358 4924) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 31C-565 l 214 120 (3) 2.6 2.6 I 0 (3) 1 - (0) 1 - ! 1 (18 371 4917) 1 I 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! " 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 31C-568 t 485 100 (4) 4.9 4.9 1 0 (4) 1 - (0) ! - ! 1 (18 320 4207) 1 I 1 1 1 1 t I 1 1 1 1 31C-573 1 128 187 (3) 2.4 2.4 1 0 (3) 1 - (0) 1 - ! 1 (18 338 4908) 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 ! ! 1 ! 1 31C-581 1 182 80 (2) 1.5 1.5 ! 0 (2) 1 - (0) 1 - ! 1 (18 315 4901) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-590 I 202 33 (3) 0.7 0.7 1 0 (3) 1 - (0) 1 - ! 1 (18 305 4878) 1 1 1 I ! 1 1 l 1 ! I 1 31C-597 1 144 665 (4) 0.9 0.9 ! 0 (4) 1 - (0) 1 - ! 1 (18 328 4885) 1 1 ! t I ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 31C-603 ! 98 215 (2) 2.1 1.7 1 40 (2) 1 3 (2) 1 0-10-0-0 (2) 1 1 (18 326 4868) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 l ! 1 1 1 1 31C-608 ! 85 30 (6) 0.3 0.3 ! 0 (6) l - (0) ! - i 1 (18 322 4858) 1 l 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 t l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31C-621 1 520 73 (8) 3.8 3.8 1 0 (8) 1 - (0) ! - 1 1 (18 402 4974) t 1 1 t ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 l 1 ! ! - 215 - 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 PEATLANO ! 1 H U M 1 F 1 E D PEA T (H4 *) 1 ! CLASSIFICATION 1 . . . .1 ...... 1 —— — — — — —— — —— — —— — — — — — — — — — — 1 AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE PERCENTAGE! BASAL 1 PEATLANO ! AREA i AVERAGE I M.N.R ADMINISTRATIVE ! THICKNESS l HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE OF 1 OOZE l TYPE 1 (ha) l DEPTH OF 1 DISTRICT/ 1 H4+ PEAT 1 (von Post KS-C-L-OTHER) PEATLAND 1 PRESENT (P) I 1 1 PEAT 1 SITE REGION - DISTRICT 1 PEAT 1 scale) Mf MOSS /10 - AREA WITH i OR ! 1 1 (m) ! i (en) (no. Kno. of cores)! t SEDGE/10 - <\0t TREE 1 ABSENT (A) l ! (no. of of cores) 1 1 f WOOO/10 - COVER 1 1 l 1 cores ) 1 i l 1 t OTHER/10) 1 1 i i l Kno. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 ! l 1 I ! 1 1 1 380 (1) 1 4.0 (1) | 0-4-6-0 ( 1 ) 74 I P 1 OB ! 32 1 5.3 (1) 1 TWEED/ 5-11 I 1 1 1 l TB 1 2 1 - (0) 1 1 60 (3) 1 4.3 (3) l o-O-IO-O (3) 0 ! P l hS 1 120 ! 0.6 (3) ! TWEED/ 6-10 ! 1 l 1 1 tS ! 6 ! - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 I l 1 1 1 110 (1) 1 4.0 (1) I 0-8-2-0 ( 1 ) 6 l P 1 OF 1 10 1 1.9 (1 ) ! TWEED/ 6-10 ! 1 1 1 1 cS I 144 1 - (0) 1 1 t 1 M 1 5 1 - (0) 1 l 1 1 ! 1 I 1 1 1 165 (6) 1 6.1 (6) 1 0-1-9-0 (6) 6 ! P 1 OB 1 14 1 1.7 (1) 1 TWEED-NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! l 1 ! 1 cS 1 2 1 - (0) 1 ! 1 1 ! l hS 1 217 1 1.6 (5) 1 1 1 1 tS 1 5 1 - (0) 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 220 (2) 1 6.7 (2) 1 6-1-3-0 (2) 0 l P 1 OF I 22 1 1.4 (1) ! TWEED/ 6-9 ! 1 1 1 1 cS 1 269 1 2.2 (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 chS 1 44 1 - (0) 1 1 1 ! I 1 tS 1 53 ! - (0) I ! 1 1 1 1 1 145 (2) 1 5.1 (2) 1 0-5-5-0 (2) 01 P 1 hS 1 174 1 1.5 (2) I TWEED/ 6-9 ! l I 1 1 1 1 1 i l l I I 1 1 82 (19) 1 6.9 (19) | 0-1-9-0 (19) 0 1 P 1 cS ! 124 l - (0) 1 NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! l l 1 I chS 1 486 ! 0^6 (1) t ! l l l I hS ! 1796 1 0.8 (16) 1 l 1 1 tS ! 179 ! 0.3 (1) I 1 1 1 M 1 97 1 2.4 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 120 (3) 1 7.4 (3) ! 0-1-9-0 (3) 0 ! P l chS 1 125 ! 1.4 (1) 1 NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! 1 ! 1 1 hS 1 13 ! - (0) 1 I l 1 tS 1 76 1 0.9 (2) l 1 l 1 1 1 1 ! 100 (4) 1 6.2 (4) 1 0-0-10-0 (4) 0 ! P 1 hS 1 472 1 0.9 (4) 1 NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! 1 1 1 1 tS l 13 ! - (0) 1 ! I 1 ! 1 1 1 I ! 187 (3) l 4.9 (3) | 0-4-6-0 (3) 0 ! P 1 hS 1 128 ! 1.8 (3) 1 NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 t ! 30 (2) 1 6.2 (2) 1 0-0-10-0 (2) 0 ! P 1 hS ! 182 1 0.8 (2) ! NAPANEE/ 6-9 ! 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 33 (3) 1 7.0 (3) l 0-0-10-0 (3) 0 ! P 1 hS 1 202 1 0.4 (3) ! NAPANEE/ 6-15 ! 1 ! 1 ! l 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 l l ! 65 (4) I 6.5 (1) 1 O-O-IO-O (4) 01 A ! hS 1 144 ! 0.6 (4) ! NAPANEE/ 6-15 ! l l l 1 l l 1 1 1 1 175 (2) 1 4.6 (2) I 0-10-0-0 (2) 0 l A ! hS 1 6 1 - (0) ! NAPANEE/ 6-15 1 1 ! ! l tS ! 4 ! - (0) I l ! ! M ! 82 1 2.2 (2) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 30 (6) l 5.3 (6) | 0-7-3-0 (6) 0 ! A ! hS ! 22 ! 0.1 (1) ! NAPANEE/ 6-15 ! l l 1 I tS l 2 1 0.2 (1) ! i l l 1 l M ! 61 1 0.4 (4) l ! 1 l 1 1 t 1 73 (8) 1 6.3 (8) ! o-O-IO-O (8) 0 ! P ! CS ! 16 ! - (0) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-11 1 1 1 1 ! chS 1 200 ! 1.2 (3) 1 1 I 1 ! 1 hS 1 157 I 0.4 (2) 1 l l l tS 1 69 1 - (0) 1 ! I RECLA 1 MED l 78 1 0.5 (3) 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 - 216 - APPENDIX A,2 n) (CON'T) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES, i (AREA: KINGSTON - BELLEVILLE I ! 1 UNHUMIFIED PEAT (H1-H3) * ! 1 RECONNAISSANCE 1 ESTIMATED ESTIMATED AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE 1 1 STUDY SITE 1 TOTAL PEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME THICKNESS ! HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE 1 t (AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ H1-H3 ((von Post scale)l(S-C-L-OTHER) ! KU.T.M. Grid (ha) (on) (no. 63 63 PEAT ((no. of cores) !(f MOSS /10 - ! (Reference) of cores) (xtO M ) (xlO M ) (cm) (no. ! f SEDGE/ 10 - ! 1 ( In situ) ( In situ) of cores) ! f WOOD/10 - ! 1 I t OTHER/10) ! 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 ! 1 i ! 31C-623 682 223 (4) 15.2 15.2 0 (4) - (0) ! 1 (18 410 4982) 1 1 ! 1 i 1 31C-681 847 64 (7) 5.5 5.5 0 (7) - (0) ! 1 (18 411 4920) ! 1 1 1 1 1 31C-686 187 198 (4) 3.7 3.7 0 (4) - (0) l 1 (18 401 4910) j [ 1 1 1 1 1 TOTALS 7.575 86.1 83.75 * In averaging these values all H1-H3 I (Intervals were Included, whether or - 217 - 1 PEATLAND HUMIFIED P E A T (H4 *) l CLASSIFICATION t AVERAGE AVERAGE l WEIGHTED AVERAGE! PERCENTAGE! BASAL PEATLAND AREA AVERAGE M.N.R ADMINISTRATIVE THICKNESS HUMIFICATION IPEAT TYPE 1 OF l OOZE TYPE (ha) DEPTH OF DISTRICT/ H4+ PEAT (von Post KS-C-L-OTHER) 1 PEATLAND ! PRESENT (P) PEAT SITE REGION - DISTRICT PEAT scale) l(t MOSS /10 - 1AREA WITH OR (m) (cm) (no. (no. of cores)! t SEDGE/10 - K 10* TREE ASSENT (A) (no. of of cores) f WOOO/10 - I COVER cores) t OTHER/10) 1 (no. of cores) 1 ! 1 223 (4) 6.4 (4) 0-2-8-0 (4) l 0 P cS 9 - (0) CARLETON PLACE/ 6-11 1 chS 588 1.9 (2) I hS 80 2.5 (2) 1 ts t - (0) 1 64 (7) 5.8 (7) 0-3-7-0 (7) ! 0 P cS 4 - (0) BROCKVILLE/ 6-10 1 hS 6 - (0) l ts 396 0.6 (4) 1 198 (4) 6.6 (4) 0-3-7-0 (4) 1 0 P hS 16 - (0) BROCKVILLE/ 6-10 1 ts 16 2.0 (2) 1 " 155 1.8 (2) I - 218 - APPENDIX A.3 SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN PEMBROKE AREA. (REFER SECT 3.3 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA. i) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. TOTAL V 1 U N H U M 1 F ED P E A T (H1-H3) * — —— -— -— — ——— -—— . —————— | —————— | ——————— | ——————————— l ——————————— ————————— l ————————— | ———————— TOTAL VOLUME TOTAL TOTAL VOLUME (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE) WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED DETAILED STUDY TOTAL VOLUME H4+ AREA VOLUME H4+ PEAT (DEPTH (THICKNESS PEAT TYPE 1 AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE ! AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE SITE AREA 6 3 6 3 (ha) 6 3 6 3 Ken) (no.l (on) (no. (S-C-L -OTHER) (HUMIFICATION HEAT VALUE ASH CONTENT (LAB FIBER (LAB PH (U.T.M. Grid (ha) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (no. of (xlO M ) (xlO M l lo* cor**)l of oorm) (* MOSS /10 - ((von Post (cal/g) (t) (CONTENT (S) (OF PEAT Reference) ( In situ) l In situ) Mslns) ( In situ) ( In sltull 1 t SEDGE/10 - (scale) (no. of (no. of Kno. of Kno. of 1 t f WOOO/10 - I (no. of cores) sampled sampled (sampled (sampled 1 1 t OTHER/10) Intervals) Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 t ! ! 31F-126 181 2.5 2.2 53 (1) 2.1 1.8 1391 (29) 1 37 (29) 7-2-1-0 (19) 2.4 (17) 4,711 (2) 2.0 (2) 1 35 (2) 13.9 (2) ( 18-333 5062) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 3IF-I39 696 4.2 3.9 130 (1) 3.3 3.0 1290 (41) 1 21 (41) 0-8-2-0 ( 19) 3.0 (17) 4,533 (2) 6.4 (2) 1 25 (2) 16.1 (2) (10-346 5057) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 3IF-I63 901 2.9 2.4 69 (2) '.8 1.0 1299 (19) 1 54 (19) 9-0-1-0 (13) 2.6 (13) - - ! - . | . . (18-317 5043) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 l l 1 1 31F-474 997 1.9 1.5 410 (2) 1.7 1.2 1394 (118)1 98 (118) 7-3-0-0 ( 105 3.0 (105) 4,653 (1) - ! - - | - (18-417 5005) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 ! 31F-55IA 1386 7.9 6.7 174 (1) 3.9 4.0 1274 (39) 1 43 (39) 0-9-1-0 (21) 3.0 (21) 4,280 (1) - ! - - ! - (18-416 4995) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 l i 31F-552 140 3.0 2.6 55 (2) 2.2 2.1 1291 (31) 1 29 (31) 0-7-3-0 (18) 3.0 (17) - | - . ! . (18-409 4994) 1 t 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ! 1 31F-553 437 3.4 3.1 90 (1) 2.6 2.5 1342 (34) 1 18 (34) 0-8-2-0 (20) 3.0 (20) 4,471 (1) - ! - - ! - (18-410 4992) 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 i TOTAL 4.738 25.8 22.3 981 17.5 1 15.7 1 * In averaging these values all HI-H3 ot they vere In a surficial position. - 219 - 1 P E A T L A N D 1 1 HUMIFIED PEAT (H4*) l 1C L A S S 1 F 1 C A T 1 0 Nt | ———————— | ————————————— | ——————————— | ———————— | ————————— | ————————— | ———————— | ———————— l ———————— .' ——————— ———— l ——————— | ————— | ——————————— | ——————————— (AVERAGE 1 WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHT ED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 PERCENTAGE! BASAL OOZEIPEATLANO AREA (AVERAGE i TOTAL 1 M.N.R 1 COMMENTS (THICKNESS (PEAT TYPE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 OF l an thick 1 TYPE (ha) (DEPTH OF IPEATLAMDt ADM INI STRATI VE 1 Ken) KS-C-L -OTHER) (HUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUEIASH CONTENTlLAB FIBER (LAB PH 1 PEATLANO Itno. of 1 (PEAT (m) 1 STUMP 1 DISTRICT/ 1 Kno. of l(| MOSS /IO - Kvon Post Kcal/g) 1 (f) (CONTENT (I)IOF PEAT (AREA WITH cores olthl (no. of (CONTENT 1 SITE REGION ! 1 cores) % SEDGE/10 - (seal*) ((no. of Kno. of Kno. of ((no. of KIOl TREE oore / 1 cores) 1 (S) 1 1 1 t WOOD/10 - Kno. of cor**) 1 samp 1*4 1 MB p led (sampled (sampled 1 COVER total no. 1 1 1 1 1 t OTHER/ 10) 1 (Intervals)! Interval s) 1 Interval j) (Intervals)! of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1334 (29) 5-4-1-0 (29)1 5.2 (28) 1 5193 (2) 2.4 (3) 25 (3) 14.1 (3) 1 66 87 1 08 51 3.7 (10)1 1.3 (PEMBROKE/ 5-12 1 Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (9/29) 1 cS 24 5.0 (4) 1 1 (peat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 70 2.7 (20)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t M 36 2.2 (4) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1269 (41) 0-9-1-0 (41)1 4.9 (41) 1 4322 (4) 5.4 (3) 25 (3) 15.8 (3) 1 0 56 1 mS 27 - (0) ! 0.2 (PEMBROKE/ 5-12 (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (18/41) 1 US 375 1.4 (15)1 1 Ipeat deposit. 1 t 1 1 1 1 tS 178 2.9 (34)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t M 116 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 l 1 1 124} (19) 4-5-1-0 (14)1 5.0 (14) 1 4595 (3) 7.5 (4) 30 (4) 15.3 (4) 1 50 13 1 OB 59 2.2 (3) 1 2.0 (PEMBROKE/ 5-11 (Category 8 fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (4/19) 1 TB 41 2.1 (9) 1 1 (peat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 CS 572 2.0 (9) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mS 42 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 13 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 116 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 58 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1296 (118) 4.5-4.5-1-0(1181 4.9 (118) 1 4351 (3) 7.5 (3) 27 (2) (6.2 (2) 1 0 182 1 OF 19 5.2 (1) 1 2.5 1 CARL ETON (Category A fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (32/118) 1 TF 35 - (0) 1 1 PLACE/ 6-11 Ipeat deposit. 1 l 1 1 1 1 CS 366 3.3 (1401 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 IDS 95 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 OS 13 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 260 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 209 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1231 (39) 2-7-1-0 (37)1 4.4 (37) 1 4511 (4) 6.4 (4) 26 (4) 16.8 (4) 1 0 10 1 CS 699 1.4 (73)1 1.5 1 CARLETON (Category A fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (1/39) 1 mS 260 - (0) ! 1 PLACE/ 6-11 Ipeat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 290 1.6 (37)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 tS 55 - (0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 82 - (0) 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1262 (31) 0-9-1-0 (31)1 5.2 (31) 1 4391 (6) 12.2 (6) 25 (6) 16.4 (6) 1 0 45 1 US 20 - (0) 1 1.4 ! CARLETON (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (14/31) 1 tS 25 - (0) 1 1 PLACE/ 6-11 Ipeat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 95 2.6 (40)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 (324 (34) 0-9-1-0 (34)1 4.8 (34) 1 3717 (7) 11.9 (7) 25 (6) 16.9 (7) 1 0 22 1 CS 58 - (0) ! I.I 1 CARLETON ! 1 1 1 1 1 (8/34) 1 mS 132 2.8 (29)1 1 PLACE/ 6-11 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 177 1.3 (8) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 tS 33 2.7 (10)1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 M 37 3.5 (6) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 220 - APPENDIX A.3 ii) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES. 1 1 1 AREA: PEMBROKE ! PEATLAND 1 1 1 1 ! CLASSIFICATION 1 1 U N H U 1 RECONNAISSANCE 1 TOTAL ESTIMATED ESTIMATED AVERAGE AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 WEIGHT ED AVERAGE1BASAL 1 M.N.R ISTUOr SITE IPEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME THICKNESS HUMIFICATION PEAT TYPE ITHICKNESSIHUMIFICATIONIPEAT TYPE ICOZE 1 ADMINISTRATIVE 1 1 AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ HI-H3 (von Post seal*) (S-C-L-OTHER) IH4+ PEAT 1 (von Post 1 ( S-C-L -OTHER ) (PRESENT 1 DISTRICT/ KU.T.M. Grid 1 (ha) (c*) (no. 63 63 IPEAT (no. of cores) (t MOSS /IO - IPEAT (scale) Ut MOSS /IO - HP) OR 1 SITE REGION - (Reference) 1 of cor**) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (on) (no. t SEDGE/10 - Ken) (no. K no. of 1 t SEDGE/10 - IABSENT (A)! DISTRICT II (In situ) (In situ) of cor**) J WOOD/10 - lof coresHcores) 1 t MOOD/10 - ! 1 1 1 t OTHER/10) 1 1 It OTHER/10) 1 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 l(no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 III II 1 1 III 11 5-10 1 3IF-3 1 83 450 (1) 3.8 3.4 50 (U 3.0 (1) 5-5-0-0 (1) 1400 (1) 1 5.6 (1) 1 0-8-2-0 (1)1 A iPEMBROOKE/ 1 (18 309 5094)1 III II 1 1 111 11 1 3IF-II 1 230 140 (3) 3.2 2.1 51 (3) 2.6 (3) 7-1-2-0 (3) 1 89 (3) 1 5.6 (3) 1 2-0.5-7. 5-(3) 1 A 1PEMBROOKE/ 5-10 1 (18 317 5095)1 III 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 5-12 1 3IF-76 l 76 260 (1) 2.0 1.3 60 (1) 3.0 (1) 0-0-10-0 (1) 1200 (1) 1 5.0 (1) 1 0-3.5-6.5-d ) 1 A IPEMBROOKE/ 1 (18 3)7 5061)1 III 1 ! 1 1 111 II 5-12 1 3IF-83 1 740 153 (3) 11.3 2.8 115 (3) 3.0 (3) 2-8-0-0 (3) 1 38 (3) 1 4.0 (1) 1 1-9-0-0 (1)1 P IPEMBROOKE/ 1 (18 354 5071)1 III 11 1 l III II 1 3IF-I50 1 360 110 (2) 4.0 3.2 21 (2) 3.0 (2) 3.5-0-6.5-12) 1 89 (2) 1 4.5 (2) 1 0-0-10-0 (2) 1 A IPEMBROOKE/ 5-11 1 (18 310 5050)1 III 1 I 1 1 111 11 1 51 F- 169 1 167 116 (9) 1.9 1.3 2 (9) 3.0 (1) 0-9-1-0 (1) 1114 (9) 1 4.2 (9) 10. V8-1. 5-0(9) 1 P IPEMBROOKE/ 5-12 1 (18 340 5050)1 III II 1 l 111 1 1 1 3IF-I9I 1 268 138 (2) 3.7 3.1 22 (2) 3.0 (2) 0-8-2-0 (2) 1116 (2) 1 4.2 (2) 1 0-10-0-0 (2) 1 A 1CARLETON PLACE/ 1 ( 18 346 5046 1 1 III 11 6-12 1 1 111 11 PLACE/ 1 3IF-242 1 123 168 (2) 2.1 1.4 55 (2) 2.8 (2) 5-0-5-0 (2) 1113 (2) l 6.0 (1) 1 IO-O-0-0 (1) 1 P ! CAR L ETON ! (18 421 5032)1 III II 6-12 1 1 111 11 A ! CAR L ETON PLACE/ 1 31F-530 1 146 200 (1) 2.9 2.0 60 (1) 2.8 (1) 1-2-7-0 (1) 1140 (1) 1 4.4 (1) 1 0-6-4-0 (1) 1 1 (18 399 4992)1 II 1 1 1 5-11 1 l III II 1 31F-567A 1 600 255 (3) 15.3 14.5 13 (3) 2.8 (2) 2.5-3-4. 5-(2) 1242 (3) 1 4.5 (3) 1 3-5-2-0 (3) 1 A 1CARLETON PLACE/ 1 (18 410 4985)1 III 11 6-11 1 TOTAL 1 2,795 50.3 35.3 * In averaging these values all HI-H3 ntwvals w*r* Included, whether or not b*y wer* In a surficial position. - 221 - APPENDIX A. 4 SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN OTTAWA-BROCKVILLE AREA. (REFER SECT. 3.3 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) i) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. TOTAL PEATLANO AREA GREATER THAN 2MOEEP U N H U M 1 F ED PEAT (H1-H3) * ———— ---— ———————. TOTAL VOLUME TOTAL TOTAL VOLUME 1 AVERAGE AVERAGE 1 WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED WEIGHTED WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED DETAILED STUDY TOTAL VOLUME H4+ AREA VOLUME H4+ PEAT (DEPTH THICKNESS (PEAT TYPE l AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE ! AVERAGE ! AVERAGE SITE AREA 6 3 6 3 (ha) 6 3 6 3 Hem) (no. (on) (no.KS-C-L-OTHER) (HUMIFICATION HEAT VALUE ASH CONTENT! LAB FIBER ILAB PH (U.T.M. Grid (ha) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) (no. of (xlO M l (xlO M )lof cores) of cores) l (f MOSS /10 - H von post (cal/g) (l) (CONTENT (J) (OF PEAT Reference) ( In situ) ( In situ) basins) ( In situ) l In situ)! t SEDGE/10 - 1 scale) (no. of (no. of ((no. of ((no. of 1 t WOOD/10 - ((no. of cores) sampled sampled (sampled (sampled 1 t OTHER/10) Intervals) Intervals) (Intervals) (Intervals) 1 (no. of cores) 1 ! 1 t ! 1 1 ! 316-24 1,189 37.1 30.1 1,091 (1) 30.9 23.4 1321 (54) 35 (54) 2-6-2-0 (23) 2.4 (23) 3,972 (3) 7.1 (4) 1 48 (4) (6.3 (4) (18 498 5014) ! [ ! 1 ! ! 1 ! l 310-30 2.390 24.7 13.1 199 (1) 5.2 3.7 1238 (21) 77 (21) 2-6-2-0 (21) 2.3 (9) 4,506 (6) 10.0 (2) 1 79 (2) (6.5 (2) (18 433 4998) 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31G-58 970 9.9 4.3 168 (1) 3.3 3.5 1261 (29) 76 (29) 3-5-2-0 (28) 2.3 (21) 4,679 (2) 4.8 (2) ! 49 (2) 16.1 (2) (18 439 4989) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! t 318-4 880 14.3 8.1 393 (1) 10.4 6.9 1222 (67) 96 (67) 0-7-3-0 (65) 2.4 (60) 4,419 (2) 7.2 (2) 1 97 (2) 1 - (0) (18 428 4978) 1 1 I [ 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 i 1 ! 1 3 IB-8 1,647 23.5 16.9 476 1 1 ) 12.0 9.7 1268 (109) 65 (109) 5-4-1-0 (103 2.1 (106) 5,517 (8) 6.0 (8) 1 64 (9) (6.3 (9) (18 439 4972) 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 31B-I8 293 4.0 3.1 83 (1) 2.2 2.0 1307 (33) 15 (33) 6-2-2-0 (21) 1.6 (21) 4,296 (2) 6.2 (3) 1 92 (3) (6.7 (3) (18 428 4957) 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 l ! 1 ! t 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 318-28 1.980 25.1 13.7 471 (1) 13.0 8.7 1271 (38) 74 (38) 5-4-1-0 (36) 2.1 (35) 4,527 (3) 3.6 (3) ! 91 (3) (4.4 (3) (18 451 4968) ! I , 1 J | 1 ! ! 1 ! 1 1 ! ! 318-388 530 7.0 4.0 79 (1) 1.7 1.3 (328 (45) 77 (45) 0-6-4-0 (32) 3.0 (24) 4,515 (4) 3.8 (2) ! 40 (2) !6.9 (2) (18 437 4953) 1 ! 1 1 l ! 1 ! ! 1 ! ! ! ! l 1 ! ! ! 1 1 ' ! TOTAL 9.879 145.6 93.3 2,960 78.9 59.2 1 * in averaging these values all HI-H3 Intervals nere Included, whether or not they were In a surficial position. - 222 - TOTAL PEATLAND l P E A T L AND l HUMIFIED PEAT (H4+) 1C L A S S l F l CATION! (AVERAGE 1 WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED (PERCENTAGE t BASAL OOZEIPEATLAND AREA (AVERAGE 1 TOTAL 1 M.N.R 1 COMMENTS 1 (THICKNESS (PEAT TYPE IAVERAGE IAVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE 1 OF 1 on thick ! TYPE (ha) (DEPTH OF IPEATLANDI ADMINISTRATIVE 1 1 Mem) KS-C-L -OTHER) (HUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUE (ASH CONTENT! LAB FIBER (LAB PH 1 PEATLAND H no. of 1 IPEAT (m) 1 STUMP 1 DISTRICT/ ! 1 K no. of l(f MOSS /10 - Hvon Post Kcal/g) 1 (t) (CONTENT (SHOP PEAT (AREA WITH cores wlthl (no. of (CONTENT 1 SITE REGION 1 1 1 cor M) l t SEDGE/ 10 - (teal*) ((no. of ((no. of ((no. of ((no. of It 101 TREE ooze / 1 core*) l W l l 1 1 1 t HOOD/10 - ((no. of corn) 1 sampled (sampled (sampled 1 sampled 1 COVER total no. 1 II 1 1 1 1 l OTHER/ 10) 1 1 Interval sil Interval s) (Intervals) (Intervals)! of cores) 1 II 1 1 1 ((no. of cores) l 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 ! l 1 l 1 1 1 1 II 1 ! II l 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1286 (54) 1 0-6-2-0 (M)! 3.2 (53) 14,278 (5) 12.7 (5) 44 (5) 16.2 (5) 1 17 0 1 OF 190 3.2 (10)1 2.7 1 CORNWALL/6-12 1 1 (l 1 1 1 1 (0/54) 1 TF 95 3.4 (4) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 US 37 2.1 (1) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 ts 867 2.6 (4) 1 1 ! 1 II 1 l 1 t 1 1 1 1 1161 (21) 1 0-7-5-0 (21)1 5.2 (15) 14,524 (4) 4.8 (2) 54 (2) 16.3 (2) 1 22 25 1 OF 458 1.4 (37)1 1.7 1 CARLETON (Category B fuel 1 II 1 1 1 1 (2/21) 1 TF 334 1.3 (20)1 1 PLACE/6-11 Ipeat deposit 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 M 26 0.3 (1) 1 1 ! 1 II t l 1 1 1 CS 475 1.1 (31)1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 i us 200 0.5 (5) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 ts 335 0.3 (10)1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ms 562 1.2 (22)1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1185 (29) 1 0-7-J-O (23)1 5.2 (20) 1 - (0) - (0) - (0) 1 - (0) 1 9 68 1 OF 32 1.9 (3) 1 2.6 1 CARLETON 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 (9/28) 1 TF 48 0. 7 ( 1 ) 1 1 PLACE/6- lil 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 M 170 0.5 (1) 1 1 1 1 II 1 l 1 1 1 hS 45 - (0) 1 1 1 1 II 1 l 1 1 i ts 97 0.5 (3) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 t 1 ms 578 1.5 (48)1 1 1 l II 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1126 (67) 1 3-5-2-0 (66)1 6.1 (66) 15,281 (7) 12.3 (4) 44 (4) 17.1 (4) 1 3 54 1 OF g 3.0 (2) 1 0.8 1 CARLETON (Category A fuel 1 II II 1 1 (40/67) 1 TF 28 3.7 (4) 1 1 PLACE/ 6- II Ipeat deposit 1 II 1 t 1 1 1 M 84 1 (4) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 t 1 cS 69 2.4 (12)1 1 1 l II 1 1 1 1 1 MS 37 0.7 (3) 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 i ts 125 2.3 (24)1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 I ms 528 1.9 (90)1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1203 (109) 1 0-6-3-1 (1061 5.8 (105) 15,310 (M) 8.6 (6) 44 (6) 16.1 (6) 1 16 73 1 08 127 2.3 (26)1 1.3 1 BROCKV 1 L LE/6- 11 (Category A fuel 1 II 1 1 1 1 (21/109) 1 TB 96 1.9 (28)1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 II II 1 1 1 OF 9 0.5 (1)11 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 TF 55 1.6 (15)1 1 ! 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 M 4 1 (1) 1 1 1 1 11 II 1 1 1 CS 101 2.5 (13)1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 hS 25 0.7 (6) 1 1 1 1 II II 1 I 1 ts 524 1.1 (91)1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 ms 706 1.8 (148! 1 1 1 1 ! 11 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1292 (33) 1 0-5-VO (20)1 5.8 (17) 14,275 (8) 16.8 (6) 43 (6) 17.2 (6) 1 0 52 1 TF 15 1.9 (3) 1 2.5 18RCCKVILLE/6-I1I 1 II 1 1 1 1 (2/33) 1 M 1 - (0) 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 cs 60 2.0 (17)1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 57 0.8 (9) 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 ts 45 I.I (11)1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 ms 115 1.8 (31)1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1197 (38) ! 0-7-3-0 (38)1 5.6 (37) 15,160 (8) 5.2 (5) 47 (5) 15.1 (5) 1 0 0 1 TB 210 2.5 (9) 1 1.3 !BROCKVlLL^6-12ICategory A fuel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0/38) 1 TF 160 0.9 (13)1 1 Ipeat deposit 1 II 1 1 1 t 1 M 20 0.5 (2) ! 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 CS 41 2.2 (5) 1 ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 77 0.6 (1) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ts 515 1.1 (26)1 ! 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 us 957 1.4 (57)1 1 1 1 II 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1231 (45) 1 0-5-5-0 (44)1 4.6 (24) 13,982 (10) 10.5 (6) 49 (6) 17.1 (6) 1 44 107 1 OF 148 2.5 (34)1 3.5 ! BROCKV ILLE/6- 11 ! I 1 1 1 1 1 1 (22/45) 1 TF 13 3.8 (3) 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 2 - (0) 1 1 I 1 II 1 1 ' 1 1 1 CS 5 2.0 (1) 1 1 I 1 II t 1 1 1 1 hS 165 I.I (22)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t s 42 3.6 (9) l 1 1 1 It 1 1 l 1 1 ms 155 1.6 (21)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! - 223 - APPENDIX A,4 n) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES, l AREA:OTTAHA-8ROCKVlLLE 1 1 1 1 1 U N H U M 1 F 1 E D P E A T (HI-H3) * 1 1 ———————— • •~~ M~ .MM* - — ~-~.~..~~-— ~^. M .~—~MM..*M~...... M~ |...... ••M — ! (RECONNAISSANCE 1 ESTIMATED ESTIMATED 1 AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE ! 1 STUDY SITE (TOTAL PEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME (THICKNESS (HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE 1 1 (AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ 1 H1-H3 ((von Post scale)l(S-C-L-OTHER) 1 KU.T.M. Grid 1 (ha) (cm) (no. 63 631 PEAT 1 (no. of cores) K* MOSS 710 - 1 (Reference) 1 of cores) (xtO M ) (xlO M ) Kent) (no. 1 t * SEDGE/ 10 - ! 1 1 (In situ) (In situ) (of cores) 1 ! t WOOO/10 - ! 1 I 1 I ! f OTHER/ 10) 1 1 ! l 1 ((no. of cores) ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31G-21 1 45 ! 20 (1) 0.1 0.1 I 5(1) 1 1.0 (1) l 0-10-0-0 (1) 1 1(18 470 5022) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 l ! 1 1 1 I ! ! 1 l 316-32 1 415 1 119 (4) 4.9 4.1 1 20 (4) 1 1.7 (4) ! 2-4-4-0 ( 4 ) ! 1(18 456 5004) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 31G-35 i 560 1 166 (7) 9.3 8.7 1 11 (7) 1 1.6 (6) 1 1-2-7-0 (6) ! 1(18 460 5004) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 I 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 316-38 ! 535 1 112 (8) 6.0 2.7 1 61 (8) 1 2.8 (6) 1 0-7-3-0 (6) 1 1(18 480 5000) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 31G-50 ! 400 1 105 (7) 4.2 3.5 1 17 (7) 1 1.6 (6) 1 4-4-2-0 (6) 1 1(18 425 4986) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 316-54 I 685 ! 113 (9) 7.7 6.3 ! 21 (9) 1 1.8 (8) ! 3-3-4-0 (8) 1 1(18 429 4995) 1 1 ! 1 ! ! l 1 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 t 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 t I 1 ! ! 1 316-69/70 t 1,910 1 143 (6) 27.3 20.6 ! 35 (6) 1 2.0 (4) 1 4-4-2-0 (4) ! 1(18 462 4994) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! I 1 1 1 1 I ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 31B-10 ! 260 1 106 (4) 2.8 2.5 ! 10 (4) ! 2.0 (4) ! 0-8-2-0 (4) ! 1(18 449 4977) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 31B-I2 1 345 ! 50 (3) 1.7 1.3 I 13 (3) t 1.6 (3) ! 4-6-0-0 (3) 1 1(18 475 4982) 1 l 1 1 ! 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 ! I 1 1 1 1 ! 1 318-13 1 565 ! 97 (3) 5.5 3.6 ! 33 (3) 1 1.9 (3) ! 4-6-0-0 ( 3 ) ! 1(18 479 4975) 1 l 1 1 1 ! I 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 I 1 1 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 318-30 i 400 1 28 (4) 1.1 t.) 1 0 (4) ! - (0) 1 - (0) 1 1(18 457 4963) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 ! ! 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 31B-35 ! 343 ! 245 (5) 8.5 6.8 1 47 (5) ! 3.0 (4) 1 0-8.5-1.5-0 (4) ! 1(18 426 4945) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1 1 318-38A ! 325 1 130 (6) 4.2 3.8 1 12 (6) 1 1.7 (1) 1 6-4-0-0 ( 1 ) 1 1(18 432 4946) I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 - 224 - l 1 | 1 1 ! PEATLAND ! ! 1 H U M 1 F 1 E D PEAT (H4 *) 1 ! CLASSIFICATION t 1 t AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE (PERCENTAGE t BASAL 1 PEATLAND ! AREA (AVERAGE ! M.N.R ADMINISTRATIVE (THICKNESS (HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE 1 OF 1 OOZE 1 TYPE 1 (ha) (DEPTH OF 1 D 1 STR 1 CT/ ! IH4+ PEAT 1 (won Post ((S-C-L-OTHER) 1 PEATLAND ! PRESENT (P) 1 1 1 PEAT 1 SITE REGION - DISTRICT l 1 PEAT 1 scale) l(f MOSS /10 - (AREA WITH ! OR 1 1 1 (m) l ! Item) (no. ((no. of cores)! f SEDGE/10 - U10J TREE 1 ABSENT (A) t l 1 (no. of 1 ! (of cores) 1 ! t WOOD/10 - 1 COVER l 1 1 (cores) I 1 1 l l f OTHER/10) 1 l I 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 l l ! 1 15 (1) 1 4 (1) 1 0-8-2-0 (1) 1 4 1 A ! OF 1 21 - (0) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS l 42 1 - (0) l I 1 1 1 l 1 1 M 1 11 0.2 (1) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 99 (4) 1 6.1 (4) ! 0-7-3-0 (4) I 0 ! A ! hS ! 15 ! - (0) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-12 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 1 116 1 1.5 (1) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 mS 1 284 1 1.2 (2) 1 1 1 l ! 1 1 t 1 1 1 i 1 155 (7) 1 5.0 (7) I 0-9-1-0 (7) 1 0 ! A 1 TB 1 33 ! 3.1 (1) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-11 I 1 t 1 1 1 1 cS l 128 1 2.8 (t) I ! 1 1 t 1 1 1 tS 1 152 1 1.0 (4) ! ! 1 t 1 1 1 1 mS 1 155 ! - (0) I ! 1 ! 1 1 1 1 UTILIZED 1 92 l 2.1 (2) 1 ! l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 ! 1 51 (8) 1 5.0 (4) 1 1-6-3-0 (4) 1 0 ! P I TB 1 47 ! - (0) 1 CORNWALL/ 6-12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cS 1 200 ! 1.4 (2) ! l 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS 1 43 ! - (0) I ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS l 118 ! 0.8 (2) 1 j 1 1 t 1 l 1 mS ! 127 l 0.2 (3) 1 ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 88 (7) 1 5.5 (7) ! 0-5-5-0 (7) 1 0 l P 1 cS l 199 1 1.1 (5) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-11 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS I 127 1 0.6 (1) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 l 1 mS 1 73 1 0.3 (1) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 ! - (0) I ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 92 (9) 1 5.6 (9) 1 0-3-7-0 (9) 1 0 ! P ! cS ! 295 ! 0.7 (6) 1 CARLETON PLACE/ 6-11 l 1 1 l 1 1 1 hS t 30 ! - (0) ! i ! l 1 1 1 1 tS 1 130 1 - (0) 1 1 1 1 ! 1 I 1 mS ! 230 1 1.7 (1) 1 ! 1 t 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 108 (6) 1 4.7 (5) 1 2-4-4-0 (5) 1 0 ! A 1 cS 1 430 I 2.3 (1) ICARLETON PLACE 4 CORNWALL l 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS ! 160 ! 0.4 (1) 1 /6-12 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 tS 1 999 1 1.5 (4) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 t 1 IDS l 298 1 - (0) 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 23 ! - (0) 1 l ! 1 1 ! ! t 1 ! 1 ! 1 96 (4) ! 6.1 (4) 1 0-7-3-0 (4) 1 0 1 A 1 cS 1 16 ! - (0) 1 BROCKVILLE/ 6-12 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 tS 1 59 1 0.7 (2) 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 mS 1 181 1 1.4 (2) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 ! 1 M 1 4 ! - (0) 1 ! 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 37 (3) 1 4.7 (3) ! 0-6-4-0 (3) 1 0 1 A ! hS 1 215 I 0.7 (1) 1 CORNWALL/ 6-12 ! 1 1 1 l 1 1 tS 1 112 1 0.5 (2) 1 ! 1 i 1 l I 1 UTILIZED I 18 ! - (0) 1 ! 1 1 ! l 1 1 t 1 ! l ! 63 (3) I 4.5 (3) ! 0-2-8-0 (3) ! 0 ! A 1 cS 1 13 ! - (0) 1 CORNWALL/ 6-12 ! 1 t 1 ! ! 1 hS ! 327 1 1.1 (2) ! ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 tS 1 175 1 0.7 (1) 1 ! 1 ! ! l t l mS ! 50 ! - (0) ! ! 1 ! l 1 1 1 1 ! I ! 1 28 (4) 1 6.3 (4) 1 0-4-6-0 (4) 1 0 ! P ! hS l 36 ! - (0) I BROCKVILLE/ 6-12 1 ! ! l 1 l l tS 1 45 ! 0.2 (1) I i ! 1 ! ! 1 1 mS ! 319 1 0.3 (3) l l 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 l ! ! 198 (5) 1 5.9 (5) 1 0-7-2-1 (5) l 6 ! P I OF ! 21 1 - (0) 1 BROCKVILLE/ 6-11 ! 1 1 1 1 I ! cS ! 15 ! - (0) ! ! ! 1 1 1 ! 1 hS ! 44 1 0.7 (1) ! 1 1 1 1 I ! 1 tS 1 39 ! 3.3 (1) 1 ! ! l ! ! 1 1 IDS l 189 1 1.7 (2) 1 ! 1 t 1 ! 1 l M 1 35 ! 4.8 (1) 1 | 1 t t l 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 118 (6) l 5.4 (6) 1 0-5-5-0 (6) t 6 ! A ! OF 1 20 ! - (0) 1 BROCKVILLE/ 6-11 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 hS ! 51 1 2.5 (1) 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 l tS ! 54 1 0.5 (2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m S 1 179 l 0.9 (1) 1 ! 1 ! ! 1 1 ! M ! 21 I 1.6 (1) 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 - 225 - APPENDIX A,4 n) (CON'T) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES, l AREA:OTTAWA-BROCKVlLLE 1 1 1 I IUNHUMIFIEDPEAT(H]-H3)*I (RECONNAISSANCE 1 ESTIMATED ESTIMATED ! AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE ! WEIGHTED AVERAGE 1 1 STUDY SITE 1 TOTAL PEATLAND ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME 1 THICKNESS (HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE ! 1 (AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH " VOLUME H4+ 1 H1-H3 ((von Post scale) 1 ( S-C-L-OTHER ) 1 KU.T.M. Grid (ha) (cm) (no. 63 631 PEAT ((no. of cores) !(| MOSS /10 - ! (Reference) of cores) (xlO M ) (xlO M ) I (cm) (no. 1 t SEDGE/10 - ! 1 (In situ) (in situ) (of cores) 1 t WOOD/10 - ! 1 1 l t OTHER/ 10) ! l 1 1 (no. of cores) ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! ! 1 318-39/40 845 184 (15) 15.5 13.3 ! 27 (15) 1 2.3 (10) 4-4-2-0 (10) ! 1(18 44) 4949) 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t t ! 1 1 1 1 1 31B-45A 225 122 (7) 2.8 1.9 1 40 (7) 1 2.9 (6) O-j-7-0 (6) 1 1(18 433 4938) 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 ! l ~—— W—— WHHWWMMMM * 1 TOTAL 7.858 101.6 80.2 1* In averaging these values all H1-H3 i they were t n a sur f 1 c 1 a 1 pos 1 1 1 on . - 226 - 1 1 1 ! PEATLAND 1 1 HUMIFIED P E A T (H4 -t-) ! CLASSIFICATION 1 K l •••••••••••I.. KWWMMMiBB*. J —— ^ —— —— —— ^-m-m •~W M H~~ 1 (AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE t WEIGHTED AVERAGE t PERCENTAGE l BASAL PEATLAND AREA ! AVERAGE M.N.R ADMINISTRATIVE 1 THICKNESS [HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE 1 OF OOZE TYPE (ha) (DEPTH OF DISTRICT/ ! IH4+ PEAT (von Post KS-C-L-OTHER) 1 PEATLAND PRESENT (P) PEAT SITE REGION - DISTRICT I 1 PEAT seal*) KJf MOSS /10 - (AREA WITH OR (m) 1 K cm) (no. (no. of cor.s)l t SEDGE/10 - K 10* TREE ABSENT (A) (no. of ! of cores) t WOOD/10 - l COVER cores) 1 t OTHER/ 10) 1 l (no. of cores) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 157 (15) 6.0 (15) 0-5-5-0 (15) l 2 P OF 16 3.2 (1) BROCKVILLE/ 6-11 ! 1 TF 31 2.1 (2) 1 1 CS 56 1.1 (2) l ! hS 183 1.6 (3) 1 1 ts 249 0.7 (3) 1 1 mS 266 3.7 (3) 1 1 M 44 1.6 (1) 1 1 1 82 (7) 5.3 (7) 0-3-7-0 (7) 1 31 P OF 69 1.6 (2) BROCKVILLE/ 6-11 l 1 ts 23 0.5 (1) 1 1 mS 133 1.3 (4) 1 1 1 - 227 - APPENDIX A.5 SUMMARY TABLES FOR PEATLANDS SURVEYED IN PARRY SOUND AREA. (REFER SECT. 3.3 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) i) DETAILED SURVEY SITES. TOTAL P E A T L A N D DEEP U N H U M 1 f ED PEAT (H1-H3) * 1 TOTAL VOLUME TOTAL TOTAL VOLUME 1 AVERAGE AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE! WEIGHTED WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED WEIGHTED (DETAILED STUDT TOTAL VOLUME H4+ AREA VOLUME H4+ PEAT 1 DEPTH THICKNESS PEAT TYPE 1 AVERAGE AVERAGE ! AVERAGE ! AVERAGE AVERAGE 1 SITE AREA 6 3 6 3 (ha) 6 3 6 3 K cm) (no. (en) (no. (S-C-L-OTHER) IHUMIFICATION HEAT VALUE! ASH CONTENT! LAB TIBER LAB PH 1 (U.T.M. Grid (ha) (xlO M l (xlO M ) (no. of l xlO M ) (xlO M llof cor .4) of cores) (t MOSS /IO - Kvon Post (cal/g) 1 (J) [CONTENT (*) OF PEAT 1 Reference) ( In situ) ( In situ) basins) (In situ) (In lltull t SEDGE/ 10 - (scale) (no. of Kno. of M no. of (no. of 1 1 t WOOO/10 - K no. of core*) sanpled i sampled (sampled sampled 1 1 t OTHER/ 10) 1 Interval s) l Intervals) ! Interval s) Intervals) 1 1 (no. of corsi) t 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 31E-I9 76 1.5 1.0 35 (1) 1.4 0.8 1369 (23) 76 (23) 8-2-0-0 (20)1 1.4 (20) 4,603 (3) 5.0 (3) 1 59 (3) 4.4 (3) 1(17 60J 5053) 1 1 j 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ! 1 J1E-24 616 7.8 5.3 91 (2) 7.0 4.5 1370 (59) 24 (59) 9-1-0-0 (28)1 1.3 (15) 4,085 (3) 4.4 (3) I 82 (3) 4.2 (3) 1(17 609 5036) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3IE-33 198 1.8 1.0 19 (1) 1.3 0.5 1268 (12) 17 (12) 9-0-1-0 (10)1 1.5 (8) 4,418 (1) - l - 1(17 614 5029) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31E-34A 159 2.1 1.4 34 (1) 1.3 0.9 1298 (23) 23 (23) 9-0-1-0 (16)1 1.3 (19) 4,234 (2) 5.0 (2) ! 78 (2) 4.5 (2) 1(17 613 50260 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 5 IE-348 167 2.7 t. 8 53 (1) 2.1 1.4 1327 (39) 43 (39) 9-1-0-0 (30)1 t.l (34) 4,171 (3) 5.0 (3) 1 90 (3) 4.7 (3) 1(17 613 5024) 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 31E-55 49 0.6 0.4 82 (1) 3.4 0.3 1253 (14) 26 (14) 8-2-0-0 (14)1 1.2 (12) 4,338 (2) 3.9 (2) ! 78 (2) 4.7 (2) 1(17 597 4994 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4IH-11 394 4.1 1.8 11 (1) 0.4 0.3 1277 (45) 22 (45) 8-2-0-0 (14)1 1.0 (26) 4,303 (4) 3.6 (3) ! 82 (3) 3.8 (3) 1(17 547 5077) 1 1 1 1 1 l ! 4IH-17 153 1.1 0.5 9 (1) 0.8 0.2 I239 (IO) 26 (10) 6-3-0-0 (8) 1 1.2 (23) 4,164 (1) 1(17 561 5038) 1 1 1 1 1 ! 41H-20 82 0.9 0.5 17 (1) 0.6 0.3 1211 (23) 23 (23) 5-5-0-0 (14)1 t. 2 (7) 4,229 (3) 5.1 (3) 1 90 (3) 4.2 (3) 1(17 561 5032) 1 1 ! 1 TOTAL 1.894 22.5 13.7 351 18.3 9.2 1 * In averaging l-hese values all H1-H3 Intervals vere Included nhether or not they vere In a surficial position. - 228 - 1 TOTAL PEATIANO 1 1 P E A T L A N D t 1 HUMIFIED PEAT (H4+) 1C L A S S 1 F 1 C A T 1 0 Ml 1 AVERAGE WEIGHTED A VE RAGE 1 WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED (WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED 1 WEIGHTED PERCENTAGE BASAL OOZEIPEATLAND AREA AVERAGE 1 TOTAL M.N.R ! COMMENTS (THICKNESS PEAT TYPE (AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE (AVERAGE OF cm thick 1 TYPE (ha) DEPTH OF (PEATLAND ADMINISTRATIVE 1 Kcm) (S-C-L-OTHER) HUMIFICATION (HEAT VALUE! ASH CONTENT! LA8 FIBER (LAB PH PEATLAND (no. of 1 PEAT (in) ! STUMP DISTRICT/ ! K no. of (1 MOSS /(O - K von Post Kcal/g) 1 (S) 1 CONTENT ( t ) 1 OF PEAT AREA WITH cores oithl (no. of (CONTENT SITE REGION ! 1 cor .s) t SEDGE/ 10 - (scale) K no. of ((no. of K no. of ((no. of ^0* TREE ooze / 1 cores) 1 (|) ! t WOOD/ 10 - l (no. of cores M samp led Isanpled (sampled Isanpled COVER total no. 1 1 1 1 f OTHER/ 10) 1 (Interval s) 1 Interval s) (Intervals) (Intervals) of cores) 1 1 ! (no. of cores) III 1 1 t 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1293 (23) 2-7-1-0 (20)1 6.1 (20) 14, Ml (1911 7.0 (15) 48 (15) 15.4 (15) 33 74 1 08 16 4.6 (7) ! 2.3 PARRY SOUND 1 1 1 1 1 1 (16/23) 1 TB 54 3.0 (18)1 /5-8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cS 6 2.7 (3) 1 j 1 1 1 t 1 1 1346 (53) 2-7-1-0 (14)1 7.1 (62) 14,957 (17)1 4.7 (16) 49 (16) 14.5 (16) 100 28 1 OB 432 2.7 (64)1 1.5 PARRY SOUND (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 1 (29/53) 1 TB 184 4.1 (20)1 /V8 (peat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1251 (12) 4-5-1-0 (10)1 6.5 (10) 15,038 (3) 1 4.1 (3) 57 (3) 13.1 (3) 0 - 1 OB 11 - (0) ! 3.0 PARRY SOUND 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 TB 187 2.0 (24)1 /5-8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1273 (23) 4-5-1-0 (23)1 5.7 (23) 15,035 (10)1 4.0 (10) 53 (10) 14.7 (10) 73 38 1 OB 103 2.7 (30)1 2.2 PARRY SOUND 1 1 1 1 1 (16/23) 1 TB 56 2.2 (11)1 /5-8 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1282 (39) 3-6-t-O (35)1 6.3 (35) 14,931 (13)1 6.9 (15) 55 (15) 14.4 (15) 78 39 1 OB 102 2.6 (39)1 2.1 PARRY SOUND (Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 (24/39) 1 TB 65 3.1 (11)1 /5-8 (peat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1227 l M) 70 109 1 OB 42 1.9 (24)1 1.9 PARRY SOUND 1 Category B fuel 1 1 1 1 (13/14) 1 hS 7 1.7 (5) 1 /5-7 Ipeat deposit. 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! 1255 (45) 4-6-0-0 (38)1 6.8 (38) 15,084 (11)1 7.0 (10) 51 (10) 14.5 (10) 0 23 1 08 65 1.2 (3) 1 1.3 PARRY SOUND 1 1 1 1 1 (29/45) 1 TB 329 2.3 (67)1 /5-7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1213 (10) 5-5-0-0 (8) 1 6.7 (8) 14,605 (4) 1 7.7 (2) 54 (2) 14.2 (2) 28 28 1 OB 62 1.6 (16)1 1.0 PARRY SOUND I 1 1 1 1 1 (9/10) 1 TB 91 1.7 (15)1 /5-7 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! MSa (23) 4-6-0-0 (23)1 6.7 (23) 15,052 (14)1 6.9 (14) 43 (13) 15.0 (14) 100 23 1 OB 82 2.1 (27)! 1.5 PARRY SOUND 1 1 1 1 1 1 (22/23) 1 1 /5-7 1 ™~—.————— i ——~-— ...— .. i --———— -. i —— — . ...- —— l----.--— - 229 - APPENDIX A,5 ii) RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY SITES, !AREA:PARRY SOUND 1 1UMHUMIFIEDPEAT (H1-H3) * ! (RECONNAISSANCE ESTIMATED ESTIMATED (AVERAGE AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE ! (STUDY SITE TOTAL PEATLANO ESTIMATED TOTAL VOLUME 1 THICKNESS HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE ! 1 AREA X AVERAGE DEPTH - VOLUME H4+ 1 H1-H3 (von Post scale)I(S-C-L-OTHER) ! KU.T.M. Grid (ha) (cm) (no. 63 631 PEAT (no. of cores) K J MOSS /(O - I (Reference) of cores) (xlO M ) (xtO M ) K on) (no. l t SEDGE/10 - 1 1 (In situ) (In situ) (of cores) I t WOOD/10 - ! 1 1 I t OTHER/10) 1 1 1 ((no. of cores) ! I 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 31E-3 366 220 (1) 8.1 8.1 1 - (1) (0) 1 - (0) 1 1(17 610 5079) 1 1 1 1 31E-5 184 213 (4) 3.9 3.6 1 15 (4) 1.0 (3) ! 7-3-0-0 (3) ! 1(17 610 5069) 1 I ! 1 ! ! i 1 31E-10 187 130 (3) 2.4 2.0 ! 25 (2) 1.0 (1) 1 9-1-0-0 (1) ! 1(17 607 5060) 1 ! ! 1 1 ! 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 31E-11 159 298 (4) 4.7 4.7 I 0 (4) (0) 1 - (0) ! 1(17 608 5059) 1 i I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 31E-30 156 188 (6) 3.0 2.5 ! 32 (6) 1.0 (6) 1 6-4-0-0 (6) 1 1(17 614 5035) 1 1 1 1 31E-31 209 148 (4) 3.1 3.0 ! 5 (4) 1.0 (1) ! 5-5-0-0 (1) 1 1(17 617 5034) 1 1 1 1 1 i l 31E-39 76 355 (4) 2.7 2.6 1 15 (3) 1.0 (3) 1 8-2-0-0 (3) ! 1(17 606 5021) I 1 1 I ! 1 1 1 i ! 1 31E-47 152 290 (1) 4.4 4.4 1 - (0) (0) ! - (0) ! 1(17 589 5004) 1 ! 1 1 t ! 1 31E-49 186 384 (4) 7.1 6.5 ! 34 (4) 1.0 (3) ! 5-5-0-0 (3) ! 1(17 595 5004) 1 1 1 3IE-63 121 163 (3) 2.0 1.4 1 45 (3) 1.0 (3) ! 5-5-0-0 (3) 1 1(17 623 5039) i ! 1 i 1 41H-14A 100 282 (5) 2.9 2.2 1 64 (5) 1.0 (4) 1 5-5-0-0 (4) ! 1(17 555 5046) 1 1 1 1 1 4IH-I9 109 1(17 560 5033) 1 1 TOTAL 2,005 44.3 40.9 !* In averagl ig these values all H1-H3 -e Included, whether or not they were In a surficial position. - 230 - 1 1 PEATLANO 1 1 HUMIFIED PEAT (H4 *) CLASSIFICATION 1 ••••t* •••.M t (AVERAGE 1 AVERAGE (WEIGHTED AVERAGE PERCENTAGE! BASAL PEATLAND AREA (AVERAGE M.N.R ADMINISTRATIVE ! (THICKNESS (HUMIFICATION (PEAT TYPE OF OOZE TYPE (ha) (DEPTH OF DISTRICT/ 1 IH4+ PEAT (von Post KS-C-L-OTHER) PEATLANO PRESENT (P) PEAT SITE REGION - DISTRICT 1 1 PEAT scale) !(f MOSS /10 - AREA WITH OR (m) ! Hem) (no. (no. of cores)! t SEDGE/10 - ^0* TREE ABSENT (A) (no. of ! lof cores) t WOOD/10 - COVER cores) ! % OTHER/ 10) ! (no. of cores) 1 1 I 220 (1) 4.6 (t) 6-4-0-0 ( 1 ) 28 P 06 102 2.0 (1) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 1 TB 260 2.2 (1) ! ts 4 - (0) ', 196 (4) 5.8 (4) 2-7-0.5-0.5(4) 76 P 06 139 2.1 (4) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 ! TB 45 - (0) 1 1 105 (2) 6.4 (2) 6-3-1-0 (2) 17 P OB 32 0.7 (1) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 1 TB 97 - (0) 1 cS 16 0.9 (1) ! ts 42 - (0) 1 298 (4) 6.6 (4) 3-5-2-0 (4) 1 P OB 2 - (0) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 ! TB 148 3.1 (4) ts 9 - (0) ! 1 157 (6) 6.1 (6) 2-7-1-0 (6) 58 P OB 90 1.5 (4) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 ! TB 66 2.7 (2) 1 1 143 (4) 7.3 (4) 5-5-0-0 (4) 49 A 06 102 1.5 (4) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 ! TB 107 - (0) 1 340 (4) 6.6 (4) 2-7-1-0 (4) 67 P OB 51 3.2 (4) BRACEBRIDGE/ 5-8 ! TB 23 4.2 (t) ! ts 2 - (0) 1 290 (1) 7.5 (1) 3-5-2-0 ( 1 ) 0 P TB 27 - (0) PARRY SOUND/ 5-7 1 cS 125 2.9 (1) 1 350 (4) 7.6 (4) 3-6-1-0 (4) 72 P OB 134 4.8 (3) PARRY SOUND/ 5-7 ! tB 52 1.1 (1) ! 118 (3) 6.7 (3) 3-7-0-0 (3) 48 P OB 97 1.6 (3) PARRY SOUND/ 5-8 ! TB 24 - (0) 1 ! 218 (5) 6.9 (5) 4-6-0-0 (5) 97 P OB 100 2.8 (4) PARRY SOUND/ 5-7 1 1 1 — — 0 — TB 109 2.9 (7) PARRY SOUND/ 5-7 1 —————————— - 231 - - 232 - - 233 - APPENDIX B. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO. 1. Peterborough 2. Kingston-Belleville 3. Pembroke 4. Ottawa-Brockville 5. Parry Sound Refer Sect. 3.5 for sources and context of data). - 234 - APPENDIX B.I PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM PETERBOROUGH AREA, (REFER SECT. 3.5 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND PO I NT EX n2o CACL2 FIB 0Xo BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG N H S 0 AS NTS MO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND % WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO ^0 % /G % % C:N "/o ?o y0 y0 PPM 3 ID 61 F300E 64 3.9 3.0 51 45 85 .16 1.05 5.4 11.4 6.8 74.1 4289 45.8 41.6 1.1 5.1 .12 40.9 •ci 31D 61 F300E 55 3.9 3.0 13 23 82 .19 1.07 4.4 9.0 5.8 70.7 4642 50.8 39.1 1.3 5.1 .11 36.9 *a 3 ID 61 F300E 87 4.1 3.7 •CIO 23 86 .15 1.06 5.9 7.9 2.2 71.7 5061 50.6 36.2 14 5.0 .15 40.6 •Ci 3 ID 61 F300E 66 4.8 3.7 29 23 84 .17 1.07 5.2 7.9 3.1 70.8 5095 44.4 34.2 1.3 5.0 .12 46.1 *a 31D 61 F300E 43 5.1 4.0 31 22 83 .18 1.07 4.7 7.2 6.7 68.6 4853 43.9 25.8 1.7 5.1 .23 47.6 •ci 31D 61 F300E 72 5.4 4.4 36 20 82 .18 1.06 4.6 6.7 17.2 61.6 4299 38.6 17.5 2.2 4.3 .12 37.5 •ci 31D 61 F300E 73 5.3 4.5 109 10 81 .20 1.08 4.2 6.4 38.3 49.2 2942 47.8 23.9 2.0 5.7 .09 36.2 *C1 310 61 L900E+500S 66 3.8 3.0 34 32 80 .21 1.07 4.0 6.4 8.3 71.3 4377 51.0 36.4 1.4 5.5 .10 33.7 o. 3 ID 61 L900E+500S 105 4.2 3.2 42 26 80 .22 1.08 3.8 5.8 5.2 68.8 5107 50.8 26.7 1.9 4.9 .16 37. O •ci 310 61 L900E+500S 111 4.9 3.9 34 26 82 .19 1.07 4.4 6.7 6.7 67.9 5061 45.3 20.6 2.2 4.6 .17 41.1 •CI 3 ID 61 L900E+500S 102 5.1 4.4 38 25 83 .17 1.05 5.0 8.0 13.0 62.5 4686 51.0 25.5 2.0 5.2 .12 28.7 •CI 31D 61 L900E+500S 84 5.4 4.6 45 22 84 .16 1.05 5.2 9.3 10.5 64.9 4791 52.0 23.6 2.2 4.3 .10 30.9 *:l 31D 61 L900E+500S 39 4.8 4.5 264 9 57 .53 1.24 1.3 2.4 87.7 11.7 .4 4.9 .12 *:l 31D 476 B1200W 100 4.8 4.0 57 41 84 .17 1.05 5.0 7.8 8.4 67.6 4490 47.3 21.5 2.2 5.8 .15 36.1 *:l 310 476 B1200W 105 5.0 4.1 40 29 83 .17 1.03 4.7 8.8 4.4 67.6 4962 49.5 30.9 1.6 5.5 .24 38.8 *:i 31D 476 B1200H 114 5.3 4.8 44 28 83 .18 1.06 4.8 7.2 4.9 67.5 4990 49.5 30.9 1.6 5.3 .16 38.6 •ci 3 ID 476 B1200H 97 5.9 4.9 37 31 85 .15 1.03 5.7 10.2 4.5 71.9 5045 50.2 22.8 2.2 5.2 .15 37.8 *:l 310 476 B1200W 76 6.0 5.1 48 28 87 .13 1.04 6.8 10.9 6.0 69.5 5000 50.8 20.3 2.5 5.7 .14 34.9 •ci 310 476 B1200W 107 5.5 5.0 166 15 87 .13 1.07 6.8 9.1 11.0 69.0 4673 50.6 19.5 2.6 5.0 .16 30.6 *:i 310 476 LO+300S 68 6.7 6.0 121 31 85 .15 1.04 5.6 6.9 13.2 68.4 4333 49.1 16.9 2.9 5.1 .17 29.5 *cl 310 476 LO+300S 84 5.2 4.1 41 27 80 .20 1.04 4.0 7.3 5.7 66.9 5213 49.0 40.8 1.2 5.0 .24 38.9 *:l 310 476 LO+300S 138 5.5 4.5 34 12 83 .18 1.06 4.8 7.6 70 65.4 5232 50.5 28.1 1.8 4.5 .29 35.9 *:i 31D 476 LO+300S 137 5.6 4.8 40 22 84 .17 1.06 5.1 9.6 8.5 64.2 4740 49.4 23.5 2.1 5.2 .23 34.5 •ci 310 210 L400H+200N 129 6.1 5.5 51 33 80 .21 1.66 3.8 5. 6 10.2 65.5 49.4 27.4 1.8 5.6 .14 32.9 Kl 310 210 L400H+200N 220 6.2 5.5 70 72 91 .10 1.06 9.6 15.0 8.5 64.2 4694 50.3 29.6 1.7 5.6 .12 33.8 *cl 31D 210 L400H+200H 66 6.2 5.5 60 16 81 .20 1.04 4.1 6.7 11.3 65.5 4885 48.4 24.2 2.0 4.8 .09 33.4 •CI 31D 210 L400W+200N 120 6.1 5.4 58 26 82 .18 1.07 4.7 8.3 9.3 64.8 4923 46.0 20.9 2.2 4.9 .17 37.4 *:l 310 210 L900W+200S 125 6.5 5.9 69 36 83 .18 1.08 4.8 6.8 9.8 65.0 4400 49.9 26.3 1.9 4.5 .53 33.4 ^ 310 210 L900W+200S 105 6.4 5.6 70 33 84 .17 1.07 5.0 8.6 7.6 66.3 4724 51.4 25.7 2.0 5.3 .21 33.5 *:l 310 210 L900W+200S 108 6.6 5.8 72 30 85 .16 1.07 5.6 8.4 7.8 67.8 4895 50.4 21.0 2.4 4.8 .09 34.5 •ci 3 ID 210 L900H+200S 133 6.2 5.6 206 35 84 .16 1.06 5.4 8.1 10.3 64.5 4700 52.1 22.7 2.3 5.2 .07 30.0 ^ 310 210 L900H+200S 101 6.1 5.8 321 6 83 .17 1.04 4.8 6.0 22.8 61.1 3955 4.0 1.5 2.6 5.4 1.5 ^ 310 360 B100S 117 5.5 5.0 95 45 82 .19 1.08 4.4 7.1 11.4 66.4 4387 42.6 20.3 2.1 5.1 .41 18.8 *:l 310 360 B100S 130 5.4 4.8 78 44 80 .21 1.08 4.0 6.9 8.3 67.1 5657 51.7 27.2 1.9 4.6 .10 93.4 ^ 3 ID 360 B100S 71 5.7 5.0 47 38 84 .17 1.09 5.4 9.7 5.1 69.3 5040 55.0 30.6 1.8 5.0 .35 32.8 ^ 31D 360 B100S 112 5.5 4.9 71 35 79 .21 1.07 3.9 4.1 7.9 66.2 4767 55.6 30.9 1.8 5.0 .23 29.5 •:l 31D 360 B100S 122 5.7 4.9 60 34 81 .21 1.08 4.1 7.2 8.1 67.7 4737 53.6 26.8 2.0 4.3 .17 31.8 •ci 310 360 B100S 110 5.7 5.0 73 28 81 .20 1.07 4.2 6.5 8.8 65.3 4726 49.5 23.6 2.1 5.3 .25 34.0 •ci 31D 360 B100S 95 5.7 5.2 85 31 86 .15 1.07 6.0 9.3 9.8 66.4 4592 47.1 22.4 2.1 6.0 1.5 33.5 ^ 310 360 B100S 93 5.8 5.3 380 29 86 .15 1.06 5.8 9.2 14.5 64.7 4436 47.5 19.0 2.5 5.9 2.0 27.6 *:l 310 360 B100S 80 5.6 5.1 167 8 84 .16 1.06 5.2 7.0 40.5 44.9 2557 28.6 15.9 1.8 4.0 1.9 23.2 •ci 3 ID 323 Til 118 3.7 2.9 67 50 86 1.08 6.4 9.9 4.9 70.5 4535 48.9 37.6 1.3 5.2 .18 39.6 •ci 310 323 Til 136 4.3 3.4 30 51 81 .20 1.08 4.3 7.8 3.9 70.1 5033 50.8 39.1 1.3 5.7 .20 38.1 •ci 310 323 Til 124 5.2 4.0 38 28 83 .17 1.08 5.2 9.3 4.7 66.4 5202 51.8 34.5 1.5 5.8 .17 36.0 •ci 310 323 Til 120 5.2 4.0 37 67 84 .16 1.06 5.2 8.6 9.0 65.5 4752 49.0 28.8 1.7 5.2 .25 34.8 •ci 310 323 Til 39 5.2 4.5 141 33 74 .29 1.13 2.8 5.8 50.9 33.1 2040 31.7 1.5 4.9 .21 ^ 31D 329 B500M 97 5.7 5.0 208 37 81 .20 1.09 4.3 6.7 20.4 66.1 39.6 14.1 2.8 5.1 .45 31.7 *:l 310 329 B500N 93 4.8 4.5 689 19 80 .21 1.08 4.0 8.6 30.8 52.0 3728 37.6 20.9 1.8 4.8 1.4 23.6 •ci 310 521 BOO 99 5.4 4.3 26 52 86 .15 1.07 6.1 12.8 4.3 76.8 4198 45.6 39.7 1.2 5.4 .11 43.4 ^ 31D 521 BOO 97 4.6 3.7 42 47 82 .19 1.06 4.5 9.3 4.4 69.3 4899 50.4 30.5 1.7 5.1 .16 38.2 •CI 31D 521 BOO 127 4.6 3.5 21 30 83 .17 1.05 5.0 9.4 2. 8 68. 7 5162 54.1 37.6 1.4 5.0 .10 36.6 *:l 3 ID 521 BOO 98 5.9 5.0 33 37 85 .15 1.05 5.7 11.5 5.0 68.2 4929 50.8 19.1 2.7 5.0 .13 34.1 •CI 310 521 BOO 70 7.5 7.5 222 17 79 .21 1.03 3.8 6.4 39.0 59.8 2838 31.0 13.5 2.3 3.8 .62 23.3 •ci 310 682 BOO 128 7.3 6.5 157 26 78 .24 1.09 3.4 5.6 12.8 61.6 4095 44.1 23.8 1.9 5.2 .61 35.4 •ci 310 682 BOO 102 7.2 6.8 152 31 81 .20 1.08 4.2 7.2 10.3 62.9 4508 46.4 17.6 2.6 5.0 .94 34.7 •ci 310 682 BOO 97 7.4 7.3 233 26 79 .21 1.07 3.8 7.5 28.9 51.9 3555 34.6 19.2 1.8 3.9 .93 29.9 *:l 310 682 L1250E+200S 78 7.1 6.9 91 26 80 .21 1.07 4.0 5.8 11.7 62.3 4469 42.1 17.5 2.4 4.6 .77 38.4 •CI 3 ID 701 LO+400H 138 7.3 6.5 136 23 78 .23 1.06 3.5 5.5 18.9 59.0 3641 40.6 23.9 1.7 4.7 .21 33.9 •CI 310 701 LO+400H 129 7.3 6.0 113 26 78 .25 1.11 3.4 5.2 17.8 59.6 3727 40.2 33.5 1.2 4.8 .37 35.6 •a 310 701 LO+400W 143 6.8 6.3 90 28 80 .22 1.12 3.9 6.5 11.0 62.1 4212 43.0 23.9 1.8 4.9 .27 61.0 •ci 3 ID 701 LO+400W 141 6.8 6.3 85 28 83 .18 1.07 4.8 8.6 7.0 67.0 4613 48.0 18.5 2.6 5.9 .17 36.3 •ci 310 701 LO+400W 117 6.9 7.4 83 32 84 .18 1.10 5.1 10.1 7.4 67.9 4665 47.9 19.2 2.5 5.5 .43 36.2 •:i 310 701 LO+400H 98 7.6 6.5 177 7 83 .17 1.04 5.0 7.4 23.9 64.9 3624 36.2 13.9 2.6 5.0 1.0 31.3 •ci 310 741 F600S 126 7.2 6.5 130 32 78 .23 1.10 3.6 6.1 12.8 64.6 4307 44.3 22.2 2.0 4.8 .60 35.5 •ci 31D 741 T5 134 7.0 6.8 120 36 83 .18 1.08 4.8 5.2 13.5 62.1 3794 39.2 20.6 1.9 4.4 .59 40.4 tl 310 741 T5 130 7.2 7.5 152 28 78 .24 1.11 3.5 5.8 13.8 62.2 4105 41.2 19.6 2.1 4.7 .82 37.4 •CI 310 741 T5 152 7.8 7.5 29 18 80 .21 1.07 4.0 7.4 15.6 63.4 4072 41.6 15.4 2.7 4.8 1.5 33.8 *:l 310 741 T5 25 8.0 7.4 192 3 61 .52 1.33 1.5 2.9 75.3 36.7 16.0 32.0 .5 .4 .38 •ci 31D 801 B1200E 100 7.8 7.0 303 32 79 .23 1.09 3.6 5.1 30.9 73.8 3129 31.4 16.5 1 9 5.3 .91 29.6 •CI 310 801 B1200E 92 7.5 6.4 243 33 77 .24 1.06 3.2 4.2 32.7 51.8 3019 31.4 14.3 2.2 5.4 .81 27.5 •CI 31D 801 B1200E 110 7.0 6.9 152 28 79 .22 1.09 3.7 5.8 43.3 44.2 2722 28.4 12.9 2.2 4.8 1.1 20.2 •ci 31D 803 B500S 110 7.2 6.3 258 76 .26 1.09 3.2 4.5 15.3 60.8 4055 41.0 29.3 1.4 5.4 .32 36.6 •ci 310 803 B500S 124 6.9 6.0 165 29 80 .21 1.10 4.0 7.6 19.1 56.8 4014 40.1 20.1 2.0 4.9 .64 33.3 0. 31D 803 B500S 166 6.7 6.0 81 19 79 .23 1.11 3.6 5.6 14.2 60.4 4972 44.0 31.4 1.4 4.6 .34 35.4 *:l 3 ID 803 B500S 162 6.7 6.0 71 22 80 .21 1.08 4.0 5.3 13.3 59.1 4021 41.1 27.4 1.5 4.1 .35 39.7 ^ 31D 803 B500S 157 6.6 6.0 76 19 78 .23 1.10 3.6 5.3 15.5 56.1 3913 41.6 27.7 1.5 5.5 .42 35.5 *:l 31D 888 H300N 96 7.4 6.8 145 25 74 .31 1.15 2.8 4.2 20.9 56.5 3638 38.8 24.3 1.6 5.0 .48 33.2 •ci 31D 888 H300N 138 7.3 6.1 245 36 82 .18 1.04 4.5 7.4 11.3 65.0 4577 45.4 15.1 3.0 5.8 1.1 33.4 0. 310 806 G800S+200W 126 6.9 6.0 66 24 80 .20 1.07 4.1 5.4 15.2 57.6 3943 42.8 25.2 1.7 4.6 .23 35.5 *C1 31D 806 G800S+200H 147 6.8 6.3 63 23 81 .20 1.06 4.2 5.9 12.3 63.0 4142 45.8 26.9 1.7 5.1 .15 35.0 *:l 310 806 G800S+200W 95 6.9 7.4 53 32 84 .17 1.07 5.2 9.9 8.3 65.0 4588 47.0 18.1 2.6 4.7 .24 37.1 ^ 310 806 G800S+200W 93 7.7 6.6 197 3 81 .20 1.08 4.2 6.5 35.1 56.3 2853 32.8 16.4 2.0 4.4 1,Q 24.7 •ci - 235 - TOP BOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN J NT J NT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CM)(CM) 1-9 S - C - L ~ X POS % % % % % FOR SUB PH CM .01 3114 507 2164 3454 2336 96 37 942 18 90 0 25 2 6 1 3 0 1 3 1 5 .01 2625 386 1280 3552 1814 42 30 963 57 32 25 110 6 6 3 1 0 1 3 1 5 .01 1853 332 245 1665 893 36 10 495 17 80 110 320 7 0 4 6 0 2 3 1 5 .01 4671 281 301 1906 2069 22 37 772 9 22 320 370 5 0 8 2 0 3 3 1 5 .01 6436 334 1240 4420 3953 19 77 971 17 28 370 550 5 0 6 4 0 3 3 1 5 ^01 7668 404 2277 7188 7464 104 130 1351 37 63 550 640 7 0 6 4 0 4 3 1 5 <.01 10089 624 6439 12834 13400 26 203 2541 46 63 640 845 5 3 1 5 <.01 4201 609 2246 3926 3462 88 72 884 18 47 0 20 2 2 0 8 0 1 45 4 3 <.01 4418 578 570 4229 1997 23 22 559 18 29 20 50 4 1 0 9 0 1 45 4 3 .06 5598 549 338 4659 3840 6 41 675 17 7 50 125 6 1 0 9 0 2 45 4 3 .10 8865 461 2222 4498 2289 4 98 1119 15 6 125 200 5 0 8 2 0 3 45 4 3 •e. 01 9003 274 856 4694 8694 •e2 89 1279 14 6 200 270 4 0 9 1 0 4 45 4 3 .04 25373 862 23843 45330 19526 14 469 6587 21 48 270 310 6 45 4 3 <.01 14095 850 1476 2943 1634 84 49 1477 17 63 0 25 4 0 7 3 0 1 0 3 1 •C. 01 10294 267 250 1672 815 4 19 1509 4 •el 25 75 5 0 5 5 0 1 0 3 1 <.01 11996 224 269 1679 2269 6 32 1618 6 •el 75 215 6 0 4 6 0 2 0 3 1 <.01 10500 230 549 2244 3415 7 43 1367 6 •el 215 270 5 2 7 1 0 3 0 3 1 <.01 8821 207 657 2298 4687 10 41 1256 12 8 270 300 6 1 9 0 0 4 0 3 1 <.01 12570 299 1244 2794 6132 14 63 1825 33 54 300 370 8 1 4 0 5 4 0 3 1 ^01 15495 1137 1113 2171 1373 103 111 1398 19 174 0 50 1 0 8 2 0 1 0 8 4 .01 11279 303 ^0 2754 2953 10 44 959 6 14 50 90 5 0 7 3 0 1 0 8 4 <.01 15741 239 668 2367 3201 15 65 927 12 8 90 140 6 0 6 4 0 2 0 8 4 <.01 16216 264 173 3433 6713 8 78 1253 9 13 140 350 5 o 9 1 0 3 0 8 4 .03 25162 636 642 1859 2209 19 157 4045 11 47 0 35 3 2 0 8 0 1 85 4 2 .03 20792 570 136 2791 1357 5 117 3488 22 15 35 60 4 0 0 10 0 2 85 4 2 .09 17037 1307 747 4120 1671 8 137 2350 62 27 60 85 7 0 0 10 0 2 85 4 2 ^01 14471 613 518 4701 3388 12 244 2815 50 47 85 180 6 0 6 4 0 3 85 4 z <.01 54185 474 289 2002 2284 14 77 6422 8 27 0 120 4 0 1 9 0 1 95 4 1 .01 21761 389 224 3132 1814 9 52 3788 21 12 120 220 6 0 3 7 0 3 95 4 1 .02 19431 408 *:10 3750 5290 7 75 3405 33 17 220 300 5 0 6 9 0 4 95 4 1 •C. 01 20101 441 275 4554 9900 10 98 3545 49 33 300 325 8 0 2 8 0 4 95 4 1 <.01 19595 418 1961 6941 19753 11 126 4225 44 57 325 380 5 95 4 l <.01 19947 853 1173 5361 4427 55 198 2268 19 88 0 10 3 0 4 6 0 1 50 4 3 <.01 22236 651 780 2447 1701 15 111 2030 10 29 10 25 4 0 1 9 0 1 50 4 3 •e. 01 14099 462 2350 1045 73 1554 7 28 25 70 3 0 10 0 0 1 50 4 3 <.Q\ 22796 577 3079 2058 75 2201 12 26 70 90 5 0 1 9 0 2 50 4 3 <.01 25150 645 644 2699 1271 14 71 2102 12 17 90 105 5 0 1 9 0 2 50 4 3 <.01 25155 528 734 3471 1625 17 69 2118 32 21 105 150 6 0 1 9 0 3 50 4 3 <.01 20076 330 613 3208 6438 14 73 2026 24 42 150 240 4 0 1 9 0 4 50 4 3 x:. 01 19158 440 1307 4305 8511 21 104 1969 28 75 240 250 7 0 9 1 0 4 50 4 3 <.01 19094 645 10337 12683 12878 19 268 ..2839 . 19 39 250 350 5 50 4 3 .20 3113 731 1279 2802 3896 93 42 895 16 86 0 25 2 2 0 8 0 1 80 4 3 <.01 6844 451 •CIO 3104 1266 14 22 688 12 9 25 70 5 1 0 9 0 1 80 4 3 <.01 11352 313 123 3152 5362 11 52 797 16 10 70 225 5 0 6 4 0 2 80 4 3 *:.01 11462 402 1250 6207 9986 12 97 1077 29 21 225 350 4 0 2 8 0 4 80 4 3 <.01 350 430 5 80 4 3 .22 15521 3431 1846 7048 5498 53 216 1626 75 76 0 25 5 0 6 4 0 80 5 3 .10 18540 810 5305 3409 1795 16 220 955 138 15 25 115 5 89 5 3 <.01 11513 639 705 1561 1367 53 89 964 7 82 0 15 2 7 1 2 0 1 5 1 1 •C. 01 13917 536 266 2071 702 3 4 594 1 24 15 45 4 2 0 8 0 1 5 1 1 <.01 10100 282 •elO 1820 423 O ^ 271 •el 2 45 140 5 0 6 4 0 2 5 1 1 <.01 16532 252 186 2506 1203 O 11 379 4 6 140 280 3 2 7 1 0 3 5 1 1 .04 71718 426 2662 6560 8504 35 94 7680 35 41 289 325 5 5 1 1 .10 47731 343 946 2150 3941 13 99 1726 9 28 10 60 5 0 0 10 0 1 90 4 3 *:.01 38183 301 920 220 3335 10 87 2016 7 23 60 200 5 0 8 2 0 3 90 4 3 <,OJ. 41539 489 . 5722, 13005 8450 8 183 3903 9 27 200 260 5 90 4 3 .08 34678 485 841 3164 7635 10 179 1291 20 26 25 135 5 0 (L 10 0 95 4 3 .12 52679 758 1666 3448 3208 25 65 1721 12 21 0 25 5 0 1 9 0 1 60 7 5 .01 48330 545 684 2596 3603 3 78 1519 12 25 25 60 6 0 1 9 0 1 60 7 5 .01 64503 387 1024 636 826 35 11 1231 10 2 60 110 5 0 6 4 0 2 60 7 5 .01 18475 195 466 1176 462 5 10 483 •el *cl 110 200 5 0 9 1 0 2 60 7 5 .01 33276 344 352 1411 1442 6 30 928 4 11 200 240 6 1 8 1 0 3 60 7 5 .01 74274 496 3085 4531 6366 52 82 2318 25 75 240 320 0 0 0 10 4 60 7 5 .05 40619 742 921 4046 5597 •el 87 923 60 49 10 180 s 0 0^10 0 90 4 5 .03 53183 515 783 2433 2775 13 34 614 43 22 0 35 3 0 0 10 0 1 15 4 3 *:.01 66566 588 1681 1414 1847 47 29 576 46 15 35 140 6 0 0 10 0 2 15 4 3 •c. 01 61642 332 650 2153 4174 6 38 699 30 64 140 160 4 0 9 1 0 4 15 4 3 <.01 53343 79 425 1183 2991 31 301 3391 9 34 160 360 6 15 4 3 <.01 36555 1388 8065 20878 15206 12 137 6077 44 137 0 20 5 10 30 6 5 .02 39398 1507 7878 22491 13357 14 133 5780 55 122 20 65 5 10 30 6 5 ^01 36492 1213 9887 28789 16224 12 182 6227 68 117 65 145 5 10 30 6 5 .04 41797 360 952 4133 3621 4 140 2172 7 25 0 15 3 0 2 8 0 1 40 4 3 <.01 41189 355 3144 8552 5846 10 119 2679 9 27 15 65 4 0 0 10 0 1 40 4 3 <.01 57064 234 481 1422 2146 10 56 1991 5 15 65 125 6 0 0 10 0 3 40 4 3 •c. 01 61094 289 818 1758 2606 25 57 2158 9 19 125 155 7 0 0 10 0 4 40 4 3 <.01 62454 255 1755 3034 2646 46 54 2788 19 29 155 180 8 0 0 10 0 4 40 4 3 <.01 61973 587 2108 5992 6991 7 65 2508 23 33 0 60 5 0 0 10 0 2 60 4 5 <.01 29939 297 879 3123 7595 6 42 1601 9 39 60 115 4 0 0 19 9 4 60 4 5 <.01 57278 450 672 1761 1545 14 128 1199 6 41 0 80 6 0 0 10 0 1 70 7 5 •e. 01 50945 296 2757 831 74 965 6 18 80 180 5 0 2 8 0 2 70 7 5 <.01 26235 313 368 1171 937 7 33 724 2 9 180 350 3 0 10 0 0 4 70 7 5 <.01 65038 41*5 3055 6602 10088 19 127 3133 15 54 350 405 5 70 7 •i - 236 - APPENDIX B.I (CON'T) PETERBOROUGH AREA. PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACL2 FIB 70 BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS NO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND 96 WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO "/o /G % C:N PPM 3 ID 368 L200N+100W 124 7.1 6.5 112 36 81 .21 1.14 1.4 7.1 16.0 60.7 3730 40.0 19.0 2.1 4.8 .40 36.7 •ci 310 368 L200N+100W 134 6.9 6.5 100 25 78 .24 1.11 3.5 5.8 15.7 60.0 3855 42.5 25.0 1.7 5.1 .77 34.2 •a 31O 368 L200N+100W 151 7.0 6.5 99 22 80 .21 1.08 .1 6.4 15.5 61.4 4073 42.8 22.5 1.9 5.8 .82 33.3 •ci 310 368 L200N+100W 107 6.9 7.4 97 32 81 .20 1.07 .1 6.9 14.2 62.1 4260 43.7 18.2 2.4 5.6 .93 33.3 •ci 310 368 L200N+100H 116 7.7 7.5 162 36 83 .18 1.07 .9 7.5 13.6 64.4 4498 44.8 17.9 2.5 5.1 1.4 32.5 *a 310 368 L2.QON+IOOW 23 7.7 5.1 248 Q 61 ,5Q 1.28 .5 2.9 76.4 41.1 15.6 .2 4.6 ,sa •ci 3 1C 316 B1600S 217 6.5 5.6 73 24 81 .20 1.08 .2 8.1 13.8 62.2 4070 42.2 23.4 1.8 5.2 .63 36.3 n 3 1C 316 L1100S+600E 115 7.0 6.3 87 44 81 .21 1.10 .1 6.2 13.9 63.7 3716 39.6 18.9 2.1 5.1 .41 38.9 *i 3 1C 316 L1100S+600E 132 6.8 6.0 95 27 79 .2? 1.08 • 6 5.9 11.6 63.4 4193 45.8 26.9 1.7 4.4 • 50 36,0 ^1 3 1C 406 L400E+100S 164 7.2 6.4 113 22 79 .23 1.10 .6 4.9 14.3 60.1 3937 41.4 23.0 1.8 4.7 .47 37.3 *:l 3 1C 406 L400E+100S 100 7.3 6.9 150 5 80 .20 1.05 .1 5.8 13.1 62.3 4318 46.0 19.2 2.4 4.4 1.0 33.1 ^ 31C 406 L400E+100S 57 7.9 7,5 399 1 74 .29 1.10 • 8 4.3 41.3 57.6 1577 25.6 25,5 *1 3 1C 406 L1400E+400N 134 7.4 6.5 76 35 80 .21 1.09 .0 5.8 16.4 60.0 3761 41.8 22.0 1.9 6.0 .45 33.4 *1 3 1C 406 L1400E+400N 116 7.0 6.3 103 20 76 .26 1.11 .1 4.9 17.8 61.4 3872 43.7 27.3 1.6 6.0 .38 30.7 •ci 3 1C 406 L1400E+400H 154 7.3 6.3 88 30 80 .21 1.10 .1 7.1 10.0 62.7 4511 46.1 20.0 2.3 5.4 .64 35.1 ^ 3 1C 406 L1400E+400N 85 7.3 6.5 235 14 aa .17 1.03 ,7 0.9 18.8 56.6 4139 4,1.6 17.3 2.4 5.1 1.2 30.8 *1 - 237 - TOP BOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN JNT JNT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D~W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CM) (CM) 1-9 s - c - L - x POS % % % 96 96 FOR SUB PH CM .16 53910 1600 2433 4417 3963 68 1714 3658 20 139 0 30 4 0 1 9 0 1 55 4 5 .03 53257 567 937 2276 1706 17 792 3294 11 21 30 70 6 0 0 10 0 1 55 4 5 001 48963 412 813 1850 1370 12 419 3205 9 39 70 160 4 0 6 4 0 2 55 4 5 001 46158 368 869 2413 1896 14 210 2775 13 14 160 190 6 0 7 3 0 3 55 4 5 •c. 01. 43867 351 797 2669 6661 9 230 2941 20 19 190 260 4 0 10 0 0 4 55 4 5 <.01 70000 . 239 4097 1056 5625 139 459 7400 38 33 260 370 fi 55 4 5 <.01 45237 401 944 3464 5062 8 62 3562 12 16 20 170 6 0 2 8 0 90 4 5 <.01 43973 947 1275 3440 3890 43 101 4321 11 62 0 20 4 1 0 9 0 1 85 4 3 .04 45159 486 395 1605 5036 16 41 4017 11 43 20 110 4 0 0 10 0 3 85 4 J •C. 01 68309 337 787 1812 2858 10 37 1394 12 17 30 90 6 0 0 10 0 2 75 4 5 <.01 52282 294 717 2087 3235 20 31 1516 10 11 90 130 8 0 8 2 0 4 75 4 5 <.01 70000 287 3646 342 11497 103 198 3350 37 76 130 170 5 75 4 5 .06 36675 814 1672 5150 6292 27 96 1448 15 123 0 20 3 0 1 9 0 1 10 30 6 1 <.01 71576 297 1132 2213 3659 22 78 917 13 15 20 80 6 0 0 10 0 2 10 30 6 1 001 45043 190 652 2259 2044 9 46 728 9 18 80 100 5 0 9 1 0 3 10 30 6 1 001 44771 314 2267 6300 9803 10 71 J.577 13 54 100 150 0 3 0 7 4 ;0 30 6 ; - 238 - APPENDIX B.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM KINGSTON-BELLEVILLE AREA, (REFER SECT. 3.5 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACL2 FIB ?o BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS NO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND % WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO 0Xo /G C.N PPM 3 1C 509 B770W 142 3.3 2.9 125 100 92 .08 1.04 11.6 27.0 2.8 79.5 4160 44.1 41.2 44.1 1.0 4.7 .06 47.3 01 3 1C 509 B770W 145 3.1 2.6 55 87 .12 1.00 6.9 10.6 3.0 74.1 4582 47.9 44.8 28.2 1.7 4.4 .15 42.8 .3 3 1C 509 B770W 172 3.4 2.8 124 93 .08 1.14 12.9 26.7 .8 76.2 4539 48.0 45.2 53.3 .9 4.8 .05 45.4 •C.I 3 1C 509 B770W 152 4.2 3.3 38 41 91 .09 1.00 9.7 12.8 1.9 72.7 5052 51.4 48.9 32.1 1.6 5.5 .06 39.5 ol 3 1C 509 B770M 113 5.2 4.4 53 57 92 .07 1.00 11.9 15.3 3.2 67.6 5088 53.2 50.7 25.3 2.1 5.6 .04 35.9 ol 3 1C 509 B770H 87 5.3 4.6 57 58 91 .08 .99 10.5 13.6 3.0 67.1 4922 54.0 51.2 23.5 2.3 6.2 .13 34.4 ol 3 1C 509 B770W 97 5.7 4.8 49 61 92 .07 1.01 11.8 17.2 3.6 67.9 4915 54.4 51.8 23.7 2.3 5.9 .10 33.7 ol 3 1C 509 B770W 114 6.0 5.1 48 105 94 .06 .99 15.3 23.7 13.9 70.9 5111 54.4 49.7 21.8 2.5 5.8 .21 23.2 ol 3 1C 509 B770W 95 5.8 5.5 144 17 90 .09 .99 9.3 10.0 40.5 47.9 2903 33.0 10.1 15.0 2.2 5.6 .75 18.0 .2 3 1C 509 B770W 13 7.2 7.0 240 4 54 1.2 92.7 7.1 ^0 4.2 3.8 21.1 .2 5.6 .25 1.0 3 1C 509 F920W 141 4.0 3.3 74 93 93 .07 1.00 12.4 23.5 2.9 80.7 4244 45.6 42.0 39.6 1.2 4.6 .04 46.0 .5 3 1C 509 F920W 123 3.7 3.1 54 89 .10 1.00 8.2 10.8 2.0 70.0 5329 44.1 42.0 25.9 1.7 4.2 .12 47.9 01 3 1C 509 F920H 124 3.8 3.4 5 41 89 .11 1.02 8.3 12.0 2.5 69.9 5327 56.8 54.1 37.9 1.5 6.7 .02 32.5 01 3 1C 509 F920W 165 4.2 3.5 17 44 89 .10 1.00 8.3 10.7 3.6 67.7 5323 58.0 57.2 34.1 1.7 5.9 .01 30.8 ol 3 1C 509 F920W 134 4.7 3.9 30 57 91 .09 .99 9.5 13.8 3.1 5114 44.1 41.1 22.1 2.0 5.1 .36 45.3 01 ne. 509 F920W 86 5.5 5.2 96 63 89 .11 1.01 7.8 13.5 31.3 3927 .5 3 1C 511 L828S+200H 77 4.1 3.1 27 87 92 .08 1.01 10.9 21.2 1.3 78.3 4235 49.9 47.2 41.6 1.2 5.8 .15 41.6 .8 3 1C 511 L828S+200H 7 4.3 3.4 19 53 90 .09 .99 9.1 12.8 2.4 70.2 5046 58.0 55.8 30.5 1.9 6.3 .11 31.3 01 3 1C 511 L828S+200H 146 4.6 3.7 26 62 91 .08 .99 10.7 13.1 2.5 69.2 5101 59.6 57.8 33.1 1.8 5.6 .05 30.4 01 3 1C 511 L828S+200H 152 4.7 3.9 26 64 92 .08 1.00 11.4 14.7 2.6 68.7 5147 43.2 40.0 22.7 1.9 4.7 .10 47.5 .1 3 1C 511 L828S+200W 97 5.1 4.2 29 51 92 .08 1.00 11.3 13.6 3.1 71.4 4999 55.5 52.2 30.8 1.8 6.4 .12 33.1 •c.l 3 1C 511 L828S+200W 92 5.6 5.3 134 75 92 .07 1.01 11.5 8.2 17.3 4167 46.5 43.0 15.1 3.1 5.6 .73 26.7 .1 3 1C 521 B300W 105 5.8 5.5 124 29 86 .14 1.01 6.0 7.6 11.8 64.4 4786 49.2 47.0 22.9 2.2 5.3 .59 31.0 .3 3 1C 521 B300W 141 6.3 5.1 73 39 88 .12 1.00 7.2 8.7 8.5 64.8 4474 52.1 49.8 20.0 2.6 5.4 .57 30.8 .4 3 1C 521 B300H 138 6.6 5.9 61 60 89 .10 1.02 8.4 12.2 6.7 65.6 5023 57.2 55.2 22.9 2.5 6.7 .64 26.3 •C.I 3 1C 521 B300W 53 7.5 7.5 567 17 79 .22 1.06 3.9 4.1 56.1 28.4 23 21.1 5.6 24.9 .9 2.3 .93 6.7 3 1C 521 B300W 7.8 7.4 3 36 .6 91.3 5.9 4.4 2.2 22.0 .2 .5 .22 3.3 3 1C 522 L3+400S 110 6.0 5.4 116 51 88 .12 1.00 7.3 7.7 6.1 68.9 4618 49.0 45.5 20.0 2.5 4.9 .42 37.2 .5 3 1C 522 L3+400S 139 5.8 4.9 44 46 88 .11 .99 7.7 10.1 3.7 68.7 4702 52.6 50.0 22.9 2.3 6.0 .28 35.1 01 3 1C 522 L3+400S 142 6.2 5.1 50 55 90 .09 .99 9.4 12.0 3.4 65.4 4584 54.8 51.8 26.1 2.1 6.1 .30 33.3 ol 3 1C 522 L3+400S 102 6.1 5.0 51 53 90 .09 1.00 9.3 11.6 3.6 64.8 4645 54.1 50.9 25.8 2.1 5.7 .32 34.2 .1 3 1C 522 L3+400S 141 6.1 5.1 50 56 91 .09 1.01 10.0 13.5 2.3 67.2 4838 55.6 51.4 23.2 2.4 5.3 .30 34.1 •C.I 3 1C 522 L3+400S 134 6.2 5.5 71 56 91 .08 1.01 10.5 14.5 2.5 68.9 4970 56.4 54.2 20.1 2.8 5.4 .46 32.4 •C.I 3 1C 522 L3+400S 140 6.5 5.7 72 61 91 .09 .99 9.6 11.4 4.1 4910 53.6 49.8 5.1 .67 36.5 •C.I 3 1C 522 L3+400S 162 6.5 6.1 96 31 91 .08 .99 10.6 11.6 8.9 66.6 4719 51.0 47.8 4.6 1.0 34.5 .4 3 1C 567 G850H+400N 31 5.5 5.0 544 2 47 .61 1.15 .9 1.7 60.0 30.7 19.4 6.6 11.4 1.7 3.5 .18 15.2 14.0 Hi* "J Q "J A j 4\* 567 G850W+400N JO f * ^ 7.1 717 82 .18 1.01 17.7 3.0 3 1C 567 G850W+400N 77 5.4 5.2 822 14 73 .27 1.01 2.7 4.2 41.5 42.4 2523 32.2 13.7 21.5 1.5 4.0 .91 19.9 15.0 31C 567 L700E+200N 64 6.6 6.1 411 12 77 .23 1.01 3.3 4.1 16.5 60.7 3953 42.6 17.0 15.2 2.8 4.4 .55 33.1 4.4 3 1C 567 L700E+200N 129 6.9 6.9 739 29 83 .16 .99 5.0 7.3 17.8 4209 82.2 7.8 3 1C 567 L700E+200N 7.4 7.4 583 4 64 .42 1.18 1.8 2.5 50.9 21.7 19.8 3.6 49.5 .4 2.2 .64 26.1 .9 3 1C 567 L700E+200H 40 7.2 7.2 811 45 69 .34 1.12 2.3 3.3 68.4 30.5 16.6 3.4 15.1 1.1 2.2 2.3 9.4 3.7 3 1C 569 F900N 109 7.2 6.9 278 77 83 .19 1.12 4.9 9.0 7.7 67.4 4143 48.5 43.1 23.1 2.1 5.3 .39 36.0 .4 3 1C 569 F900N 115 6.8 6.2 71 55 90 .09 1.01 9.3 14.8 2.2 68.9 4821 55.2 51.6 26.3 2.1 5.6 .22 34.7 .1 3 1C 569 F900H 184 6.6 6.1 83 47 86 .13 1.00 6.2 7.8 8.8 61.9 4342 50.8 48.2 21.2 2.4 5.2 .92 31.9 .1 3 1C 569 F900N 142 6.6 6.1 101 42 85 .15 1.04 5.6 8.8 10.7 61.4 4231 48.7 44.9 20.3 2.4 4.6 1.2 32.3 •C.I 3 1C 569 F900N 97 6.8 6.3 113 52 89 .11 1.00 7.7 12.0 6.5 65.9 4754 53.0 49.3 18.9 2.8 5.9 1.2 30.6 •C.I 3 1C 569 F900N 109 7.4 7.2 283 24 89 .10 1.00 8.2 8.9 9.4 4590 52.4 48.9 5.9 1.4 30.9 3 1C 569 F900N 42 7.5 7.2 222 3 75 .25 1.02 3.0 2.7 48.7 39.7 22.3 5.0 24.8 .9 5.4 .47 22.2 01 3 1C 569 H1100N 102 7.0 6.5 128 63 90 .10 .99 8.8 12.0 5.0 86.2 4531 47.1 44.9 13.9 3.4 5.1 .53 38.9 01 3 1C 569 H1100N 156 6.6 6.2 110 41 85 .15 1.02 5.7 7.1 10.0 65.5 4094 49.1 46.0 21.3 2.3 4.8 .35 33.5 .1 31C 569 H1100N 98 6.6 6.0 93 36 84 .16 1.01 5.3 7.2 10.1 61.5 4076 50.6 46.8 25.3 2.0 5.5 .28 31.5 01 31C 569 H1100M 52 6.6 6.0 91 25 82 .18 1.03 4.6 7.1 9.8 60.1 4106 46.8 42.8 24.6 1.9 4.9 .51 36.1 .1 3 1C 569 H1100N 145 6.4 6.1 107 40 86 .13 1.00 6.4 8.5 8.1 63.0 4459 49.5 36.6 17.1 2.9 5.6 .75 33.2 01 31C 569 H1100M 140 6.5 6.2 104 50 87 .13 1.00 6.5 9.9 6.8 65.0 4645 53.4 50.2 17.2 3.1 6.4 .76 29.5 01 31C 569 H1100N 115 7.2 7.0 300 59 89 .11 1.03 7.9 10.8 4315 46.3 44.7 5.5 1.2 .1 3 1C 569 H1100N 24 7.4 7.3 344 1 69 .35 1.15 2.2 3.1 52.0 28.2 21.2 4.5 26.5 .8 2.3 .40 23.3 01 3 1C 569 L766N+338E 71 6.7 6.2 120 55 87 .13 1.00 6.7 11.0 9.0 68.5 4354 50.0 47.0 20.0 2.5 5.8 .56 32.1 1.3 3 1C 569 L766N+338E 118 6.2 5.7 81 47 87 .12 1.01 6.9 13.2 4.3 66.0 4549 52.2 49.8 20.1 2.6 6.0 .14 34.8 01 3 1C 569 L766N+338E 111 6.3 5.7 61 39 87 .13 1.00 6.7 8.4 8.0 61.1 4278 51.1 48.2 22.2 2.3 6.2 .02 32.4 01 3 1C 569 L766N+338E 110 6.5 5.8 106 29 82 .18 1.03 4.6 8.0 9.8 60.8 4186 51.4 48.7 28.6 1.8 5.8 .29 30.9 01 3 1C 569 L766N+338E 113 6.3 5.9 211 21 83 .17 1.01 4.7 10.5 18.5 58.4 4065 47.9 45.0 20.0 2.4 4.9 1.2 25.1 .3 3 1C 576 B2600W 93 5.0 4.8 387 55 77 .26 1.11 3.4 5.0 10.7 60.6 4164 47.6 44.2 22.2 2.2 4.3 .30 35.0 .3 3 1C 576 B2600W 123 5.9 5.5 52 48 87 .14 1.10 6.5 13.0 4.9 65.5 4806 55.4 50.4 20.5 2.7 5.7 .17 31.1 01 3 1C 576 B2600H 79 6.9 7.0 500 14 84 .17 1.03 5.1 6.9 53.6 40.6 2378 26.0 9.9 15.4 1.6 3.7 1.3 15.2 .3 3 1C 576 B2600W 119 7.0 6.9 544 31 85 .15 1.03 5.6 8.9 47.7 2452 29.6 11.4 5.5 1.0 .2 3 1C 576 B2600W 69 6.5 6.5 778 11 80 4.0 75.0 23.2 14.6 8.4 5.5 1.0 5.4 3 1C 588 B500E 116 6.2 5.3 102 42 83 .18 1.14 4.8 7.3 11.5 63.8 4614 47.6 43.8 20.7 2.3 4.6 .38 33.7 .5 3 1C 588 B500E 98 6.2 5.7 142 41 85 .15 1.04 5.5 8.1 9.1 62.3 4337 50.4 48.8 28.0 1.8 5.9 .60 32.2 .1 3 1C 588 B500E 99 5.5 5.9 80 40 87 .14 1.05 6.4 9.7 9.0 59.2 4197 48.0 45.8 24.0 2.0 4.5 .43 36.1 .1 3 1C 588 B500E 110 6.7 5.9 78 40 87 .13 1.04 6.9 8.3 9.3 60.1 4250 52.7 49.9 25.1 2.1 6.0 .50 29.4 01 3 1C 588 B500E 108 6.8 6.1 72 46 88 .12 1.02 7.3 9.4 8.1 62.5 4409 52.2 49.0 23.7 2.2 5.9 .16 31.4 01 - 239 - TOP EOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN J NT INT. HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM CCMMCM) 1-9 S - C - L - X POS % % y0 9i 07o FOR SUB PH CM .07 3106 378 1679 1042 1601 36 139 678 5 40 0 20 2 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .07 1790 499 472 1445 933 7 14 371 3 28 20 30 5 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .08 1066 160 183 343 662 O 7 389 2 9 30 150 3 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .04 2468 294 153 1135 586 0 6 495 2 6 150 360 7 10 0 0 0 2 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .04 8729 257 341 1239 2474 0 15 1191 3 4 360 400 4 0 10 0 0 3 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .08 10259 235 329 1060 3772 2 20 1321 3 21 400 460 428 0 0 4 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .04 9815 231 295 851 5702 •C2 26 1427 3 10 460 500 3 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .04 7056 233 272 784 6192 2 28 1292 4 22 500 520 4 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .07 12777 504 7538 20803 18675 25 204 6255 21 56 520 680 5 0 0 90 0 99 1 4 3.5 49 .16 24857 916 17783 42870 245Q1 87 454 12851 23 86 680 6 0 0 90 0 99 l 4 3.5 49 .16 3373 572 2358 1065 1572 37 79 959 5 44 0 30 3 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .11 2633 351 152 1400 638 ^ 5 348 3 7 30 80 7 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .08 3374 281 224 1775 880 ^ 7 358 4 4 80 120 8 10 0 0 0 2 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .04 5749 219 255 2322 1514 ^ 17 527 6 4 120 160 791 0 0 3 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .03 8789 252 271 2095 2322 ^ 42 937 6 3 160 220 419 0 0 4 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .04 ^ 220 240 5 0 0 68 45 99 1 4 3.7 44 .03 4046 502 876 1263 1534 82 22 720 5 48 0 40 3 10 0 0 0 1 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .04 4592 308 129 1311 843 ^ 6 477 3 8 40 160 482 0 0 1 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .03 6233 291 92 1431 1212 O 5 628 3 10 160 180 564 0 0 2 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .03 6755 285 66 1430 1165 •C2 6 610 3 7 180 210 446 0 0 2 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .05 9235 267 150 1717 1628 ^ 15 762 5 6 210 440 4 0 10 0 0 3 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .13 9372 284 1497 4961 6172 22 59 1216 11 58 440 540 5 10 0 20 3 90 1 4 3.5 82 .12 13510 1937 894 7797 3089 10 149 1484 32 45 0 80 600 10 0 1 70 0 0 55 15 7 4 5.9 63 .08 16290 577 360 4141 3928 7 151 1272 18 9 80 120 603 7 0 3 70 0 0 55 15 7 4 5.9 63 .09 18460 367 436 2439 4814 3 134 1325 8 15 120 190 5 0 10 0 0 4 70 0 0 55 15 7 4 5.9 63 .08 48910 181 1206 2473 9465 20 308 5577 12 26 190 240 5 70 0 0 55 15 7 4 5.9 63 .02 46580 992 15994 46786 32795 ;48 623 20147 25 73 240 6 70 0 0 55 15 7 4 5.9 63 .14 20517 652 705 2215 2676 28 146 1730 10 46 0 230 600 10 0 1 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .06 20185 419 364 2644 4155 K2 180 1690 9 17 230 280 600 10 0 2 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .04 25193 252 194 1866 4051 ^ 133 1861 7 12 280 330 602 8 0 2 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .05 25640 279 152 1776 3940 4 135 1795 7 13 330 380 602 8 0 2 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .05 19936 257 19 1447 3062 •C2 87 1606 8 14 380 430 507 3 0 3 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .04 15655 272 370 2296 3188 ^ 76 1476 13 15 430 500 4 0 10 0 0 3 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .02 15258 304 538 2763 3672 19 65 1681 14 38 500 590 0 0 0 10 3 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .02 16766 292 1217 4558 7125 22 86 2693 22 51 590 730 0 0 0 10 4 15 40 3 60 40 5 4 6.2 26 .06 17995 2240 9637 38826 28061 7879 ' 517 9336 37 166 0 30 8 6 86 0 37 65 0 7 5 .01 63413 599 5746 15592 26665 685 8730 26 107 30 70 7 6 86 0 37 65 0 7 5 .01 23364 1205 6174 27041 20827 67 377 6496 55 122 70 370 6 86 0 37 65 0 7 5 .01 40419 1335 2747 9580 12349 36 135 3778 39 73 0 50 800 10 0 2 5 80 2 88 0 6 5 86 .04 50 70 0 0 0 10 4 5 80 2 88 0 6 5 86 .01 59315 151 671 756 7617 42 395 7406 6 8 70 180 5 5 80 2 88 0 6 5 86 .01 79140 961 8718 23115 58749 239 736 15137 28 145 180 220 6 5 80 2 88 0 6 5 84 .04 47184 800 1205 1924 3303 104 297 1484 7 140 0 10 300 10 0 1 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 •C. 01 24320 351 •ClO 916 446 7 8 615 ^ 4 10 130 3 0 10 0 0 2 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 .03 49041 279 ^0 613 566 10 6 1056 1 3 130 160 409 1 0 3 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 .04 54070 299 80 910 725 13 10 1228 •ci 4 160 180 500 10 0 3 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 .03 31316 276 13 784 373 11 14 951 *:l 7 180 220 408 2 0 3 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 .03 39785 282 853 2833 2294 14 31 1256 4 37 220 270 0 0 0 10 4 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 •e. 01 53306 77 431 1026 1966 26 174 3526 3 14 270 380 5 20 26 51 45 90 3 4 7.0 27 .04 36176 662 111 829 636 6 17 743 •ci 7 0 30 309 1 0 1 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .05 56349 527 •CIO 535 1103 11 13 948 •ci 1 30 60 400 10 0 1 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .04 55415 431 •cio 617 1077 15 9 921 3 1 60 100 500 10 0 2 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .05 59197 235 36 912 1097 12 16 891 2 1 100 170 700 10 0 3 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .04 41687 253 •CIO 968 705 10 18 705 1 •ci 170 190 509 1 0 3 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .04 32823 221 126 1574 704 7 18 631 2 2 190 230 4 0 10 0 0 4 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .07 230 250 0 0 0 10 4 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .05 48857 66 376 1216 2460 9 228 3594 1 9 250 320 5 78 40 49 52 98 5 1 6.7 28 .06 17795 649 1416 3504 1815 94 19 985 5 89 0 20 2 0 10 0 0 1 5 7 0 98 40 3 4 6.4 13 .02 36050 307 ^0 989 637 7 3 692 •a •Ci 20 120 3 0 10 0 0 1 5 7 0 98 40 3 4 6.4 13 .02 47341 259 ^0 871 1409 14 4 1033 •CI *:l 120 150 4 0 10 0 0 2 5 7 0 98 40 3 4 6.4 13 .03 53952 140 ^0 1170 2670 14 15 1315 •CI *:l 150 280 700 10 0 3 5 7 0 98 40 3 4 6.4 13 .03 38977 375 1612 6336 8650 22 81 2194 14 5 280 320 800 10 0 4 5 7 0 98 40 3 4 6.4 13 .13 30235 647 1081 3011 2148 28 20 1053 5 29 0 40 700 10 0 1 55 10 0 50 1 7 4 5.6 40 .04 25653 200 ^0 1126 900 6 12 1093 •ci •a 40 200 6 0 10 0 0 3 55 10 0 50 1 7 4 5.6 40 .65 19305 686 11529 21705 19980 20 248 8708 19 65 200 330 5 55 10 0 50 1 7 4 5.6 40 .03 19030 688 11825 25137 21961 18 231 8023 21 58 330 370 5 55 10 0 50 1 7 4 5.6 40 .02 20715 821 18261 39994 29085 88 394 14880 23 88 370 390 6 55 10 0 50 1 7 4 5.6 49 .12 47135 900 1017 3032 5100 86 48 1324 11 92 0 40 700 10 0 1 69 6 0 95 40 7 4 6.7 18 .05 53308 417 153 2118 2879 O 31 1282 5 12 40 120 600 10 0 1 69 6 0 95 40 7 4 6.7 18 .03 62863 404 45 1626 1566 O 32 1723 3 4 120 200 500 10 0 2 69 6 0 95 40 7 4 6.7 18 .02 56242 372 *:10 1642 1593 •C2 35 1729 3 5 200 250 503 7 0 3 69 6 0 95 40 7 4 6.7 18 ,P2 52143 33; *:10 1329 1402 •C2 58 2146 2 5 250 400 409 1 0 3 69 6 0 95 40 7 4 6.7 18 - 240 - APPENDIX B.2 (CON'T) KINGSTON-BELLEVILLE AREA. PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACLZ FIB 9i BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS NO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND % WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO Vo 7o /G % % C:N PPM 3 1C 588 B1158E 133 7.0 6.6 191 77 88 .13 1.12 7.3 15.5 7.6 71.2 4088 46.7 40.6 33.4 1.4 4.9 .17 39.2 •C.I 3 1C 588 B1158E 111 6.0 5.6 82 43 88 .12 1.05 7.3 12.1 5.1 71.3 4603 54.4 42.0 21.8 2.5 5.9 .38 31.7 ^1 3 1C 588 B1158E 134 6.3 5.8 64 45 90 .09 1.01 9.5 13.3 6.1 65.9 4558 54.8 50.4 23.8 2.3 5.5 .47 30.8 •C.I 3 1C 588 B1158E 203 7.4 7.1 233 10 94 .05 .99 15.8 11.1 12.3 72.7 4423 50.2 47.7 5.5 .80 31.2 •C.I 3 1C 588 B1158E 48 7.6 7.4 289 6 87 .13 1.01 6.5 5.2 51.3 33.5 22.2 6.43 22.2 1.0 .6 .31 24.6 •C.I 3 1C 588 B1158E 9 7.1 90 .10 1.05 9.0 10.0 38.8 28.2 11.4 3.7 .52 28.8 .2 3 1C 588 B1158E 44 7.6 7.3 333 18 86 .14 1.03 6.2 4.4 84.5 13.6 22.7 10.0 227 .1 3.3 .58 1.9 3 1C 592 B950W 85 6.8 6.5 261 13 78 .22 1.02 3.5 4.5 17.0 61.4 4035 39.5 19.6 14.6 2.7 4.2 .46 36.1 1.0 3 1C 592 B950W 119 6.3 6.2 444 17 84 .16 1.02 5.2 6.1 12.8 61.1 4263 47.6 44.9 17.0 2.8 5.1 1.3 30.3 .3 3 1C 592 B950W 116 6.0 6.0 556 49 88 .12 1.01 7.3 10.2 10.2 63.3 4552 54.1 51.2 20.8 2.6 5.9 1.4 25.8 .4 3 1C 592 B950H 137 5.4 5.4 933 37 88 .11 .99 7.4 9.4 23.9 62.3 3927 43.9 40.4 16.3 2.7 4.5 2.5 22.4 .3 3 1C 592 L1650H+700S 127 6.4 6.6 828 46 77 .26 1.12 3.3 5.1 16.3 62.5 3921 47.4 30.7 17.0 2.8 4.1 1.2 28.2 1.7 3 1C 592 L1650H+700S 128 7.0 6.8 733 39 86 .13 .99 6.2 7.5 26.3 62.6 3874 48.8 45.0 1.5 1.6 .4 3 1C 592 L1650M+700S 62 7.3 7.1 744 38 80 .20 1.04 4.1 5.4 51.0 47.9 24.2 7.6 20.2 1.2 3.0 1.4 19.1 .2 3 1C 592 L1650W+700S 67 7.2 7.1 1044 34 75 .27 1.08 2.9 3.8 65.2 34.0 18.1 5.8 2.5 1.3 12.9 1.0 3 1C 592 L1650H+700S 2 7.3 47 .9 87.8 11.8 5.4 2.4 54.0 .1 2.1 .05 4.5 1.0 3 1C 593 F370N 127 6.4 6.5 833 60 77 .23 1.00 3.4 5.2 14.4 63.5 3865 45.4 40.7 17.5 2.6 4.6 .66 32.3 1.2 3 1C 593 P370N 121 6.8 6.5 172 14 75 .25 1.02 3.1 3.8 18.0 61.5 3801 45.3 41.0 18.1 2.5 5.0 .60 28.6 1.2 3 1C 593 F370H 103 6.5 6.2 188 37 83 .17 .99 4.8 7.5 12.1 59.6 4315 50.4 48.7 17.4 2.9 5.7 1.3 27.6 .4 3 1C 593 F370H 121 6.2 6.0 290 32 84 .16 1.00 5.2 7.8 11.6 59.7 4556 52.0 50.2 17.9 2.9 5.5 2.1 25.9 .1 3 1C 593 F370M 112 5.0 5.0 1292 29 85 .15 1.02 5.7 9.5 33.3 53.6 3355 37.8 16,4 15.8 2.4 4.2 .55 21.7 .5 3 1C 593 L2100H+100S 120 6.6 6.4 200 40 84 .16 .99 5.2 6.1 11.8 62.8 4116 49.1 43.8 22.3 2.2 4.7 .56 31.6 .4 3 1C 593 L2100H+100S 121 6.4 6.2 250 23 85 .15 1.00 5.5 7.5 12.7 59.1 4068 48.4 45.6 24.2 2.0 4.7 .51 31.7 .2 3 1C 593 L2100W+100S 114 6.3 6.1 250 31 87 .13 .99 6.5 8.8 9.6 61.1 4479 48.6 45.3 18.7 2.6 4.3 .50 34.4 .1 3 1C 593 L2100W-HOOS 103 6.4 6.1 167 35 89 .11 .99 7.9 12.3 6.6 64.7 4752 54.0 51.5 20.8 2.6 5.6 .61 30.6 .1 3 1C 593 L2100W+100S 120 6.5 6.2 86 34 89 .11 .99 7.7 13.0 7.2 65.7 4633 54.4 51.0 17.5 3.1 5.8 1.1 28.4 .2 3 1C 593 L2100W+100S 122 6.7 6.5 241 54 89 .11 1.00 7.7 9.6 11.9 66.4 3231 52.9 50.1 17.6 3.0 5.5 1.2 25.5 .8 3 1C 593 L2100H+100S 39 7.3 6.8 511 78 .23 1.09 3.6 4.1 50.5 48.4 22.6 6.8 22.6 1.0 2.3 1.0 22.5 1.5 3 1C 593 L2100W-HOOS 2 7.4 38 6 54.6 50.4 15 5.2 1.8 4.3 1.2 2.6 .22 36.2 .1 3 1C 619 G223E+300H 118 4.9 4.4 89 81 .21 1.15 4.3 6.3 5.9 62.6 4502 54.8 51.4 32.2 1.7 6.0 .21 31.4 .3 3 1C 619 G2 2 3 E-*- 3 DON 108 5.5 5.0 76 55 89 .11 1.00 7.7 12.3 3.1 65.8 4957 53.7 50.0 26.3 1.9 2.6 .21 38.5 .1 3 1C 619 G223E+300H 116 5.9 4.4 63 39 86 .12 .95 6.4 8.6 6.5 61.0 4374 52.7 49.4 31.0 1.7 5.5 .24 33.4 .2 3 1C 619 G223E+300N 119 5.8 5.5 76 47 88 .11 .99 7.4 10.8 5.7 63.8 4631 53.6 49.9 23.3 2.3 5.6 .36 32.4 *c.l 3 1C 619 G223E+300N 128 6.1 5.2 134 38 85 .14 1.02 5.8 8.0 20.1 58.1 4038 49.2 47.0 21.4 2.3 4.3 1.0 23.1 .1 3 1C 619 G223E+300N 7.8 7.2 239 12 20 .3 88.0 12.4 5.0 1.6 50.0 .1 2.4 .04 4.5 .4 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 143 3.6 2.9 17 101 90 .10 1.09 9.0 21.5 1.9 76.8 4285 47.2 45.1 47.2 1.0 5.0 .18 44.7 •C.I 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 141 3.4 3.0 39 88 .13 1.05 7.1 10.2 .9 71.2 4861 54.8 51.6 39.1 1.4 6.0 .15 36.7 ^1 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 119 4.2 3.5 25 62 91 .09 1.06 9.7 15.4 .8 72.6 5020 57.4 55.0 23.0 2.5 6.4 .21 32.7 •C.I 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 130 5.2 4.9 65 52 91 .09 1.03 9.7 14.8 3.3 67.9 4871 52.6 48.8 22.9 2.3 5.2 .14 36.5 •C.I 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 141 4.8 4.4 59 43 87 .13 1.05 6.6 9.4 4.4 65.0 4641 55.8 52.1 31.0 1.8 5.4 .17 32.4 *:.l 3 1C 619 G2410E+600S 108 5.7 5.3 72 49 89 .11 1.03 7.7 11.2 8.1 62.2 4593 53.2 51.2 22.2 2.4 5.9 .40 30.0 .2 - 241 - TOP EOT VEGETATION COVER SI IR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CD ZN J NT. INT. HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM CCMMCM) 1-9 S - C - L-X POS % '/o 0X0 9i y0 FOR SUB PH CM .20 40831 806 1287 1898 1748 71 85 2037 5 72 0 20 3 10 0 0 0 1 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .04 19739 305 -CIO 697 606 0 4 577 •Ci 3 20 90 3 0 10 0 0 2 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .03 25414 308 *:10 722 838 ^ 5 612 1 5 90 130 4 0 10 0 0 2 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .14 22849 350 1226 3737 2706 5 25 1213 6 •40 130 220 0 0 0 10 4 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .04 44874 131 335 1048 1208 15 121 2464 3 6 220 330 5 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .07 46147 170 311 991 1815 31 58 1262 12 19 330 340 5 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .03 91927 469 1594 1825 9526 340 500 6 88 11 85 34 98 4 4 6.9 31 .06 42010 1269 1250 5720 8387 53 125 1797 21 36 0 50 7 0 0 10 0 1 11 5 0 95 0 7 4 6.8 20 .06 47396 404 360 2255 5912 43 106 1488 8 11 50 60 5 0 2 8 10 2 11 5 0 95 0 7 4 6.8 20 .03 17990 267 530 2484 5019 9 66 1039 5 21 60 70 4 0 9 1 0 3 11 5 0 95 0 7 4 6.8 20 .08 13879 339 3310 6897 11910 14 84 2189 8 45 70 120 0 0 0 10 4 11 5 0 95 0 7 4 6.8 2.0 .12 39654 1212 1648 3131 8878 110 124 1802 34 178 0 50 6 0 0 10 0 2 45 0 0 75 0 7 4 6.8 30 .07 29628 509 2280 6236 12174 28 76 2061 20 54 50 90 6 5 45 0 0 75 0 7 6.8 30 .02 45728 315 4720 10448 13558 29 173 5666 8 42 90 120 6 5 45 0 0 75 0 7 6.8 30 .02 75689 587 6981 19155 32824 137 349 13746 15 89 120 130 6 45 0 0 75 0 7 6.8 30 .03 22770 887 28542 44680 38355 24 655 20499 29 84 130 170 6 45 0 0 75 0 7 6.8 30 .14 24869 1664 1585 3750 11913 29 61 1639 12 64 0 30 6 0 0 10 0 1 80 0 0 60 2 7 6.8 30 .13 32786 1170 1196 4506 8109 19 57 1489 15 39 30 50 6 0 0 10 0 2 80 0 0 60 2 7 6.8 30 .09 29015 307 426 2422 4900 7 54 1488 6 5 50 110 6 0 1 9 0 3 80 0 0 60 2 7 6.8 30 .08 27495 262 495 2424 5123 6 58 1710 4 13 110 130 4 0 9 1 0 4 80 0 0 60 2 7 6.8 30 .13 14131 365 6281 13072 18856 9 119 4380 15 48 130 150 5 80 0 0 60 2 7 4 6.8 30 .14 28456 569 267 1906 3409 12 193 1343 4 29 0 50 7 0 0 10 0 1 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .07 39605 227 80 2010 2591 12 171 1507 2 8 50 80 6 0 0 10 0 2 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .02 45837 199 278 891 2810 18 125 1290 4 4 80 90 5 0 3 7 0 2 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .03 28525 230 331 882 2857 17 73 933 3 5 90 160 4 0 10 0 0 3 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .01 33168 364 319 717 4627 21 58 981 7 17 160 200 4 0 10 0 0 4 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .04 34009 472 966 2549 9657 28 55 1324 12 75 200 240 0 0 0 10 4 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .03 58916 227 2137 3394 11436 64 177 5033 11 33 240 280 5 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .04 66557 261 1748 1646 4775 95 172 3847 12 24 280 5 95 5 0 71 8 5 4 6.9 30 .10 24972 337 227 1523 1012 7 a 2369 3 7 0 60 7 0 0 10 0 1 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 .03 19948 203 *:10 599 626 3 11 2048 2 4 60 180 4 0 10 0 0 2 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 .02 36979 165 112 766 1547 8 14 2762 3 3 180 200 6 0 2 8 0 3 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 .02 30559 205 224 921 2168 7 19 2241 4 3 200 260 4 0 10 0 0 3 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 .04 32943 379 3380 8954 9801 16 93 3676 19 21 260 320 6 0 7 3 0 4 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 58059 885 15408 36629 21936 137 605 22146 15 30 320 6 70 15 5 40 10 5 4 130 .02 - 30 .13 2568 417 608 1838 1402 61 14 614 4 35 0 3 10 0 0 0 1 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 .07 2527 335 28 1188 565 9 5 230 2 6 30 70 6 0 2 8 0 1 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 .04 2257 125 170 472 264 16 O 113 2 3 70 200 4 0 10 0 0 2 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 .04 16593 181 16 1178 1137 3 17 914 2 3 200 240 6 0 2 8 0 2 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 .05 22170 189 91 1302 1264 9 14 875 3 2 240 360 4 0 10 0 0 3 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 .04 20197 273 966 3941 5204 8 108 1890 9 14 360 450 6 0 2 8 0 4 40 0 70 8 70 4 5 5.0 76 - 242 - APPENDIX B.3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM PEMBROKE AREA. (REFER SECT, 3.5 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA.) PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C H LAND POINT EX n2o CACLZ FIB % BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG N AS NTS NO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND 96 WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO ^o 7o /G % %C:N%% PPM •CI 553 B300S 67 6.8 6.3 114 23 75 .25 1.03 3.0 5.3 13.6 4471 46.8 23.4 2.0 5.0 .35 32.3 31F 5.0 39.6 -CI 31F 553 B300S 81 6.6 5.9 107 20 75 .26 1.03 2.9 4.1 10.0 63.1 4073 43.6 25.7 1.7 .15 B300S 99 6.5 5.8 82 20 74 .29 1.12 2.8 4.9 9.9 61.3 4116 48.0 28.2 1.7 5.1 .08 35.2 CI 31F 553 Ci 31F 553 B300S 108 6.6 6.0 82 21 77 .23 1.02 3.3 6.0 9.3 61.9 3936 51.2 20.5 2.5 5.0 .31 31.7 3.3 5.9 7.9 63.2 4439 46.9 16.5 2.8 4.9 .59 36.9 CI 31F 553 B300S 84 6.8 6.1 78 26 77 .23 1.02 •ci B300S 67 7.3 6.5 139 27 78 .22 1.01 3.5 7.3 11.8 64.0 4301 41.4 14.5 2.9 4.9 .54 38.5 31F 553 CI 553 B300S 58 7.5 6.8 157 33 78 .23 1.05 3.5 7.2 17.5 4090 32.7 11.3 2.9 5.1 1.0 40.9 31F 5.1 27.9 CI 31F 553 B300S 81 7.3 6.5 102 77 .23 1.04 3.3 7.0 20.3 58.9 4066 42.6 15.8 2.7 1.4 B300S 50 .51 1.03 1.0 2.6 1453 12.4 12.4 1.0 4.9 0.9 CI 31F 553 1.6 4.9 42.7 ci 31F 126 I500N+200E 164 3.8 2.7 2.5 36 86 .14 1.02 5.9 12.0 3.9 73.6 4473 46.8 29.3 .12 1.06 4.7 9.0 1.3 71.5 4949 52.2 18.0 2.9 5.4 .11 38.1 ci 31F 126 I500N+200E 136 3.9 3.0 26 34 82 .18 ci 126 I500N+200E 74 3.9 3.2 26 18 74 .28 1.08 2.8 5.6 1.6 69.1 5135 53.4 44.5 1.2 5.0 .15 38.6 31F 4.7 39.1 ci 31F 126 X500N+200E 112 4.0 4.3 16 27 83 .18 1.10 4.8 9.2 1.8 72.8 5250 51.7 20.7 2.5 .20 I500N+200E 141 5.2 3.0 78 19 76 3.2 7.2 45.2 5.3 .34 ci 31F 126 4.8 ci 31F 163 L900W+150S 86 3.8 4.1 34 37 83 .18 1.07 4.7 8.7 4.3 69.7 4753 49.1 19.6 2.5 .49 38.8 1.09 4.3 8.6 4.5 66.1 4502 45.8 32.7 1.4 5.1 .08 43.1 ci 31F 163 L900W+150S 197 4.8 5.3 45 23 81 .20 ci 163 L900H+150S 83 6.0 6.1 60 37 84 .18 1.12 5.0 9.5 3.6 49.1 5.6 .15 31F 4.7 30.8 CI 31F 163 L900W+150S 84 6.9 7.5 136 32 84 .17 1.09 5.2 10.7 17.9 71.1 4531 42.5 16.3 2.6 1.5 L900H+150S 46 7.8 5.5 303 14 63 .44 1.19 1.6 3.4 55.9 47.2 19.5 16.3 1.2 4.8 1.2 17.4 CI 31F 163 1.6 5.0 46.7 ci 31F 139 B500S 88 5.1 4.5 77 23 73 .30 1.09 2.6 4.0 7.7 65.1 4439 38.6 24.1 .44 B500S 103 5.6 4.9 61 26 72 .30 1.06 2.5 4.6 7.6 63.7 4349 38.2 25.5 1.5 5.0 .08 47.6 ci 31F 139 4.9 ci 31F 139 B500S 93 6.0 5.3 • 74 28 74 .28 1.08 2.7 5.0 6.1 65.4 4581 48.6 32.4 1.5 .29 38.6 B500S 97 5.9 5.3 83 23 74 .27 1.04 2.8 5.2 2.4 64.5 4630 47.2 42.9 1.1 5.1 .31 43.9 ci 31F 139 4.9 .64 ci 31F 139 B500S 94 6.3 5.4 90 25 77 .25 1.09 3.2 5.9 6.2 67.2 4626 47.4 18.2 2.6 38.3 B500S 72 7.2 6.4 150 19 77 .24 1.04 3.3 6.4 28.3 53.0 3729 52.0 37.1 1.4 5.2 .08 13.1 c; 31F 139 5.1 39.5 ci 31F 474 B1300N 87 6.2 5.3 75 32 81 .21 1.08 4.1 7.0 7.2 66.8 4297 45.8 22.1 2.1 .32 B1300N 91 6.3 5.4 48 25 80 .21 1.05 3.9 7.4 4.9 68.7 4653 48:4 16.9 2.9 5.1 .30 38.4 ci 31F 474 2.2 5.2 .46 37.2 ci 31F 474 B1300N 77 6.2 5.4 72 26 78 .23 1.06 3.5 7.0 6.6 64.8 4368 48.4 22.2 B1300N 112 6.2 5.5 74 26 78 .24 1.07 3.4 5.5 8.7 64.8 4387 51.2 32.0 1.6 5.0 .69 32.8 ci 31F 474 5.2 ci 3 IF 551A F1500S 77 6.9 6.5 218 29 76 .26 1.08 3.1 4.6 9.4 64.3 4118 42.8 19.4 2.2 .42 40.0 F1500S 95 6.7 6.0 125 24 73 .28 1.05 2.7 4.3 9.3 64.3 4280 45.1 23.5 1.9 5.1 .39 38.3 ci 3 IF 551A 4.9 38.2 ci 3 IF 551A F1500S 68 6.7 6.0 67 26 76 .25 1.03 3.1 7.4 5.7 66.9 4639 48.2 16.8 2.9 .11 F1500S 83 6.8 6.0 77 21 77 .25 1.09 3.2 6.7 7.5 65.7 4687 46.2 15.9 2.9 5.1 .51 37.8 ci 3 IF 551A 5.1 36.8 ci 3 IF 551A F1500S 70 6.9 6.0 68 27 78 .24 1.07 3.4 8.5 6.1 65.5 4600 48.8 18.9 2.6 .59 B600M 90 6.3 5.5 73 31 79 .22 1.08 3.8 6.1 7.1 65.0 4370 48.0 20.0 2.4 4.4 .45 37.6 ci 31F 552 19.7 2.6 5.0 .62 30.9 ci 31F 552 B600N 88 6.3 5.5 68 31 76 .25 1.07 3.1 5.4 9.7 65.4 4324 51.2 B600N 90 6.2 5.6 91 27 74 .27 1.05 2.9 5.0 9.5 61.7 4407 54.0 21.6 2.5 5.7 .08 28.4 ci 31F 552 16.8 2.6 5.1 1.4 38.2 ci 31F 552 B600N 83 5.9 5.5 232 17 75 .27 1.09 2.9 5.0 9.2 63.3 4335 43.6 B600N 77 6.2 5.6 222 30 78 .24 1.06 3.4 5.7 6.8 64.5 4618 48.6 37.4 1.3 5.8 .06 37.4 ci 31F 552 5.7 .05 25.4 CI 31F 552 B600N 85 6.6 6.0 211 23 78 .23 1.07 3.6 6.8 16.6 61.8 4292 49.5 17.7 2.8 - 243 - TOR B07 VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN J NT J NT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CMMCM) 1-9 S - C - L - X POS 96 "Ji 96 % % FOR SUB PH CM .04 37985 528 4242 3159 84 4326 18 183 0 25 3 0 8 2 0 1 50 4 5 .08 37977 389 2586 953 33 4531 8 128 25 75 4 0 9 1 0 1 50 5 .01 38237 222 2545 921 23 4785 8 201 75 115 5 0 10 0 0 1 50 5 .01 36729 220 2531 1008 23 4893 8 163 115 145 5 0 10 0 p 2 50 5 .01 31054 216 290 1362 1185 18 42 4596 14 67 145 260 4 0 10 0 0 2 50 5 .01 23282 288 3507 2583 77 4372 32 284 260 320 6 0 10 0 0 3 50 5 .01 17951 282 4903 7579 134 4344 122 631 320 365 6 0 10 0 0 3 50 5 .01 22043 360 3650 8461 6875 15 137 5209 22 111 365 420 6 0 10 0 0 4 50 5 .01 420 430 6 50 5 .01 2972 582 1882 2262 1372 38 41 696 10 62 0 20 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 .01 3078 292 468 1063 1269 20 25 546 8 24 20 80 3 8 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 .01 4302 293 1474 747 14 807 10 35 80 100 6 9 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 .01 4239 280 404 1082 639 16 a 603 7 *:l 100 320 4 8 0 2 0 2 0 1 3 .01 24652 254 1647 7649 217 1775 67 1210 320 350 4 5 5 0 0 3 0 1 3 .01 7609 558 578 1907 752 21 33 535 6 33 0 25 4 8 0 2 0 1 12 1 5 ^01 18278 315 1529 1102 31 942 6 8 25 75 4 8 0 2 0 2 12 1 5 *:.01 20613 257 831 2190 64 1076 4 15 75 95 5 9 0 1 0 3 12 1 5 *:.01 16288 309 3091 8286 9734 6 112 2504 13 73 95 125 4 9 0 1 0 4 12 1 5 ^01 437 8300 8838 15683 168 428 7220 59 49 125 180 5 12 1 5 .09 20680 388 2644 1835 39 1782 5 20 0 25 3 8 0 2 0 1 5 30 6 5 .07 28248 264 1314 1293 24 2027 8 17 25 60 4 8 0 2 0 1 5 30 6 5 •c. 01 32330 292 285 1075 895 14 39 2203 7 28 60 80 4 10 0 0 0 2 5 30 6 5 •c. 01 31612 268 936 1171 50 2453 8 20 80 110 4 10 0 0 0 2 5 30 6 5 <.01 27873 286 226 1059 783 5 44 2170 8 4 120 260 3 0 10 0 0 3 5 30 6 5 <.01 19348 574 5763 13320 16138 23 162 4490 49 69 260 340 5 5 30 6 5 .01 29629 561 552 1683 938 16 26 2274 5 49 0 30 4 8 1 1 0 1 35 4 5 ^01 26927 345 306 631 360 18 31 784 4 63 30 310 3 9 1 0 0 2 35 4 5 .04 26503 256 336 804 1591 9 20 981 9 12 310 410 4 8 0 2 0 3 35 4 5 <.01 31094 180 940 2262 30 1017 16 38 410 500 5 7 0 3 o 4 35 4 5 .08 34138 1255 585 2136 5323 13 467 4690 15 41 0 20 4 0 7 3 0 1 60 4 5 .05 48994 630 268 1803 4721 11 258 4789 14 62 20 60 3 0 10 0 0 1 60 4 5 *:.01 25012 281 598 1245 2210 13 118 4137 12 31 60 150 4 0 10 0 0 2 60 4 5 c. 01 34358 306 347 1812 3633 7 128 5597 13 23 150 190 5 0 10 0 0 3 60 4 5 c. 01 25537 290 131 1851 3429 O 106 5027 8 13 190 300 4 0 10 o Q 4 60 4 5 <.01 31586 493 38 1017 2451 16 95 2973 8 17 0 40 4 0 8 2 0 1 35 9 5 .01 30384 462 2771 1953 87 3013 55 28 40 75 4 0 B 2 0 1 35 9 5 ^01 37007 254 375 1394 3374 13 63 3637 19 15 75 130 5 0 9 1 0 1 35 9 5 <.01 32651 242 1061 2576 58 3709 20 37 130 175 4 0 10 0 0 2 35 9 5 .11 25185 261 125 1032 1255 10 50 3525 14 23 175 230 4 0 10 0 0 2 35 9 5 .03 21197 319 3193 7345 8958 17 103 4665 33 75 230 425 7 0 10 0 0 4 35 9 5 - 244 - APPENDIX B.4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM OTTAWA-BROCKVILLE AREA, (REFER SECT. 3.5 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA,) PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACL2 FIB % BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS MO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND % WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO % /G % % C:N PPM 31B 4 L4800N+200H 73 7.6 7.3 795 62 87 .13 1.03 6.8 13.2 11.4 68.0 4336 48.9 46.8 16.9 2.9 4.8 .36 31.6 •C.I 3 IB L4800N+200H 65 7.0 6.6 132 52 85 .15 .99 5.6 6.3 14.2 63.2 3342 48.1 45.8 22.9 2.1 4.7 .38 30.5 •C.I 31B L4800N+200H 52 7.0 6.6 130 34 81 .18 .99 4.4 5.2 17.4 60.7 4841 45.8 43.2 21.8 2.1 4.1 .44 30.2 .1 31B L2100N+1000E 52 99 52 .36 .75 1.1 21.0 6.9 73.4 4886 46.7 44.9 27.5 1.7 4.6 .15 39.9 *:.l 31B L2100N+1000E 62 95 78 .31 1.39 3.4 20.0 7.4 74.8 4502 46.1 43.8 32.9 1.4 4.8 .20 40.1 .2 31B L2100N+1000E 66 6.9 6.3 106 45 85 .15 1.00 5.5 6.0 13.3 63.1 4725 47.6 4.0 25.1 1.9 4.6 .30 32.3 ^1 31B L2100N+1000E 53 7.0 6.4 97 35 84 .16 1.02 5.4 7.9 14.4 61.8 4683 48.4 46.4 20.2 2.4 5.0 .42 29.4 •C.I 3 IB L3000N+200W 159 6.9 6.5 152 36 83 .17 1.02 4.8 6.0 12.5 63.4 4886 45.3 43.0 23.8 1.9 4.6 .51 35.2 *:.l 3 IB 4 L3000N+200W 135 7.3 7.0 189 53 87 .14 1.12 6.9 11.0 10.3 66.4 5154 48.8 46.3 18.8 2.6 4.6 .48 33.2 ^1 31B 4 L3000N+200H 108 7.2 7.0 318 59 87 .13 1.00 6.6 10.0 31.0 56.8 4044 38.2 35.2 15.3 2.5 5.0 1.6 21.7 .4 31B 8 B3000N 155 6.8 6.2 94 34 83 .18 1.05 4.8 6.0 11.0 65.9 4962 48.3 45.2 26.8 1.8 5.0 .51 33.4 ^1 31B B B3000N 101 6.7 6.1 91 45 86 .13 .99 6.3 7.2 10.9 65.7 5105 48.7 46.0 24.3 2.0 5.5 .60 32.3 •C.I 3 IB 8 B4300N 117 3.6 3.1 401 97 87 .14 1.11 6.5 33.9 1.7 82.5 3716 48.0 45.9 48.0 1.0 5.5 .09 43.7 *:.l 3 IB 8 B4300N 136 3.7 2.9 65 99 89 .11 1.09 8.3 38.4 1.9 81.1 4184 43.6 40.2 54.5 .8 4.6 .08 49.1 .4 31B 8 B4300N 164 4.0 3.2 43 33 84 .15 1.00 5.4 7.8 4.1 71.3 5645 51.6 50.2 36.9 1.4 5.5 .01 37.4 *:.l 3 IB 8 B4300N 160 5.0 4.3 51 45 88 .12 1.04 7.3 10.6 6.0 68.3 5490 50.6 48.9 29.8 1.7 5.1 .02 36.6 *:.l 3 IB 8 B4300N 219 6.4 5.5 65 50 88 .12 1.04 7.6 11.3 8.2 67.4 4647 46.2 43.6 18.5 2.5 4.6 .54 38.0 K.I 3 IB 8 B4300N 173 6.6 5.9 114 55 88 .11 1.01 7.5 12.1 33.0 52.7 3637 33.7 30.1 16.0 2.1 3.3 1.1 26.8 .4 3 IB 8 F600N 83 6.1 6.0 727 94 82 .18 1.07 4.7 15.0 8.0 74.7 4704 45.3 43.0 26.6 1.7 4.3 .23 40.5 <.l 31B 8 F600N 120 7.0 6.8 341 77 78 .25 1.18 3.6 7.3 11.3 69.6 4621 36.4 33.2 18.2 2.0 3.7 .30 46.3 .2 31B 8 F600N 73 6.9 6.4 92 38 85 .15 1.02 5.5 6.6 13.6 65.2 4952 47.2 45.3 29.5 1.6 4.1 .41 33.1 <.l 31B a F600K 86 6.7 6.1 84 38 88 . 11 . 9.7 7.3 XO.l 9.7 65.6 5323 48.6 46.8 19.4 2.5 4.6 .55 34.0 <.i 31B 8 G3000N+300E 136 4.0 3.6 115 90 91 .09 1.01 10.1 23.9 2.4 78.2 4794 45.4 44.4 39.4 1.2 4.9 .10 44.6 .3 3 IB 8 G3000N+300E 122 4.1 3.4 65 38 83 .17 1.01 4.8 7.9 6.5 71.0 5923 52.0 51.2 28.9 1.8 5.6 .13 34.0 K.I 31B 8 G3000N+300E 126 4.6 3.9 48 40 84 .16 1.04 5.4 8.5 4.4 73.5 6384 60.0 59.1 33.3 1.8 6.2 .10 27.5 K.I 3 IB 8 G3000N+300E 197 5.6 4.9 48 50 87 .13 1.08 6.9 10.1 7.1 65.5 5501 50.0 48.2 27.8 1.8 5.6 .18 35.3 •C.I 31B 8 L3500N+300E 78 5.8 5.7 68 .36 1.13 2.1 15.8 6.0 72.9 4309 46.3 44.3 25.7 1.8 4.6 .21 41.1 .4 31B 8 L3500N+300E 143 6.3 5.6 103 65 86 .14 1.02 6.1 7.4 4.6 63.9 4938 44.3 42.1 20.1 2.2 4.5 .39 44.0 1.5 31B 8 L3500N+300E 171 6.4 5.6 45 44 87 .12 1.03 6.9 8.6 7.2 62.6 5052 44.4 41.8 20.2 2.2 4.4 .08 41.7 K.I 31B 8 L3500N+300E 146 6.3 5.5 59 89 .11 1.02 7.7 10.8 6.0 67.0 5140 50.1 49.0 21.8 2.3 5.2 .16 36.2 •C.I 3 IB 8 L3500N+300E 147 6.5 5.8 60 64 91 .09 1.00 9.8 18.9 69.7 5519 46.6 44.2 17.9 2.6 4.5 .27 46.0 K.I 3 IB 8 L3500N+300E 98 6.5 6.0 93 70 91 .09 .98 9.8 14.2 8.1 72.5 5356 35.7 33.6 10.8 3.3 5.4 .58 46.9 .2 31B 8 L3500N+300E 89 6.9 6.4 114 20 90 .10 .98 8.6 9.6 31.8 55.1 4188 34.4 30.1 13.8 2.5 3.5 2.1 25.6 .2 3 IB 18 B1400H 86 6.8 6.3 404 92 86 .15 1.07 6.0 22.4 6.2 74.4 4451 44.1 40.1 33.9 1.3 4.4 .13 44.0 •C.I 31B 18 B1400W 77 7.3 6.8 159 43 83 .16 1.00 5.0 5.5 19.0 56.1 4202 42.1 39.1 24.8 1.7 4.5 .28 32.4 .1 3 IB 18 B1400H 72 7.2 6.8 143 40 84 .16 1.03 5.1 5.6 22.0 54.3 4111 38.2 35.6 19.1 2.0 4.9 .27 32.6 .1 31B 18 B1400W 199 7.4 6.9 160 51 87 .13 1.00 6.6 7.1 12.2 61.3 4917 49.8 46.9 19.9 2.5 5.2 .30 30.0 .2 31B 18 L700W+100S 213 7.2 6.8 165 36 83 .16 1.01 5.0 6.1 17.8 57.7 4390 41.6 38.4 23.1 1.8 5.1 .06 33.6 .4 31B 18 L700H+100S 166 7.1 6.7 117 46 85 .14 1.00 5.9 7.1 19.0 55.8 4474 38.0 35.6 19.0 2.0 4.0 .32 36.7 • 2 31B 18 L1200H+400S 57 99 54 .36 .78 1.2 17.1 5.5 71.7 4977 47.8 45.1 29.9 1.6 4.9 .11 40.1 •C.I 31B 18 L1200H+400S 95 6.4 6.2 591 85 76 .25 1.05 3.1 14.8 7.0 68.6 3986 49.6 46.8 31.0 1.6 5.0 .09 36.7 .1 31B 18 L1200W+400S 151 7.1 6.5 183 46 83 .17 1.02 4.8 5.8 14.5 62.0 3897 45.8 41.6 19.9 2.3 4.7 .46 32.2 .3 31B 18 L1200W+400S 149 7.1 6.6 120 47 84 .16 1.00 5.1 6.7 20.2 56.3 3735 40.4 37.2 23.8 1.7 4.2 .06 33.4 .2 31B 18 L1200H+400S 119 7.0 6.5 141 31 79 .21 1.03 3.8 3.5 17.2 58.1 4006 41.4 39.3 23.0 1.8 4.2 .79 34.6 .6 3 IB 28 B2700N 57 6.2 4.6 697 82 68 .32 .99 2.1 4.6 6.1 80.4 3832 47.1 45.4 26.2 1.8 4.6 .12 40.3 •C.I 31B 28 B2700H 73 5.6 5.3 817 69 74 .29 1.13 2.8 19.6 9.2 71.5 4279 49.9 46.1 26.3 1.9 5.1 .06 33.8 .3 31B 28 B2700N 163 6.4 5.6 91 52 84 .16 1.03 5.3 10.0 9.5 66.9 6315 52.8 50.0 29.3 1.8 6.0 .22 29.7 .2 31B 28 B2700H 163 6.5 5.8 71 47 89 .11 1.02 7.7 13.0 7.8 64.6 4711 54.7 54.0 21.0 2.6 6.2 .59 28.1 .3 31B 28 L3700N+1200E 104 3.6 3.2 214 99 75 .21 .88 3.2 34.1 1.6 78.6 4219 47.1 44.4 42.8 1.1 4.9 .05 45.3 .3 31B 28 L3700N+1200E 151 3.4 2.8 49 88 .12 1.02 7.3 11.5 1.7 71.8 5124 55.6 53.2 46.3 1.2 6.2 .01 35.3 K.I 31B 28 L3700N+1200E 163 4.9 4.2 57 55 88 .13 1.08 7.3 14.6 3.7 67.7 5122 57.1 55.8 22.8 2.5 6.2 .17 30.3 K.I 31B 28 L3700N+1200E 163 3.9 3.2 6 43 88 .11 .98 7.3 10.2 2.5 86.2 5092 55.8 52.7 34.9 1.6 5.9 .13 34.1 K.I 3 IB 28 L3700N+1200E 125 5.5 5.1 94 33 84 .17 1.06 5.2 10.4 21.7 55.6 4173 47.2 44.8 21.5 2.2 4.2 .75 24.0 1.0 3 IB 28 F1000H+200S 113 5.1 5.1 272 85 83 .18 1.11 6.6 23.0 7.1 70.4 5019 47.4 45.8 23.8 2.0 4.7 .32 36.9 .2 3 IB 28 F1000H+200S 144 6.3 5.7 68 43 85 .15 1.04 5.9 7.0 10.4 66.0 4445 47.6 45.0 21.6 2.2 4.2 .44 35.2 .4 31B 28 F1000W+200S 125 6.2 5.8 71 37 84 .17 1.04 5.1 11.1 10.4 62.6 4621 53.2 51.1 28.0 1.9 5.2 .32 29.0 •C.I 31B 28 F1000W+200S 195 5.9 5.5 73 47 88 .13 1.07 7.2 13.0 7.4 65.5 5699 50.0 48.2 20.8 2.4 5.9 .82 33.5 K.I 31B 28 F1000W+200S 76 6.0 6.3 207 38 82 .18 1.03 4.5 9.3 42.6 39.4 3025 28.0 8.0 31.1 .9 3.6 1.4 23.5 K.I 31B 38B B200N 117 6.6 5.8 280 49 76 .26 1.08 3.1 4.6 12.1 64.7 4294 47.2 45.0 24.8 1.9 4.3 .46 34.0 .2 31B 38B B200N 76 6.6 6.3 221 33 76 .25 1.06 3.2 4.8 17.9 59.4 4041 42.0 39.8 19.1 2.2 4.4 .58 32.9 .1 31B 38B B500N 117 6.8 6.4 200 40 81 .20 1.05 4.1 5.2 11.9 61.8 4171 42.6 38.9 26.6 1.6 4.2 .32 39.4 K.I 31B 38B B500N 96 6.8 6.4 220 39 81 .18 1.00 4.3 5.6 11.3 60.1 4123 44.2 40.7 26.0 1.7 4.5 .47 37.8 K.I 3 IB 38B B500N 105 6.5 6.0 95 56 86 .14 1.08 6.3 9.0 6.0 64.8 4683 49.8 46.8 19.2 2.6 4.2 .52 36.9 1.1 31B 38B B500N 19 6.8 6.3 221 82 88 .13 1.08 7.2 7.9 48.1 42.4 2611 29.6 21.0 16.4 1.8 3.9 .16 16,4 ,3 31B 38B L1500S+300E 109 7.2 6.7 220 41 84 .15 1.00 5.3 7.9 12.7 63. J 4039 50.0 48.1 23.8 2.1 5.8 .52 28.9 .3 3 IB 38B L1500S+300E 150 7.1 6.7 130 43 84 .16 .99 5.2 7.5 10.0 62.4 4262 48.4 45.8 24.2 2.0 4.9 .47 34.2 •C.I 3 IB 38B L1500S-I-300E 165 7.1 6.6 102 38 85 .15 1.02 5.7 9.4 10.4 63.6 4406 46.7 44.3 21.2 2.2 4.2 .68 35.8 .1 3 IB 38B L1500S+300E 107 7.3 6.8 257 59 87 .13 .99 6.4 10.2 9.6 66.2 4367 49.4 48.1 19.0 2.6 4.9 2.0 31.5 .4 31B 38B L1500S+300E 79 7.6 7.3 470 3 80 .20 1.03 4.0 5.7 33.9 59.7 2604 32.2 26.8 17.9 1.8 3.7 .52 27.9 .2 3 IB 38B L2500S+300W 133 7.1 6.2 117 51 83 .18 1.07 4.7 5.9 12.2 62.4 4005 51.5 49.0 27.1 1.9 4.8 .43 29.2 K.I 3 IB 38B L2500S+300W 125 6.8 5.9 102 36 84 .17 1.07 5.3 7.3 9.4 59.4 4254 51.2 48.1 21.3 2.4 4.7 .37 31.9 .1 31B 38B L2500S+300W 141 6.7 6.2 71 43 88 .12 1.01 7.1 12.8 6.8 62.7 4628 52.4 49.4 21.8 2.4 4.5 .38 33.5 •C.I 31B 38B L2500S+300W 140 7.0 6.5 113 58 87 .13 1.02 6.6 11.1 8.9 67.1 4184 50.6 47.9 22.0 2.3 5.0 .82 32.4 .1 31B 38B L2500S+300W 52 7.7 7.4 286 1 80 .21 1.07 3.9 6.9 40.4 56.6 1750 27.0 7.2 18.0 1.5 1.5 .93 28.7 .3 - 245 - TOP EOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN JNT JNT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D~W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CM) (CM) 1-9 S - C - L - X POS % % yo % % FOR SUB PH CM .09 26835 2209 2717 1789 7619 34 1007 4976 7 27 0 10 2 4 6 0 0 1 22 30 40 40 45 6 5 6.8 21 .10 41048 799 1537 2510 6648 17 286 4587 16 26 10 50 4 0 1 9 0 2 22 30 40 40 45 6 5 6.8 21 f 06 37828 638 1985 4704 6609 23 251 4590 82 13 50 70 7 9 Q 10 0 4 22 3Q 49 49 45 6 5 6.8 21 .08 20333 1260 5416 1085 1616 29 1186 4271 21 55 0 10 1 7 1 2 0 0 26 33 60 30 85 6 4 6.4 55 .07 26622 1013 1668 784 2753 87 820 5146 7 52 10 20 2 4 2 4 0 1 26 33 60 30 85 6 4 6.4 55 .11 44572 382 1166 1984 5187 11 212 5949 11 16 20 65 5 0 3 7 0 1 26 33 60 30 85 6 4 6.4 55 .06 42320 301 1595 2452 4931 23 153 6234 7 8 65 210 7 0 9 l o 3 26 33 60 30 85 ^ 4 6.4 55 .11 46297 704 1091 1484 5226 48 475 4803 15 40 0 50 6 0 4 6 0 1 58 0 5 30 50 5 4 6.6 37 .01 28355 377 1336 2021 3809 10 335 4589 8 17 50 220 5 0 10 0 0 3 58 0 5 30 50 5 4 6.6 37 .03 27513 511 5892 8943 21019 15 332 8741 21 63 220 240 5 58 0 5 30 50 5 4 6.6 37 .11 41920 386 749 1332 5219 24 136 5722 9 13 0 70 5 0 2 8 0 1 18 30 30 60 23 3 3 5.9 113 .11 39986 318 625 1465 5509 19 116 5611 8 12 70 150 7 0 9 l 0 3 18 30 30 60 23 3 3 5.9 113 .06 2799 443 3092 326 470 29 312 757 25 44 0 5 1 7 3 0 0 0 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 .07 3005 312 849 504 990 72 72 749 5 45 5 10 2 7 3 0 0 1 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 .07 5111 345 252 1321 1027 ^ 8 993 2 5 10 60 5 0 2 8 0 1 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 .02 14315 212 449 1644 2971 ^ 21 2444 2 3 60 180 6 0 9 1 0 3 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 .03 19818 194 552 1893 4564 9 39 3244 2 4 180 230 5 0 10 0 0 4 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 .06 17734 459 6164 10046 14925 0 156 5170 9 51 230 350 5 56 13 15 80 60 5 3 5.9 63 K. 01 12556 1287 6145 1636 2627 22 661 3827 5 35 0 5 1 8 2 0 0 0 72 1 2 72 85 4 3 6.1 57 .03 30589 1083 2059 1817 6168 122 512 4800 8 68 5 10 2 8 2 0 0 1 72 1 2 72 85 4 3 6.1 57 .06 38192 372 1689 2365 5371 27 145 6432 8 19 10 90 6 0 2 8 0 1 72 1 2 72 85 4 3 6.1 57 .04 28320 248 898 1641 5372 8 83 5170 6 9 90 265 7 0 10 0 Q 3 72 1 2 72 85 4 3 6.1 57 .08 3815 581 860 675 2197 42 53 811 5 40 0 30 2 6 4 0 0 1 35 0 10 50 73 1 3 4.6 25 .09 5793 660 1142 2157 2336 25 16 814 5 15 30 60 6 0 7 3 0 2 35 0 10 50 73 1 3 4.6 25 *:.01 7808 321 870 1740 4281 5 9 681 3 8 60 90 6 0 10 0 0 3 35 0 10 50 73 1 3 4.6 25 .04 17246 265 324 1891 10931 ^ 42 1240 6 3 90 135 5 0 6 4 0 4 35 0 10 50 73 1 3 4.6 25 .12 13128 1220 2205 1151 1555 68 271 4263 6 63 0 10 2 5 3 2 0 1 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .10 20974 790 1151 1951 1656 74 106 4426 8 78 10 30 3 0 2 8 0 1 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .09 29036 315 196 881 1064 ^ 26 5512 2 5 30 60 3 0 8 2 0 1 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .03 23072 268 108 671 1110 ^ 16 4510 2 3 60 160 3 0 9 1 0 2 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .01 160 260 3 0 10 0 0 3 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .03 19060 277 782 1719 3575 ^ 50 3935 7 41 260 320 8 0 6 0 4 4 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .04 17352 408 4736 7810 22833 O 139 5508 12 58 320 460 5 60 23 31 55 90 4 3 6.5 72 .06 20542 689 2415 876 956 48 113 4639 5 44 0 20 2 6 2 2 0 1 5 22 67 44 85 3 3 6.1 20 .06 49800 493 2353 3066 4208 39 93 8623 7 12 20 60 6 0 2 8 0 1 5 22 67 44 85 3 3 6.1 20 .04 46166 427 3295 4308 5603 74 124 10374 10 14 60 95 7 0 2 8 0 2 5 22 67 44 85 3 3 6.1 20 .05 34572 317 1305 2089 2899 35 64 6977 8 10 95 200 6 0 8 2 0 3 5 22 67 44 85 3 3 6.1 20 .05 43965 519 2032 2930 5436 53 108 7806 12 23 0 40 6 0 2 8 0 1 70 9 28 75 80 5 3 6.0 25 .07 38916 429 2470 3638 6642 47 99 7702 18 14 40 90 7 0 7 3 0 3 70 9 28 75 80 5 3 6.0 25 .02 16006 1181 4161 1460 911 29 101 2558 6 38 0 10 1 7 1 2 0 0 85 5 5 23 95 4 3 5.9 35 .17 24183 1062 2225 1503 1251 46 168 3991 6 51 10 20 2 3 1 6 0 1 85 5 5 23 95 4 3 5.9 35 .09 46917 828 1257 2976 3864 15 83 6214 6 25 20 50 6 2 1 7 0 1 85 5 5 23 95 4 3 5.9 35 .09 46620 569 2921 6600 5976 30 105 7413 9 29 50 120 7 0 3 7 0 2 85 5 5 23 95 4 3 5.9 35 .17 44105 466 2011 4699 7600 34 85 6362 18 27 120 210 7 0 2 8 0 4 .06 13428 1175 4235 935 1480 25 409 3037 11 41 0 10 1 8 2 0 0 0 71 27 5 30 85 5 6 5.9 55 .11 16247 944 1759 1342 2409 49 283 4213 5 45 10 20 2 7 1 2 0 1 71 27 5 30 85 5 6 5.9 55 .10 32896 352 539 1819 5323 16 95 4070 4 13 20 90 6 0 3 7 0 1 71 27 5 30 85 5 6 5.9 55 .14 27821 244 331 1403 5698 14 76 3670 9 17 90 230 6 0 10 0 0 3 71 27 5 30 85 5 6 5.9 55 .07 2721 493 1257 587 623 52 64 858 5 29 0 40 2 10 0 0 0 1 18 0 59 3 97 1 3 4.2 135 .05 2955 277 58 795 449 ^ 4 235 3 8 40 90 6 6 3 1 0 1 18 0 59 3 97 1 3 4.2 135 .12 9039 133 119 1037 1525 ^ 12 862 2 5 90 140 6 2 6 2 0 2 18 0 59 3 97 1 3 4.2 135 .04 6958 158 *:10 1085 897 ^ 4 289 3 5 140 300 4 0 9 1 0 3 18 0 59 3 97 1 3 4.2 135 .13 20919 331 2936 6333 5255 0 120 3657 10 11 300 330 5 18 0 59 3 97 1 3 4.2 135 .10 17167 920 2223 822 5300 38 506 3480 5 41 0 30 2 8 2 0 0 1 0 30 27 45 60 3 3 6.0 40 .09 26152 708 742 2258 5233 17 149 2720 7 17 30 50 4 3 1 6 0 2 0 30 27 45 60 3 3 6.0 40 .05 30822 318 561 2733 3948 ^ 112 2943 7 7 50 90 6 0 8 2 0 2 0 30 27 45 60 3 3 6.0 40 .09 23662 182 338 1588 3471 0 63 2205 3 7 90 150 4 0 9 1 0 4 0 30 27 45 60 3 3 6.0 40 .11 20078 508 8578 14406 11873 ^ 197 4212 5 53 150 220 5 0 30 27 45 60 3 3 6.0 40 .06 40993 702 676 1994 3682 16 145 4586 10 21 0 35 3 0 4 6 0 2 0 62 59 91 70 3 3 5.7 30 .10 41655 490 1505 4498 3909 20 102 4917 14 11 35 55 5 0 4 6 0 4 0 62 59 91 70 3 3 5.7 30 .08 44236 446 405 1627 2590 10 45 5693 8 16 0 40 4 0 3 7 0 1 0 35 82 72 30 3 3 6.2 30 .02 51693 216 271 1271 1799 8 40 6581 6 6 40 70 4 0 2 8 0 2 0 35 82 72 30 3 3 6.2 30 .06 26201 189 32 742 1174 ^ 24 5015 3 2 70 130 3 0 9 1 0 4 0 35 82 72 30 3 3 6.2 30 .07 16478 513 9057 14524 18247 ^ 221 7008 18 53 130 185 5 0 35 82 72 30 3 3 6.2 30 .05 38466 616 1052 2050 2739 6 95 4867 20 36 0 55 4 0 1 9 0 1 75 0 4 38 95 5 3 6.8 60 •e. 01 38526 381 452 1131 1677 2 63 4663 22 42 55 90 5 0 3 7 0 2 75 0 4 38 95 5 3 6.8 60 .06 36913 315 444 976 1543 5 55 4395 21 28 90 195 3 0 7 3 0 3 75 0 4 38 95 5 3 6.8 60 .10 27832 334 1032 2025 3634 7 57 3644 19 43 195 250 8 0 8 2 0 4 75 0 4 38 95 5 3 6.8 60 .10 51101 326 1561 2088 5551 49 169 4524 18 43 250 310 5 75 0 4 38 95 5 3 6.8 60 .10 51466 479 999 979 2892 93 61 5508 15 18 0 55 5 0 3 7 0 1 15 72 30 73 90 6 3 6.4 30 .05 45533 234 386 602 1033 32 33 4838 9 40 55 110 4 0 6 4 0 2 15 72 30 73 90 6 3 6.4 30 .04 29387 232 78 558 834 O 41 3097 5 8 110 190 3 0 7 3 0 3 15 72 30 73 90 6 3 6.4 30 .13 27159 262 474 1413 1949 2 53 2851 14 26 190 250 7 0 6 2 2 4 15 72 30 73 90 6 3 6.4 30 .10 54513 253 881 911 3474 51 224 4442 13 24 250 350 5 15 72 30 73 90 6 3 6.4 30 - 246 - APPENDIX B,4 (CON'T) OTTAWA-BROCKVILLE AREA. PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACL2 FIB % BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS MO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND 96 WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO % /G % C:N PPM 31G 24 L400E+400S 170 6.5 6.3 190 52 83 .17 1.03 4.9 7.7 8.1 63.8 4542 51.6 49.4 34.4 1.5 5.5 .35 33.0 .1 31G 24 L400E+400S 117 6.6 6.1 90 50 86 .14 1.02 6.2 9.4 11.2 81.1 4277 52.0 49.9 17.3 3.0 5.6 .51 27.7 1.0 3 1C 24 L400E+400S 112 6.8 6.2 76 32 90 .10 .99 8.6 17.3 8.2 64.1 4585 48.7 47.3 23.2 2.1 4.7 .47 35.8 2.9 3 1C 24 L400E+1000N 121 6.0 5.5 140 48 84 .16 .98 5.1 9.0 10.1 62.4 4331 48.4 46.0 24.2 2.0 4.2 .32 35.0 .4 31G 24 L400E+1000N 143 6.1 5.4 74 56 89 .11 .99 7.8 15.0 5.7 67.0 3763 46.2 44.1 19.3 2.4 4.2 • 42 41.1 t? 31G 24 L2400E+1000M 140 5.7 5.3 129 46 82 .18 .99 4.4 6.8 10.4 65.5 3991 49.9 47.4 19.2 2.6 4.6 .31 32.2 1.6 31G 24 L2400E+1000N 99 6.1 5.4 71 37 86 .14 1.01 6.0 8.9 9.8 62.8 4046 50.5 48.8 25.3 2.0 5.9 .26 31.5 .3 3 1C 24 L2400E+1000N 152 5.9 5.4 58 43 88 .11 1.02 7.5 11.2 9.0 64.3 4504 49.6 46.0 24.8 2.0 5.1 .32 34.0 .1 31G 24 L2400E+1000N 135 6.3 5.6 61 43 87 .13 1.02 6.7 9.1 19.9 62.3 4347 51.9 49.1 28.8 1.8 5.7 .38 20.3 .2 31G 30 F1600N 134 6.5 6.1 61 56 89 .11 1.06 8.3 14.7 5.0 69.2 4638 56.1 52.2 20.0 2.8 6.5 .33 29.3 .1 31G 30 F1600N 158 6.7 6.0 67 50 88 .12 1.03 7.1 8.7 9.8 61.7 4407 53.7 50.2 13.1 4.1 6.2 .54 25.7 .2 3 1C 30 L1000N+800W 132 6.3 5.8 100 41 84 .16 1.02 5.3 6.8 9.5 62.5 4393 53.4 50.0 24.3 2.2 5.6 .39 28.9 *:.l 43 85 .15 1.04 5.7 7.9 8.8 63.2 4461 52.3 50.1 24.9 2.1 5.3 .36 31.1 •c.l 31G 30 L1000N+800H 111 6.4 5.9 69 •c.l 3iG ?o L1000N+800W 241 6.5 6,3 114 ?i 94 .06 1.04 15.1 21.3 10.2 62.2 4577 52.8 49.3 19.6 2.7 5.6 .72 28.0 31G 30 L3000H+1000W 64 7.3 7.0 519 61 73 .27 1.03 2.8 12.0 9.8 70.3 4292 48.0 46.1 21.0 2.3 4.9 .34 34.7 2.4 31G 30 L3000N+1000H 95 6.9 6.5 170 42 83 .17 1.03 4.9 6.4 15.7 57.8 4118 48.9 46.2 27.2 1.8 5.0 .43 28.2 .4 3 1C 30 L3000N+1000W 116 6.7 6.5 140 34 85 .15 1.02 5.7 9.2 14.9 58.7 4284 49.0 48.0 19.6 2.5 5.1 .84 27.7 .8 31G 30 L3000N+1000H 36 6.9 6.6 292 -JO 77 .26 1.11 3.3 4.8 60.0 29.2 1832 23.0 11.5 19.2 1.2 3.7 1.0 10.1 1.3 31G 30 Til 149 6.6 6.1 105 50 86 .14 1.00 6.1 8.7 9.3 63.3 4371 51.0 49.0 25.5 2.0 4.8 .25 32.6 .3 3 1C 30 Til 154 6.6 6.2 119 52 87 .13 1.01 6.5 11.9 11.3 63.1 4356 51.2 50.1 20.5 2.5 4.4 .08 30.5 1.2 3 1C 58 B2600M 140 6.5 6.0 108 36 84 .15 .98 5.3 7.7 8.5 61.2 4204 51.2 49.7 26.9 1.9 4.8 .16 33.4 .4 31G 58 B2600N 113 6.2 6.1 116 59 88 .12 1.05 7.3 13.2 3.7 72.6 4827 55.4 52.7 19.1 2.9 5.6 .23 32.2 .6 31G 58 B2600N 70 6.7 6.6 256 61 86 .14 1.00 6.1 10.0 28.3 56.1 3743 36.8 16-.2 12.7 2.9 5.0 1.3 25.7 .4 31G 58 F600S 152 6.9 6.5 132 45 86 .13 .95 6.0 7.2 7.7 67.3 4136 49.4 47.2 21.5 2.3 4.6 .56 35.4 <.l 31G 58 F600S 80 6.7 6.3 89 16 07 .13 1.01 6.8 11.0 8.0 63.8 4340 51.6 48.5 23.5 2.2 5.1 ,49 32.6 ^1 31G 35R R7 119 4.0 3.5 137 18 71 .29 1.01 2.5 4.2 3.4 68.2 5169 57.8 54.7 36.1 1.6 6.0 .15 31.0 •C.I 31G 35R R7 52 4.7 4.0 84 42 86 .14 1.01 6.0 11.4 2.8 71.2 5092 58.5 57.0 26.6 2.2 6.1 .26 30.1 •C.I 31G 35R R7 56 5.1 4.3 47 18 86 .14 1.00 6.1 12.1 2.9 68.8 6319 56.0 54.8 24.3 2.3 5.9 .19 32.7 •C.I 31G 35R R7 76 5.2 4.5 88 18 87 .13 1.02 6.7 12.3 3.6 73.3 6126 53.8 51.0 25.6 2.1 5.6 .18 34.7 ^1 31G 35R R7 90 5.3 4.7 99 16 86 .14 1.03 6.3 11.3 10.2 67.2 4881 50.0 48.7 23.8 2.1 5.8 .24 31.7 ^1 31G 3SR R7 132 5.8 5.5 150 34 84 .16 1.02 5.3 10.6 10.5 49.8 4631 47.5 46.1 19.8 2.4 5.1 .89 33.6 1.5 31G 35R R7 9 7.9 7.7 258 4 22 1.13 1.44 .3 .2 92.4 24.7 0 2.1 2.1 21.0 .1 1.0 .02 4.4 1.9 - 247 - TOP BOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN J NT J NT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CM)(CM) 1-9 S - C - L ~ X POS % 'fc ^ % % FOR SUB PH CM .15 25709 396 157 907 2314 ^ 226 1276 5 13 0 60 3 0 1 9 0 1 10 67 81 11 65 6 5 6.5 110 .14 37739 368 538 1513 3956 10 297 2378 6 32 60 120 4 0 8 2 0 2 10 67 81 11 65 6 5 6.5 110 .10 31428 231 310 618 3878 10 371 2326 5 6. 120 210 3 0 10 0 o 4 J-0 67 81 11 65 6 5 6.5 UQ .05 35449 419 486 1346 2443 16 242 1513 8 109 0 120 5 0 8 2 0 1 0 9 55 34 35 6 5 5.7 150 .03 17731 178 97 785 2252 ^ 102 1366 5 13 120 ?85 3 0 10 0 0 3 0 9 55 34 35 6 5 5.7 150 .23 34326 981 789 1588 2222 64 376 1447 7 46 0 20 3 0 2 8 0 1 0 51 33 50 80 6 5 5.7 100 .14 30621 389 691 1838 1966 13 92 1968 6 16 20 115 6 0 a 2 0 1 0 51 33 50 80 6 5 5.7 100 .14 28396 246 603 1684 2143 9 83 2137 5 10 115 190 5 0 10 0 0 2 0 51 33 50 80 6 5 5.7 100 .13 27431 300 871 2238 3634 9 84 3340 16 12 19Q 3.20 6 0 8 2 0 4 0 51 33 50 80 6 5 5.7 loo .07 16124 293 69 574 850 0 10 3724 3 9 0 110 3 0 10 0 0 2 0 0 15 12 60 3 1 6.2 20 .04 31984 277 228 1451 2792 O 60 5008 16 15 110 180 3 0 3 7 0 4 0 0 15 12 60 3 1 6.2 20 .01 35052 535 167 926 4231 7 301 4652 8 17 0 50 3 0 3 7 0 1 56 9 5 35 95 5 3 6.3 62 .05 32189 346 183 705 4133 9 279 4755 10 31 50 150 4 0 6 4 0 2 56 9 5 35 95 5 3 6.3 62 .04 24177 382 1149 2358 3100 5 180 5067 13 26 150 300 3 0 10 0 0 3 56 9 5 35 95 5 3 6.3 62 .05 17621 918 1655 1021 8541 49 940 4138 a 74 0 20 2 0 8 2 0 1 0 0 5 20 5(3 3 5 6.0 15 .01 34149 361 2413 4433 5255 3 207 6712 9 23 20 70 6 0 6 4 0 2 0 0 5 20 50 3 5 6.0 15 .07 26987 320 2107 3903 5248 2 166 6208 9 21 70 180 5 0 10 0 0 3 0 0 5 20 50 3 5 6.0 15 .05 24795 695 13849 22306 20165 22 371 12773 20 74 180 210 5 0 0 5 20 50 3 5 6.0 15 .14 31782 427 468 1473 3483 O 137 4925 8 30 0 80 3 0 3 7 0 2 6 38 17 33 60 3 2 5.9 17 .06 32211 375 1201 2717 4400 O 249 5305 16 16 90 110 4 0 9 1 o 4 6 38 17 33 60 3 2 5.9 17 .07 37407 358 251 1055 1966 8 257 5916 4 16 0 50 3 0 3 7 0 1 65 7 6 48 93 5 1 5.9 30 .01 16636 217 80 702 686 5 89 3858 2 11 50 210 3 0 10 0 0 3 65 7 6 48 93 5 1 5.9 30 .09 15052 360 5153 8876 9307 ^ 178 5525 16 76 210 250 5 65 7 6 48 93 5 1 5.9 30 .08 43208 465 429 1054 3557 6 125 5792 6 22 0 50 3 0 4 6 0 1 35 27 15 53 85 5 4 6.3 32 .10 36203 429 207 895 3290 11 125 5436 9 20 50 180 3 0 7 3 0 3 35 27 15 53 85 5 4 6.3 32 •C. 01 5247 316 1185 2173 591 13 15 1491 3 10 0 20 5 0 8 2 0 1 20 40 90 6 3 75 ^01 7125 196 666 1523 1041 8 16 1753 1 7 20 40 5 0 10 0 0 1 20 40 90 6 3 75 .09 7302 199 188 1404 1553 5 19 1761 •el S 40 85 5 0 10 0 0 2 20 40 90 6 3 75 .10 8393 215 333 1545 1856 7 23 1945 2 7 85 125 5 0 8 2 0 3 20 40 90 6 3 75 .08 10262 213 354 1281 2489 12 31 2235 2 7 125 160 6 0 10 0 0 3 20 40 90 6 3 75 .65 10771 226 474 1545 2980 13 39 2369 2 7 160 205 7 0 10 0 0 4 20 40 90 6 3 75 .17 44072 1076 20194 48893 31583 101 612 21857 22 57 205 6 20 40 90 6 3 75 - 248 - APPENDIX B,5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAT SAMPLES FROM PARRY SOUND AREA. (REFER SECT, 3.5 FOR SOURCES AND CONTEXT OF DATA,) PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2o CACL2 FIB ^o BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS NO, LOCATION CAP PH PH COND 96 WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO 0Xo /G % % C:N PPM 31E 19 BIOOE 85 4.2 3.6 44 78 91 .09 1.04 10.1 18.4 4.9 73.6 4468 55.8 53.0 37.2 1.5 5.5 .36 31.9 .6 3 IE 19 BIOOE 138 4.1 3.7 15 43 89 .10 .98 8.1 10.0 2.6 70.3 5119 57.6 54.8 36.0 1.6 6.0 .11 32.1 c.l 3 IE 19 BIOOE 137 4.1 3.8 15 40 89 .11 1.01 8.2 11.4 2.3 69.8 5176 59.2 58.1 39.5 1.5 6.2 .11 30.7 <.l 3 IE 19 BIOOE 93 4.4 3.9 35 35 87 .13 1.00 6.5 8.2 2.9 67.9 5135 59.0 57.4 49.2 1.2 6.4 .05 30.4 C.I 3 IE 19 BIOOE 161 4.6 4.1 39 42 90 .10 .99 8.5 11.1 2.5 68.0 5085 58.3 55.9 48.6 1.2 6.3 .09 31.6 •C.I 3 IE 19 BIOOE 103 5.2 4.7 40 41 91 .09 .99 9.5 11.1 3.3 69.3 5173 59.6 57.2 45.8 1.3 6.4 .06 29.3 C.I 3 IE 19 BIOOE 96 5.5 5.0 44 54 90 .10 1.03 9.2 12.1 3.5 69.0 5047 55.8 53.3 39.9 1.4 5.6 .07 33.6 .2 3 IE 19 BIOOE 94 5.9 5.1 39 51 93 .07 1.03 12.4 16.4 3.6 67.4 4991 55.6 52.9 30.9 1.8 5.4 .08 33.5 •c.l 3 IE 19 BIOOE 97 6.0 5.3 32 64 93 .06 .97 13.4 17.0 4.5 66.6 5040 56.4 54.4 25.6 2.2 6.1 .04 30.8 c.l 3 IE 19 BIOOE 74 6.1 5.4 52 55 93 .07 1.03 12.9 14.7 9.4 63.3 4743 51.8 49.3 21.6 2.4 5.5 .32 30.6 c.l 3 IE 19 BIOOE 83 5.9 5.5 163 74 92 .09 1.09 11.0 12.4 40.6 47.7 2881 32.4 16.2 16.2 2.0 4.1 1.0 19.8 .3 3 IE 19 B1000E 90 4.6 3.6 49 52 89 .10 .99 8.4 13.2 8.0 70.0 4484 48.9 45.1 23.3 2.1 4.8 .38 35.8 1.1 3 IE 19 B1000E 144 4.6 3.7 21 42 91 .08 1.00 10.5 15.4 2.5 70.4 4861 52.4 49.0 26.2 2.0 5.7 .13 37.3 .1 3 IE 19 B1000E 123 4.5 3.8 30 41 92 .08 .99 11.0 16.3 2.6 68.2 4927 54.3 50.3 31.9 1.7 6.2 .16 35.0 c.l 3 IE 19 B1000E 106 4.8 4.0 39 64 92 .07 1.02 12.2 17.3 1.8 70.5 5120 57.5 56.0 31.9 1.8 5.7 .02 33.2 •e.l 3 IE 19 B1000E 96 5.3 4.6 67 35 91 .09 1.03 9.8 17.1 2.5 68.0 5134 56.4 55.8 40.3 1.4 5.9 .04 33.8 •c.l 3 IE 19 B1000E 97 6.0 5.0 50 54 92 .08 1.05 11.7 17.5 4.8 67.1 4886 55.7 54.1 29.3 1.9 6.1 .15 31.3 c.l 3 IE 19 B1000E 77 6.3 5.5 57 68 92 .07 1.03 12.2 15.9 16.7 61.5 4266 56.9 52.7 19.0 3.0 5.9 .36 17.1 •C.I 31E 19 B1000E 87 6.6 5.7 63 35 93 .07 1.00 12.6 15.0 24.5 58.3 3822 52.2 49.9 18.0 2.9 5.3 .58 14.5 .2 3 IE 19 B1000E 58 6.2 5.7 145 65 90 .10 .99 8.7 9.3 44.9 44.0 2654 29.7 16.0 13.5 2.2 2.8 .71 19.7 .2 3 IE 24 L300H+200S 103 4.0 3.4 16 88 94 .05 1.00 16.8 25.7 9.6 77.3 3732 46.0 41.1 41.8 1.1 7.5 .16 35.6 .2 3 IE 24 L300W+200S 105 3.8 3.1 53 88 .12 1.03 7.3 11.1 1.4 69.1 5099 57.4 56.0 35.9 1.6 6.2 .17 33.2 .1 3 IE 24 L300H+200S 107 3.9 3.4 56 91 .09 1.03 9.6 15.2 1.9 67.7 5100 56.2 54.1 28.1 2.0 6.1 .15 33.6 ' c.l 3 IE 24 L300H+200S 98 4.7 4.1 18 43 92 .08 1.00 10.7 16.0 4.3 67.0 5340 56.5 53.8 24.6 2.3 5.9 .18 30.8 .2 3 IE 24 L300W+200S 38 5.7 5.0 - 33 15 77 .24 1.04 3.3 4.4 38.2 49.4 3281 36.8 26.2 20.4 1.8 4.3 .25 18.6 1.6 3 IE 24 B1250H 131 4.3 3.3 96 92 95 .05 1.00 17.1 23.6 1.5 80.7 4338 48.8 45.3 37.5 1.3 4.1 .10 44.2 •e.l 3 IE 24 B1250W 116 3.5 2.9 54 88 .12 1.00 7.1 10.5 1.8 71.0 5035 56.1 52.8 31.2 1.8 5.7 .15 34.5 .2 3 IE 24 B1250H 110 3.6 2.9 43 87 .13 1.01 6.8 8.9 1.2 70.3 5189 58.8 55.6 36.8 1.6 6.5 .11 31.8 •e.l 3 IE 24 B1250W 82 4.5 3.4 23 44 90 .09 .99 9.5 14.0 3.7 68.5 5151 57.0 54.9 23.8 2.4 6.6 .12 30.2 .2 3 IE 24 B1250H 90 4.9 3.6 24 52 92 .08 1.00 11.5 14.9 2.8 71.4 5244 57.6 53.3 27.4 2.1 5.6 .14 31.8 *:.l 3 IE 24 B1250H 84 5.0 3.9 28 50 92 .08 1.04 11.6 11.9 3.5 68.6 5236 58.4 57.0 25.4 2.3 6.1 .18 29.5 •e.l 3 IE 24 B1250H 103 5.2 4.6 48 49 91 .09 1.02 9.9 11.7 8.5 62.5 4881 53.0 50.1 27.9 1.9 5.6 .34 30.7 .4 3 IE 24 B1250W 79 5.1 4.1 35 43 90 .09 1.00 9.1 13.2 22.8 56.3 4039 45.6 40.0 24.0 1.9 4.6 .24 24.9 .5 3 IE 24 B1250W 33 5.4 4.8 68 29 78 .24 1.08 3.5 5.0 71.8 22.3 1176 16.5 10.6 18.3 .9 2.3 .16 8.3 .7 3 IE 24 G400W+700S 154 4.2 3.3 27 69 92 .08 1.05 11.4 21.9 1.5 80.0 4192 49.3 45.7 41.1 1.2 4.9 .11 43.0 .8 31E 24 G400W+700S 104 4.0 3.5 18 51 88 .12 1.00 7.3 9.9 2.5 69.3 5111 60.2 58.3 35.4 1.7 6.2 .16 29.2 .2 3 IE 24 G400W+700S 109 4.2 3.7 12 57 90 .10 1.04 9.2 13.0 2.6 69.6 5177 59.6 56.6 39.7 1.5 6.0 .09 30.2 .2 3 IE 24 G400W+700S 120 4.7 3.9 24 65 92 .08 1.00 11.2 15.4 4.0 69.8 4966 55.5 53.3 32.6 1.7 5.7 .12 33.0 .1 3 IE 24 G400H+700S 85 5.2 4.4 30 51 93 .07 1.02.12.7 17.3 4.0 69.3 5111 56.2 53.8 23.4 2.4 5.7 .14 31.6 1.2 3 IE 24 G400H+700S 88 5.6 4.8 28 46 91 .09 1.05 10.1 13.6 7.2 65.1 5032 57.1 54.9 28.6 2.0 6.1 .15 27.5 .3 31E 24 G400H+700S 82 5.5 4.8 28 49 90 .10 1.01 8.8 12.5 15.6 57.9 4594 51.4 47.9 28.6 1,8 5.6 .17 25.4 f 5 3 IE 33 B200S 129 4.2 4.3 28 92 93 .06 1.01 14.2 22.4 4.1 75.9 4418 48.8 45.0 32.5 1.5 4.2 .32 41.1 .4 3 IE 33 B200S 104 4.5 3.9 51 53 88 .12 1.01 7.3 9.6 3.9 69.1 4902 58.5 56.8 34.4 1.7 5.9 .19 29.8 •e.l 3 IE 33 B200S 103 5.0 4.2 35 54 91 .08 1.03 10.5 14.9 2.7 70.3 5154 57.4 55.2 33.8 1.7 5.7 .15 32.3 c.l 3 IE 33 B200S 117 5.4 4.6 35 62 92 .07 1.02 12.2 18.3 5.2 68.4 5022 57.1 54.2 33.6 1.7 5.8 .07 30.2 .2 3 IE 33 B200S 51 5.9 4.8 39 23 88 .12 1.01 7.2 9.1 30.8 50.0 3648 40.6 31.0 16.9 2.4 4.0 .33 21.9 C.I 3 IE 33 B200S S3 5.8 4.8 64 91 .09 1.04 9.7 9.4 47.1 39.9 2514 29.3 15.4 13.3 2.2 3.6 .42 17.4 .1 3 IE 34A B400E 110 4.8 4.4 57 68 94 .06 1.01 15.6 23.8 6.6 74.5 4176 45.8 40.0 45.8 1.0 4.7 .30 41.6 .2 3 IE 34A B400E 135 4.1 3.4 74 44 88 .12 .98 7.2 10.2 4.8 70.3 5076 55.5 51.3 30.8 1.8 6.1 .32 31.5 .4 3 IE 34A B400E 127 4.3 3.3 27 64 93 .07 1.02 13.5 14.6 2.6 71.0 5293 58.9 56.5 36.8 1.6 6.3 .18 30.4 .3 3 IE 34A B400E 104 4.8 3.6 22 65 91 .09 1.01 10.3 15.3 2.5 71.1 5100 55.8 51.1 37.2 1.5 6.0 .12 34.1 .2 3 IE 34A B400E 105 5.3 4.0 28 63 93 .07 1.03 12.3 16.2 3.3 71.7 4928 55.8 51.3 39.9 1.4 6.1 .40 33.0 C.I 3 IE 34A B400E 68 5.7 4.6 39 68 92 .08 .99 11.0 10.4 36.5 47.3 2961 34.6 20.2 13.8 2.5 3.7 .18 22.5 .1 3 IE 34A B900E 117 4.3 3.6 121 84 94 .06 1.01 15.1 21.4 4.1 78.1 4268 46.1 39.7 35.5 1.3 4.8 .17 43.5 C.I 3 IE 34A B900E 83 3.6 3.2 44 88 .12 1.03 7.3 10.2 4.3 70.5 5262 56.1 53.0 29.5 1.9 6.1 .08 31.5 .1 31E 34A B900E 99 3.9 3.4 54 90 .10 1.03 9.0 12.5 2.4 70.4 5200 60.0 58.8 40.0 1.5 6.8 .10 29.2 C.I 3 IE 34A B900E 110 4.3 3.7 12 57 91 .09 .99 10.0 13.4 4.1 71.3 5017 54.4 51.1 38.9 1.4 5.7 .18 34.2 C.I 3 IE 34A B900E 78 4.6 4.1 20 47 91 .08 1.00 10.2 13.7 5.0 68.7 5004 58.1 56.0 5.9 .24 30.8 C.I 31E 34A B900E 72 4.9 4.3 32 39 91 .09 .99 9.5 12.3 5.5 66.8 4966 56.2 54.9 22.5 2.5 6.0 .30 29.5 C.I 31E 34A B900E 97 5.1 4.3 29 44 91 .08 1.01 10.4 13.8 7.4 65.3 4919 54.7 53.8 22.8 2.4 5.8 .31 29.4 .1 31E 34A B900E 54 4.6 4.5 132 70 84 .16 1.04 5.3 5.9 55.0 34.0 2004 24.7 12.4 3.9 .20 16.2 C.I 3 IE 34B B500S 27 4.8 3.8 61 102 95 .05 1.00 18.6 27.1 3.6 79.4 4106 48.6 42.9 4.7 .13 43.0 .2 3 IE 34B B500S 124 3.9 3.4 8 40 86 .14 1.01 5.9 8.5 4.2 65.2 5007 57.8 55.4 6.2 .12 31.7 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 135 3.8 3.4 56 90 .09 1.00 9.1 13.2 2.6 69.5 4905 57.6 56.0 6.4 .14 33.3 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 137 4.1 3.5 9 58 92 .08 1.01 11.0 15.3 2.5 71.6 5023 58.5 56.0 39.0 1.5 5.9 .12 31.5 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 222 4.6 4.1 63 73 92 .08 1.05 11.6 17.0 3.8 72.0 4952 57.5 55.6 57.5 1.0 5.9 .15 31.6 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 81 5.3 4.6 35 49 92 .08 1.02 11.6 15.5 21.5 67.3 4947 52.0 50.1 19.3 2.7 5.7 .16 18.1 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 76 5.3 3.7 39 51 92 .08 1.03 11.3 18.1 19.9 59.1 4167 47.4 40.2 16.9 2.8 4.9 .21 24.8 C.I 3 IE 34B BSOOS 55 4.6 4.8 125 54 87 .14 1.05 6.5 11.5 46.4 41.4 2593 31.6 16.8 15.0 2.1 3.6 .32 16.0 .1 3 IE 34B B1700S 94 5.0 3.8 81 81 92 .08 1.04 11.8 24.9 6.4 76.2 4144 46.5 40.0 29.1 1.6 4.6 .22 40.7 .6 3 IE 34B B1700S 107 3.9 3.0 46 88 .12 1.00 7.3 10.5 3.1 68.3 5210 58.0 55.7 38.7 1.5 5.9 .16 31.3 C.I 3 IE 34B B1700S 102 4.2 3.1 14 55 91 .09 1.03 10.4 13.3 3.3 70.1 5186 57.5 55.9 31.9 1.8 5.9 .20 31.3 C.I 3 IE 34B B1700S 88 4.4 3.4 17 46 92 .08 1.05 10.8 15.1 3.6 69.5 5060 58.6 56.0 30.8 1.9 6.2 .18 29.5 C.I 3 IE 34B B1700S 88 4.9 3.8 22 41 92 .08 .99 10.9 18.5 11.1 64.1 4782 54.1 52.2 25.8 2.1 5.8 .24 26.7 C.I 3 IE 348 B1700S 67 4.7 4.1 68 55 90 .09 1.00 9.3 11.0 30.3 53.9 3487 40.4 31.8 31.1 1.3 4.3 .31 23.4 .3 3 IE 34B F800N 187 3.6 2.8 117 92 90 .10 1.08 9.5 23.6 4.5 74.3 4364 51.0 49.0 36.4 1.4 5.7 .15 37. .2 3 IE 34B F800N 111 3.3 2.7 57 89 .10 1.02 8.4 12.8 1.9 76.7 4909 57.1 56.9 38.1 1.5 6.2 .01 33.3 .1 3 IE 34B F800N 184 3.8 2.9 55 90 .09 1.03 9.4 13.6 1.8 71. 5214 58.2 55.7 41.6 1.4 6.2 .12 32.3 .1 3 IE 34B FBOON 76 4.0 3.2 48 89 .11 .97 7.9 10.0 3.1 70.2 5235 59.6 57.4 39.7 1.5 6.3 .14 29.4 .1 3 IE 34B F800N 102 4.3 3.7 14 46 91 .08 .99 10.4 14.6 2.9 70.1 5074 58.5 56.8 34.4 1.7 6.1 .15 30.6 *:.l 31E 34B F800N 90 5.2 4.5 32 58 92 .08 1.01 11.3 18.1 15.7 59.8 4293 49.5 46.9 33.0 1.5 5.7 .20 27.4 .1 3 IE 34B F800H 35 5.4 4.8 49 36 80 .21 1.06 4.0 6.1 70.2 24.8 1323 17.5 10.4 19.4 .9 3.6 .16 7.6 .2 3J.E 34B F800N 21 5.0 4.8 269 28 72 .33 1.22 2.6 4.0 88.3 15.4 7.4 5.1 18.5 .4 2.4 .14 1.4 .4 - 249 - TOP EOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN J NT J NT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CMMCM) 1-9 S - C - L - X POS 'fa *fc To % % FOR SUB PH CM .04 2892 528 1240 2749 1344 79 36 781 14 75 0 70 1 8 2 0 0 0 3 0 40 20 99 1 4 3.7 24 .04 3181 346 107 1986 651 O 10 672 3 5 70 120 6 2 7 1 0 1 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .03 3068 314 •CIO 2083 643 ^ 15 663 3 4 120 150 6 1 8 1 0 1 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .02 3700 254 90 2511 830 ^ 27 819 3 2 150 180 8 2 8 0 0 2 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .04 6297 317 •CIO 2520 1489 0 66 1351 2 3 180 220 8 2 6 2 0 2 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .02 7457 255 90 2005 2475 0 117 1366 1 2 220 270 7 3 7 0 0 2 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .03 9362 250 111 1815 3858 3 165 1584 3 4 270 300 7 3 6 1 0 3 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .04 8892 231 365 1877 4536 5 175 1616 4 9 300 350 5 0 8 2 0 3 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .02 7715 249 573 2254 4741 5 160 1475 5 12 350 400 5 1 9 0 0 4 3 0 40 20 99 1 3.7 24 .03 8609 292 1228 4148 6292 ^ 176 1791 13 30 400 450 5 0 9 1 0 4 3 0 40 20 99 1 4 3.7 24 .10 11369 435 6536 16291 16754 ^ 237 4351 53 77 450 550 5 3 0 40 20 99 1 4 3.7 24 .09 3432 539 1418 2566 2092 43 54 926 11 44 0 50 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 *:.01 5928 395 326 1749 1222 6 16 908 5 8 50 110 2 10 0 0 0 1 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .04 6381 293 288 1641 899 6 12 1111 5 5 110 130 5 5 5 0 0 1 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .04 4971 310 191 1312 635 8 16 1212 3 3 130 230 6 4 6 0 0 1 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .03 7617 260 170 1412 1377 5 98 1784 3 5 230 350 6 1 8 1 0 2 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .05 7903 278 349 1960 2929 5 182 1490 7 9 350 440 5 0 6 4 0 3 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .10 7166 431 811 4352 4820 7 226 1254 19 22 440 500 6 0 8 2 0 4 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .05 7886 429 1837 6881 6905 5 243 1824 35 45 500 610 7 0 10 0 0 4 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .06 8710 442 5084 13213 13344 3 284 3486 31 80 610 770 5 1 2 28 24 99 1 5 4.0 20 .02 2363 462 1464 2613 2971 21 68 907 7 45 0 40 1 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 19 30 99 1 4 4.3 27 .09 1722 383 194 2543 1450 10 12 294 8 12 40 80 8 8 1 1 0 1 0 0 19 30 99 1 4 .3 27 .05 1685 418 234 2755 1936 6 19 205 7 6 80 100 8 6 4 0 0 2 0 0 19 30 99 1 4 .3 27 .03 3138 254 527 3859 4850 5 53 451 8 8 100 210 5 1 9 0 0 3 0 0 19 30 99 1 4 .3 27 .03 9361 483 7522 19988 14701 8 221 2970 22 27 210 280 8 5 0 0 19 30 99 1 4 .3 ?7 .10 1218 969 3217 1198 982 45 65 745 6 67 0 30 1 7 3 0 0 0 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 .0 45 .05 697 452 327 1495 580 13 5 208 3 17 30 70 4 6 4 0 0 1 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 .0 45 .05 538 355 251 1716 528 8 3 171 3 10 70 190 5 6 3 1 0 1 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 .0 45 .03 725 314 748 3312 938 8 6 230 4 7 190 250 4 1 8 1 0 2 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 .0 45 .04 1253 306 477 3228 1644 5 11 299 4 8 250 310 5 1 6 3 0 3 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 4.0 45 .06 1499 415 499 3904 2150 6 16 363 12 16 310 340 5 1 8 1 0 3 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 4.0 45 .07 4385 277 634 5311 5199 6 53 765 23 38 340 470 7 1 8 1 0 4 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 4.0 45 .04 4789 576 4532 12696 6826 8 97 1902 20 79 470 500 5 1 8 1 0 4 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 4.0 45 .03 12533 695 15977 34559 15140 ^ 284 5865 21 100 500 530 6 16 0 7 21 95 1 5 4.0 45 .12 2190 795 3023 1061 1261 25 125 758 3 57 0 40 3 7 3 0 0 1 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 .02 1823 363 255 2584 997 7 8 378 5 8 40 110 4 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 •c. 01 2227 313 102 2345 1836 7 14 340 3 5 110 200 6 6 3 1 0 2 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 *:.01 2916 297 525 3323 2865 9 23 457 4 5 200 230 5 2 6 2 0 3 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 .03 3444 289 450 3329 5027 9 38 499 7 24 230 320 4 2 8 0 0 3 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 .06 5038 516 753 5512 10181 8 74 707 11 7 320 340 5 3 6 1 0 4 0 0 17 12 96 1 1 4.3 22 .05 5648 534 2932 10251 10729 12 109 1204 14 13 340 370 S 5 5 o o 4 0 0 17 12 96 1 14.3 22 .12 5041 690 784 1774 2656 43 54 889 6 61 0 20 2 10 0 0 0 1 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .11 2933 568 489 3674 1216 6 29 506 8 12 20 90 7 0 8 2 0 1 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .03 3756 349 274 2550 2355 3 20 596 4 5 90 190 6 0 8 2 0 2 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .06 4859 361 436 2692 6805 5 44 644 7 10 190 330 5 0 8 2 0 4 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .07 3869 759 1477 8063 11622 2 68 857 25 25 330 410 5 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .05 3942 658 2630 11064 13070 6 77 1433 28 62 410 450 5 12 15 45 6 99 1 5 4.2 19 .12 4213 896 3005 598 516 79 107 760 12 58 0 30 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .09 2640 540 388 2745 1183 15 62 503 6 35 30 80 7 1 8 1 0 1 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .05 1733 402 37 2473 959 3 29 332 5 16 80 140 6 4 6 0 0 1 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .04 2973 290 74 2437 2128 2 32 448 3 9 140 200 7 2 7 1 0 2 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .05 4488 263 171 2486 3715 ^ 56 725 3 12 200 450 5 2 6 2 0 3 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .03 7511 783 5934 17731 15667 ^ 245 2075 24 74 450 480 5 1 0 20 4 95 1 3 4.3 19 .09 3474 888 1819 1609 2331 40 188 846 6 78 0 50 3 10 0 0 0 1 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .03 1138 392 294 2883 687 4 16 247 4 6 50 90 4 6 4 0 0 1 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .03 1930 275 154 2060 1106 4 8 257 4 5 90 150 6 7 2 1 0 2 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .03 2739 302 379 3562 2077 3 12 401 4 4 150 200 5 7 1 2 0 2 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .04 3010 338 660 4374 3527 5 17 544 8 5 200 300 5 3 5 2 0 3 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .03 2693 284 1172 5787 6134 3 22 558 10 7 300 340 5 5 5 0 0 4 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 •c. 01 2652 292 1141 5183 7089 4 26 499 14 19 340 400 4 3 7 0 0 4 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .02 400 450 5 6 0 26 4 99 1 4 .0 26 .11 0 60 1 10 0 0 0 0 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .06 2096 428 279 3595 843 0 22 414 5 9 60 100 5 8 2 0 0 1 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .03 1695 264 115 2409 651 O 11 327 2 2 100 120 5 2 7 1 0 1 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .02 1653 248 153 1987 1221 O 9 283 2 4 120 200 7 6 4 0 0 1 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .04 2002 264 1229 2395 2489 22 11 325 24 8 200 380 4 3 7 0 0 3 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .04 2088 315 1090 3962 8320 3 29 469 12 14 380 490 6 3 7 0 0 3 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .04 490 510 8 3 7 0 0 4 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .06 8145 1331 8108 20369 26427 3 185 3326 36 128 510 540 5 3 0 18 16 99 1 4 4.2 10 .10 3320 891 2984 2417 3759 25 110 1278 7 95 0 70 1 9 1 0 0 0 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .03 1293 369 272 3162 1240 2 13 226 6 6 70 130 5 7 3 0 0 1 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .01 1455 275 309 2980 1993 3 10 199 4 3 130 180 6 4 6 0 0 2 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .01 1982 243 545 3354 2921 4 14 262 12 13 180 230 4 2 8 0 0 3 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .01 2964 365 1962 8579 6388 4 35 657 17 25 230 300 7 2 8 0 0 4 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .13 5443 639 4855 16781 9206 9 99 2205 33 235 300 350 5 2 0 21 18 90 1 3 4.5 18 .10 1579 667 2163 2319 1882 63 86 770 10 67 0 30 1 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .04 862 354 164 1466 719 9 4 213 2 8 30 160 7 6 4 0 0 1 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .04 1830 266 123 1994 1108 8 11 232 3 4 160 220 8 6 4 0 0 2 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .04 2354 333 396 3401 1651 9 19 353 5 6 220 270 8 3 7 0 0 3 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .03 3908 334 226 2487 3035 3 38 577 3 12 270 330 5 2 7 1 0 3 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .04 8496 354 3177 9280 8463 2 174 1572 8 14 330 430 6 0 9 1 0 4 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .04 15211 543 15454 28297 14952 10 539 4330 11 46 430 460 6 6 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 .05 18304 704 20010 35683 18777 16 599 5899 14 67 460 500 6 10 0 12 9 99 1 3 4.0 20 - 250 - APPENDIX B.5 (CON'T) PARRY SOUND AREA, PEAT SAMPLE CAT MC DRY WET NET C C LAND POINT EX H2d CACL2 FIB % BULK BULK VAL CAP ASH VOL CAL TTL ORG AS NTS NO. LOCATION CAP PH PH COND % WET DENS DENS ABSO ABSO 0Xo /G 0Xo C:N PPM 3 IE 55 B200N 88 4.8 3.7 80 68 92 .07 .98 11.9 21.7 4.6 76.6 4403 51.5 49.8 34.3 1.5 5.3 .23 36.9 .6 3 IE 55 B200N 103 3.8 3.1 17 43 85 .15 1.01 5.6 8.9 4.6 69.2 5034 50.0 48.9 26.3 1.9 5.3 .25 37.9 .9 3 IE 55 B200M 109 3.7 3.0 48 89 .11 1.02 8.0 10.8 2.8 69.5 5148 61.8 60.1 38.6 1.6 6.5 .08 27.2 ^1 3 IE 55 B200N 88 4.2 3.3 11 44 91 .09 .99 9.7 15.0 2.3 71.2 5115 58.6 57.2 36.6 1.6 6.0 .07 31.4 .2 3 IE 55 B200N 109 4.9 3.8 21 70 93 .07 1.04 13.0 22.1 4.8 69.5 4837 56.4 54.4 31.3 1.8 5.4 .15 31.5 .3 3 IE 55 B200H 54 5.4 4.5 51 30 87 .13 1.04 6.7 10.9 43.8 45.3 2856 32. 13.8 17.2 1.9 3.9 .21 17.5 .3 3 IE 55 L1000N+100E 100 4.5 3.4 68 104 94 .05 .94 15.6 35.3 2.4 64.0 4208 50.8 49.1 25.4 2.0 5.5 .13 39.2 .6 3 IE 55 L1000N+100E 131 3.7 3.0 52 86 .13 .99 6.1 10.9 3.9 71.7 5157 57.9 55.9 36.2 1.6 6.0 .17 30.4 .2 3 IE 55 L1000N-HOOE 75 5.1 4.2 22 44 91 .08 .98 10.1 12.6 4.8 69.2 4756 59.2 57.6 31.2 1.9 5.9 .20 28.0 .2 3 IE 55 L1000N+100E 92 4.1 3.3 12 61 91 .09 .96 9.6 16.6 1.8 70.9 5267 58.9 57.0 36.8 1.6 6.0 .09 31.6 •c.l 3 IE 55 L1000N+100E 82 5.8 4.9 31 60 93 .07 1.01 12.9 12.6 26.7 56.3 3703 42.0 38.7 15.6 2.7 4.8 .40 23.4 .1 3 IE 55 L1000N+100E 48 5.3 4.8 278 67 79 .23 1.11 3.8 3.6 70.8 26.6 1302 17.0 7.6 14.2 1.2 2.9 .48 7.6 .3 41H 11 B765E 184 3.9 2.8 129 78 91 .09 1.06 10.2 24.9 4.5 76.6 4321 46.8 37.0 36.0 1.3 4.6 .21 42.6 .5 41H 11 B765E 117 5.5 4.8 53 33 86 .15 1.04 5.9 11.9 9.0 64.5 5190 57.7 56.1 32.1 1.8 6.2 .13 25.2 .2 41H 11 B765E 148 3.7 3.0 13 51 87 .13 1.01 6.4 12.2 4.2 69.3 5238 57.4 56.2 30.2 1.9 6.0 .20 30.3 .4 41H 11 B765E 91 5.9 5.2 42 66 90 .09 1.01 9.4 17.5 16.5 60.7 4309 48.7 40.0 24.3 2.0 4.8 .14 27.9 .6 41H 11 B1365E 161 3.7 2.9 51 93 92 .09 1.09 10.8 25.0 2.7 79.1 4315 51.0 49.4 42.5 1.2 5.3 .18 39.6 .2 41H 11 B1365E 122 3.3 2.8 59 89 .10 1.01 8.4 14.6 2.8 71.0 5223 58.2 56.4 36.4 1.6 6.1 .16 31.1 ^1 41H 11 B1365E 106 4.1 3.4 7 38 88 .12 1.01 7.4 10.7 5.2 68.9 5622 61.0 59.9 40.7 1.5 6.1 .13 26.1 *:.l 41H 11 B1365E 56 4.4 4.5 264 50 89 .11 1.02 8.1 11.8 13.8 62.1 4624 50.3 48.5 25.2 2.0 5.2 .19 28.8 .4 41H 11 B1865E 126 3.7 2.9 30 79 90 .10 1.03 8.5 19.8 3.4 77.9 4365 51.2 48.6 36.6 1.4 5.2 .18 38.6 1.5 41H 11 B1865E 157 3.8 3.2 50 90 .10 1.05 8.7 16.1 2.1 71.3 5325 55.7 53.5 30.9 1.8 5.5 .11 34.8 •c.l 41H 11 B1865E 106 4.8 4.0 43 33 88 .11 1.00 7.6 9.6 4.1 68.7 5334 59.6 57.0 33.1 1.8 6.0 .14 28.4 •c.l 41H 11 B1865E 105 5.4 4.7 48 52 91 .09 .99 9.5 16.7 5.6 67.9 5190 58.0 57.0 30.5 1.9 5.9 .13 28.5 <.•L 41H 11 B1865E 81 5.9 5.2 56 58 90 .10 1.03 9.3 16.3 15.1 62.1 4426 48.4 41.7 20.2 2.4 4.7 .20 29.2 .3 41H 11 B1865E 53 5.7 5.0 75 61 86 .14 1.01 6.0 9.3 43.2 43.8 2745 31.0 11.6 18.2 1.7 4.2 .25 19.7 .8 41H 11 L2365+300N 122 3.6 2.8 45 90 93 .07 .96 12.5 23.2 6.6 76.0 4194 47.6 40.2 36.6 1.3 4.4 .22 39.9 .2 41H 11 L2365+300N 98 3.6 2.8 3 36 88 .12 1.04 7.2 14.1 2.8 70.2 5202 56.8 53.7 31.6 1.8 6.0 .12 32.5 •C.I 41H 11 L2365+300N 76 5.2 4.5 40 35 86 .15 1.05 5.9 10.8 23.8 55.2 4210 43.7 38.0 24.3 1.8 4.5 .15 26.0 .2 41H 11 L2365+300N 26 5.5 4.7 52 20 61 .51 1.32 1.6 2.3 79.7 17.0 12.0 4.40 24.0 .5 2.9 .10 4.8 .3 41H 17 830 OH 123 4.5 3.3 139 84 94 .06 1.03 15.8 26.4 5.2 77.4 4088 49.1 43.7 40.9 1.2 4.7 .22 39.6 •C.I 41H 17 B300W 96 4.2 4.2 117 72 92 .08 1.04 11.7 18.0 5.7 73.4 4307 48.6 43.5 32.4 1.5 4.4 .31 .4 •C.I 41H 17 B300H 95 4.9 5.0 109 42 88 .12 1.01 7.3 10.5 8.4 66.2 4849 53.5 51.2 25.5 2.1 5.9 .20 29.9 .1 41H 17 B300W 104 5.7 5.3 80 31 82 .18 1.01 4.6 6.9 9.5 66.1 5133 56.8 54.4 31.6 1.8 6.1 .17 25.6 •C.I 41H 17 B300W 106 6.0 5.4 68 47 87 .12 1.01 6.9 8.9 11.4 63.1 4944 54.9 53.2 30.5 1.8 5.9 .18 25.8 *:.l 41H 17 B300H 64 6.1 4.0 66 34 76 .25 1.09 3.2 5.8 49.6 38.0 2479 30.1 12.9 23.2 1.3 4.1 .23 14.7 .6 41H 17 B800W 100 4.5 3.5 250 80 93 .06 1.03 14.0 26.3 10.4 70.5 4146 46.7 39.4 33.4 1.4 4.4 .20 36.9 .7 41H 17 B800H 105 4.0 3.2 116 34 87 .13 1.03 6.6 12.4 9.4 66.5 4949 54.6 53.0 30.3 1.8 5.7 .21 28.3 .4 41H 17 B800W 111 4.1 3.4 81 38 88 .12 1.01 7.1 9.6 5.3 68.6 5259 56.5 54.6 37.7 1.5 6.1 .16 30.4 .1 41H 17 B800W 116 5.1 4.5 61 43 91 .09 1.00 9.8 13.7 6.7 65.1 4950 74.0 51.9 25.7 2.1 5.8 .19 31.2 •C.I 41H 17 B800W 109 5.7 5.0 55 56 91 .08 1.01 10.4 16.5 9.3 63.7 4627 51.0 48.8 22.2 2.3 5.5 .32 31.6 .5 41H 17 B800W 79 5.6 5.3 227 63 90 .10 1.02 8.8 11.3 30.3 54.1 3450 35.6 13.0 16.2 2.2 4.2 .47 27.2 1.7 41H 17 B800W 75 5.0 4.9 519 11 88 .13 1.06 7.0 7.5 48.3 49.3 4098 26.1 8.7 5.7 .66 2.2 41H 20 L100E+400S 117 4.3 3.3 73 88 93 .06 1.01 14.2 25.8 3.4 80.7 4236 46.8 39.5 31.2 1.5 4.9 .21 43.2 •C.I 41H 20 L100E+400S 116 3.8 3.0 18 41 88 .12 1.03 7.3 10.7 7.3 71.4 4968 56.1 54.2 31.2 1.8 6.0 .13 28.7 .1 41H 20 L100E+400S 84 3.8 3.0 13 82 84 .15 1.01 5.4 8.1 8.0 70.3 5201 56.4 53.8 35.3 1.6 5.8 .15 28.0 *:.l 41H 20 L100E+400S 109 4.0 3.2 20 52 89 .11 1.03 7.7 10.8 5.2 69.5 5348 56.3 54.0 35.2 1.6 5.7 .10 31.1 •c.l 41H 20 L100E+400S 97 5.1 4.4 47 39 89 .10 .98 8.1 11.5 5.8 68.4 5282 55.8 53.7 27.9 2.0 6.1 .15 30.1 •C.I 41H 20 L100E+400S 117 5.8 5.0 47 45 91 .09 1.03 9.5 13.8 5.5 71.3 5201 56.6 54.5 24.6 2.3 6.0 .16 29.4 .2 41H 20 L100E+400S 130 5.9 5.3 53 52 92 .08 1.01 10.8 15.3 13.1 65.0 4629 47.0 40.2 18.1 2.6 5.1 .32 31.9 2.6 41H 20 L100E+400S 74 6.0 5.5 193 2 84 .17 1.09 5.4 4.7 58.5 34.6 1760 21.0 10.0 13.2 1.6 3.7 .30 14.9 6.5 41H 20 L650E+200S 118 4.2 3.5 171 108 92 .08 1.05 10.9 20.0 2.7 79.2 4208 46.1 41.7 30.7 1.5 5.1 .19 44.4 .6 41H 20 L650E+200S 125 4.6 3.7 39 37 85 .15 1.01 5.7 8.2 2.9 79.2 5054 56.8 55.8 33.4 1.7 5.9 .16 32.5 .2 41H 20 L650E+200S 131 5.8 5.0 49 41 89 .12 1.08 7.9 12.4 7.1 63.1 5069 56.3 55.8 28.2 2.0 5.8 .20 28.6 .1 41H 20 L650E+200S 77 6.1 5.5 81 49 89 .12 1.06 7.7 11.8 25.7 55.5 3780 40.3 31.6 16.8 2.4 4.0 .29 27.3 1.6 41H 20 L650E+200S 65.1 30.1 18.0 9.8 16.9 2- J. 41H 20 F460S 129 4.2 3.3 77 85 94 .05 .99 15.7 29.2 8.1 76.8 4238 45.6 39.8 28.5 1.6 4.3 .22 40.2 .4 41H 20 F460S 126 3.7 3.2 9 59 90 .10 .99 8.9 12.7 5.4 73.2 4751 56.2 55.2 31.2 1.8 5.9 .15 30.5 •C.l 41H 20 F460S 128 3.6 3.1 49 87 .12 1.00 6.8 9.8 7.3 70.1 5031 56.5 55.4 33.2 1.7 5.3 .17 29.0 *c.l 41H 20 F460S 146 3.8 3.3 5 45 87 .12 1.02 7.0 10.5 4.2 70.3 5261 58.0 57.4 41.4 1.4 6.0 .11 30.3 ^1 41H 20 F460S 108 4.6 4.1 46 88 .12 1.03 7.1 11.1 3.1 70.7 5260 57.7 56.8 38.5 1.5 5.7 .11 31.9 .1 41H 20 F460S 107 5.6 5.2 42 45 90 .09 1.00 9.3 13.4 4.8 68.5 5283 54.0 53.0 27.0 2.0 3.5 .13 35.6 ^1 41H 20 F460S 91 6.2 5.7 68 25 89 .11 1.00 8.1 12.6 22.6 59.0 4105 45.5 41.0 22.8 2.8 3.0 .36 25.7 2.1 41H 20 F460S 69 6.0 5.7 216 2 85 .14 .99 5.7 5.2 54.2 38.1 1992 23.4 10.6 11.7 1.8 3.7 .35 16.5 8.3 - 251 - TOP EOT VEGETATION COVER SUR AV HG CA P K AL FE PB MN MG CU ZN 1 NT t NT HUM PEAT TYPE REL T TS LS G SP WAT D-W PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PPM PMM PMM (CM) (CM) 1-9 s - c -- L- X POS 96 % "/0 % 96 FOR SUB PH CM .08 5533 836 2378 2058 2596 35 113 1030 8 57 0 40 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .08 2330 704 332 3896 1320 14 35 468 15 32 40 80 6 3 7 0 0 1 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .04 1292 374 178 3072 1015 9 15 266 7 6 80 110 8 4 6 0 0 2 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .08 2055 296 139 2288 2708 9 22 253 4 3 110 190 7 1 9 0 0 3 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .01 3569 287 337 2827 7731 7 51 433 8 7 190 250 5 0 10 0 0 4 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .04 3124 377 2553 10530 8992 9 68 1630 23 59 250 430 5 0 0 20 40 99 1 1 4.5 15 .10 2659 852 2034 1287 2070 56 88 899 6 113 0 20 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .06 1611 516 437 2946 1240 19 18 360 8 24 20 80 8 10 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .03 5147 283 457 3506 5856 3 63 607 6 10 80 120 6 0 7 3 0 2 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .03 2591 219 70 1710 2337 2 24 303 3 4 120 230 8 0 8 2 0 3 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .03 5370 577 1509 9480 7707 5 83 1267 24 82 230 280 7 5 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .03 14910 795 11419 31691 26169 7 474 6540 46 118 280 430 6 0 0 40 15 95 1 3 3.8 28 .12 1766 896 1269 1979 282 62 21 631 25 43 0 30 1 a 2 0 0 0 17 20 10 7 90 1 5 3.5 100 .03 7667 441 901 5917 4514 7 47 1772 15 5 30 70 6 6 4 0 0 1 17 20 10 7 90 1 5 3.5 100 .07 2216 546 285 2665 1612 11 14 513 9 15 70 170 8 6 4 0 0 3 17 20 10 7 90 1 5 3.5 100 .04 10206 301 2261 8011 6790 2 99 2659 14 8 170 210 5 4 6 0 0 4 17 20 10 7 90 1 5 3.5 100 .14 1080 675 1290 943 1185 45 8 476 15 36 0 20 1 8 2 0 0 0 18 0 21 20 90 1 3 3.5 42 .04 1231 395 240 2051 913 8 5 271 4 8 20 150 6 6 4 0 0 1 18 0 21 20 90 1 3 3.5 42 .01 2389 321 509 4302 2252 8 25 474 9 2 150 190 7 3 7 0 0 3 18 0 21 20 90 1 3 3.5 42 .04 2592 176 1096 4071 2510 5 40 706 8 5 190 290 5 0 9 1 0 4 18 0 21 20 90 1 3 3.5 42 .14 1851 736 823 1563 2745 61 39 670 17 67 0 40 1 5 5 0 0 0 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .04 1382 385 72 1850 804 3 5 388 3 6 40 140 8 3 1 0 0 1 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .03 4449 371 99 3180 2108 6 20 964 4 2 140 200 7 1 8 1 0 2 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .02 8338 299 327 3542 4632 ^ 59 1670 5 4 200 300 7 3 7 0 0 3 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .04 8680 289 2137 7690 6911 ^ 93 2291 10 11 300 370 4 1 8 1 0 4 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .04 10824 471 7073 20390 11340 5 170 4801 30 45 420 400 5 11 0 62 20 90 1 5 3.5 56 .13 2352 720 1230 2915 2742 69 28 817 24 67 0 30 2 9 1 0 0 1 15 0 18 35 99 1 3 3.5 39 .05 1363 432 114 2404 1475 ^ 8 296 6 5 30 150 6 2 8 0 0 3 15 0 18 35 99 1 3 3.5 39 .01 7743 696 3498 14800 8755 0 110 1899 24 5 150 220 5 15 0 18 35 99 1 3 3.5 39 .01 16052 737 16455 40321 15936 4 292 6445 17 22 220 260 6 15 0 18 35 99 1 3 3.5 39 .05 2961 525 1681 2156 1872 72 38 913 13 37 0 20 2 9 1 0 0 1 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .07 3275 469 778 2698 1476 48 27 831 17 37 20 30 4 9 1 0 0 1 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .05 7359 586 435 3583 3270 ^ 39 1551 9 12 30 70 5 4 6 0 0 2 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .01 11192 548 511 5065 6356 ^ 77 2126 14 6 70 140 8 5 5 0 0 3 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .01 14248 398 840 6046 9246 2 142 2697 22 8 140 190 8 3 7 0 0 4 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .02 20207 634 8640 26809 21986 ^ 376 8864 37 37 190 200 5 15 10 40 10 90 1 3 4.0 40 .20 5962 771 3001 5576 5883 57 131 2534 14 53 0 30 1 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .06 3111 538 958 3806 2103 26 32 761 13 32 30 60 5 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .02 3215 316 452 4398 1537 7 12 704 11 6 60 100 6 6 2 2 0 2 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .04 8207 359 871 4663 3956 6 32 1733 13 4 100 160 7 6 3 1 0 3 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .05 11525 274 761 4375 5771 ^ 82 2500 16 30 160 220 5 2 8 0 0 4 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .06 11665 305 3401 11097 8563 ^ 125 3372 26 145 220 260 5 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .21 11801 384 5997 16959 13061 9 168 4572 41 166 260 280 5 0 0 19 50 95 1 3 5.0 18 .11 1933 714 1464 1391 1606 47 67 794 10 62 0 40 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 .05 2293 525 470 2329 1194 10 12 597 4 22 40 60 6 2 8 0 0 1 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 .02 2114 400 361 3037 929 4 7 539 4 6 60 80 8 8 2 0 0 1 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 •e. 01 2395 290 177 2760 766 4 6 542 4 8 80 100 7 3 7 0 0 1 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 ^01 7758 269 420 3601 3278 O 38 1617 6 3 100 180 8 7 3 0 0 2 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 .01 9705 266 538 4172 4911 O 70 2052 10 3 180 200 8 6 4 0 0 3 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 •c. 01 9613 264 2085 7429 5925 3 102 2490 16 15 200 250 5 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 .01 12791 464 12139 31046 16818 ^ 258 6983 46 100 250 280 5 0 0 5 50 99 1 3 4.7 10 .11 4025 614 1999 1947 2144 37 121 1307 6 63 0 40 1 0 10 0 0 0 1 0 4 41 99 1 5 4.7 18 .01 5309 356 295 4381 2382 ^ 26 1124 8 9 40 150 6 4 6 0 0 2 1 0 4 41 99 1 5 4.7 18 .02 10077 316 608 4622 5901 2 59 2126 15 4 150 210 8 2 8 0 0 4 1 0 4 41 99 1 5 4.7 18 .01 10284 379 4657 14564 10107 0 124 3923 29 61 210 270 5 1 0 4 41 99 1 5 4.7 18 .02 12355 479 16101 39308 23157 7 296 9094 62 176 270 310 6 1 0 4 41 99 1 5 4.7 18 .05 3360 674 1795 3034 2466 37 130 1276 11 62 0 55 1 8 2 0 0 0 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 .06 2037 578 464 1896 944 4 11 617 3 16 55 70 6 1 9 0 0 1 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 .04 1895 425 425 2193 788 5 10 532 3 12 70 100 9 9 1 0 0 1 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 .02 2193 255 191 1690 719 O 6 489 2 3 100 140 8 6 3 1 0 1 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 .02 5379 276 379 2565 2221 ^ 16 1047 3 2 140 200 9 6 4 0 0 2 1 0 6 41 99 1 .02 5 5.0 13 8797 214 511 3038 4982 ^ 45 1745 3 6 200 300 8 4 6 0 0 3 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 .03 9601 459 3521 11971 8183 ^ 97 2963 20 65 300 350 8 3 7 0 0 4 1 0 6 41 99 1 .04 5 5.0 13 11708 503 11162 28807 16858 3 230 6713 46 114 350 400 5 1 0 6 41 99 1 5 5.0 13 - 252 - - 253 - APPENDIX C. KEYS TO WETLAND CLASSIFICATION USED BY THE ONTARIO PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT, AND THE SITE DATA RECORD FORM. - 254 - - 255 - For the preparation of peatland classification mapping and the classification of vegetation types by field crews, the following keys were used on peatlands across Ontario. The classification system is hierarchical so that it can be used at several levels of detail depending on the user's need or on the data available. At it's most detailed level, the classification would include the following: Example: l FORMATION l BOG 2 SUBFORMATION 2 TREED 3 Physiognomic Group 3 Low Shrub 4 Dominance Type 4 Picea mariana-Chamaedaphne calyculata-sphagnum fuscum 5 Site Type 5 Picea mariana2 ^-Chamaedaphne calyculata 4 ^-Sphagnum fuscum77 In the Peatland Inventory Project, classification mapping was conducted to the level of physiognomic group; e.g. TREED low shrub BOG. The dominance type or site type was not mapped but was recorded by field crews; superscripts refer to percentage cover values of particular species. Where suitable data were available, similar superscripts were applied to mapping units at the phyiognomic level; ex. TREED215 low shrub 42 BOG, abbreviated as T 25 ls 42 B. The classification keys include abbreviations for all units in order to simplify mapping. Abbreviations are always in the order of Subformation (where applicable) - Physiognomic Group - Formation. Other modifiers reflecting site history may also be added; e.g. (P) for post-fire succession. This type of classification has been in use by field workers for several years. It is modified from the initial system proposed by Zoltai et al. 1973, Jeglum et al. 1974, Jeglum and Boissonneau 1977 and Tarnocai 1979, with the addition of published and unpublished data from elsewhere in the province (e.g. Haycock (in prep.) in the south, and Ahti and Hepburn 1967, Riley and McKay 1980, and Riley 1981 in the extreme north). The following keys are presented in this order: 1. Key to Wetland Formations 2. Key to Subformations A. Bogs, Fens, Palsa/Peat Plateau B. Maritime shorelines - 256 - 3. Key to Physiognomic Groups A. Swamps B. Bog, Fen, Palsa/Peat Plateau C. Marsh and Meadow Marsh 4. Other Modifiers 5. Keys or Catalogues of Dominance Types 6. Abbreviations of Subformations and Physiognomic Groups as Applied to Wetland Formations in Ontario 7. Common Names of Plant Species Frequent on Ontario Peatlands/Wetlands 8. Key to Ontario Wetlands by Geomorphological Type 9. References Cited. 1. KEY TO WETLAND FORMATIONS A. Well-drained hilltops, steep to moderate slopes, sand flats, levees, beach ridges, permafrost tundra, bedrock outcrop, littoral banks, etc. Stands normally dominated by dry land species of trees, shrubs and/or herbaceous ground vegetation. Or, large expanses'of open standing or flowing water >2 m deep and/or more than 10 ha in size...... NON-WETLANDS (MINERAL/SOIL UPLAND AND DEEP WATER) A. Basins, depressions, adjacent low slopes, areas with restricted drainage, drainways, floodplains, littoral terraces, and seasonally or tidally flooded areas. Water table at, near or above the land surface for part of the year, or saturated long enough to promote wetland or aquatic processes such as hydric or organic soils, or hydrophilic vegetation. Some wetlands may have seasonally variable water levels ranging from flooded spring conditions to summer drought conditions with water tables 50 cm or more below the average land or peat surface. ....WETLANDS 1. Well defined aquatic basins or shoreline zones transitional to deep water areas; inorganic or organic substrates. Vegetation of submergent, floating or emergent species in standing water <2 m deep, or on exposed substrate during water drawdown periods such as low tides or summer drought. Periodically or permanently flooded by silt or nutrient enriched lake or river waters. In exposed wave or water current situations, may be on mineral soil, whereas muck and/or peat may accumulate in less disturbed sites, some- times to depths of MO cm (i.e. organic soils >17% organic C, organic matter by weight). - 257 - 2. Basins or basin margins covered at least 75% by permanently open water, usually <2 m deep and associated with flowing or standing lakes, rivers or ponds. Usually with sparse floating, submergent or partly emergent vegetation ^25!* cover by emergents)...... SHALLOW WATER (W) 2. Unconsolidated, open, flat or depressed surface dominated by herbaceous emergent sedges, grasses, cattails and reeds (>25% cover), or low shrubs; interspersed in standing water (or emergent at low water levels). With occasional small pools and channels, and with exposed patches of mineral or organic soils during seasonal (or tidal) water drawdowns. Often associated with and periodically flooded by the mineral-enriched ground waters of open stream or rivers, flowing lakes, glacial depressions, or marine terraces or flats. Can be contiguous to or grade into Thicket SWAMP with a shrub element up to 25% cover. (MARSH is distinguished from the semi-terrestrial Meadow MARSH (mM) by its standing water usually present and its more closed vegetation. Both MARSH and Meadow MARSH may occur on sedge peat, muck or mineral soils. The distinction between these is difficult in tidal and broad littoral, mineral soil sites where water drawdown or incursion varies seasonally or daily, such as in spring floods or tidal or storm situations. For those and other sites with more or less variable standing water (such as beaver meadows) the term Meadow MARSH (mM) has been used by Jeglum and Boissnneau 1977, and Riley and McKay 1980)...... MARSH (M) Less well defined basins in which open standing water is absent or restricted to scattered small pools, often of a seasonal nature; substrates of saturated (or seasonally dry) peat MO cm deep. Predominantly ombrotrophic or weakly minerotrophic peatlands, developed on acidic peat (pH of water 10 cm below water table usually ^.2, unless water has been significantly drawn down by summer drought). - 258 - Accumulation of peat MO cm dominated surficially by poorly decomposed sphagnum peat; isolated from mineral soil water movement. Strictly ombrotrophic peatlands usually have ground water pH's <4.2 (4.4), with Ga levels <2 ppm. Forming a level, gradually raised (domed), or sloping surface with a (usually) hummock-hollow topography, usually with a continuous carpet of mosses dominated by Sphagnum spp. (particularly S^. f uscum in the hummock phase). Usually with a ground cover of graminoids or of mostly ericaceous shrubs, without trees or with short trees (*C10 m) with more or less open canopy (usually <25% , Picea mariana, or Larix laricina in transitional sites). Lacking species indicative of minerotrophy (refer Key 3). With or without subsurface discontinuous permafrost or seasonal frost; occasionally with incipient palsa formation north of ea. 51 0 N...... BOG (B) l. Forming an erratic topography of (perennial) permafrost eruptions (palsas) or coalesced palsa fields (peat plateaus) rising ^.5 m above ambient landform level, with more or less continuous frozen peat cores and often with patterning of interstitial bog/fen drainways at the ambient landform level. Surface vegetation dominated by lichens, ericaceous shrubs, with or without tree cover (Picea mariana up to ea. 25%). PALSA/PEAT PLATEAU (PP Predominantly minerotrophic wetland, developed on graminoid, woody or "brown moss" peat, or, if with abundant sphagnum at the surface, not usually underlain with a continuous horizon of pure sphagnum peat ^0 cm; sites variably influenced by lateral or groundwater input of mineral soil water. 5. Minerotrophic wetlands, heavily wooded or with shrub thickets over 2 m tall >25% cover. Usually with hummocky surface broken by wet interstitial hollows, or relatively flat with many spring-flooded pools; with ^S-30% canopy cover of trees - 259 - (or shrubs greater than 2 m tall in Thicket SWAMP) . Substrate of mixtures of transported mineral and orqanic sediments, or peat (usually woody or with sphagnum surface) deposited in situ. Often seasonally flooded or flooded by beaver dams, or with interstitial hollows of standing water and hummocks restricted to deadfall or tree/ shrub bases; flooding can decrease tree density to less than 25% by dieback. (Distinguished from the rarer High Density TREED BOG by its location on the wetter edges of peatlands, or by the occurrence of an understorey of Alnus rugosa or Salix spp., or surficial substrate of sphagnum peat OO cm, or by the more vigorous growth of trees, often those over 10 cm DBH ^5?; cover) ...... SWAMP (Occasionally some heavily treed conifer peatlands keying out as SWAMP differ from typical swamps in occurring on deep, more or less dry peats, and having such dense canopy closure that almost no shrub or ground cover persists. Larix laricina and Picea mariana have been noted as the dominant species on such sites in both northern and southern Ontario. Because of the density of tree growth and the dryness of the peat, they may be better classified as PEAT FOREST (FP)) . Open or sparsely wooded minerotrophic wetlands with level or depressional surfaces except for low hummocks or ridges? dominated by sedges, grasses and/or (mostly) non-ericaceous shrubs. Tree cover may reach 25% in FENS (Larix laricina, Thuja occidentalis) but is usually less than 10 m in height and has an understorey of low shrubs and/or graminoids rather than tall alder or willow shrubs; pools of open water or drainage tracks may be present. 6. Open or sparsely wooded, with relatively uniform and consolidated surface, north of 50 0 N often with sub-parallel ridges or elevated islands, linear drainage features and small dispersed pools; more homogenous physiognomically in the south and often with dumped cedar surface. Vegetation consists of short sedges and - 260 - grasses, and a variable layer of (mostly) non-ericaceous shrubs and trees. Often associated with the co-called "brown mosses" (Campylium stellatum, Aulacomnium palustre , Drepanocladus revolvens, Tomenthypnum nitens, Scorpidium scorpioides~7 Palludella squarrosa, Calliergon giganteum) if pH's ^.5, or with Sphagnum spp. if pH is 5.0 to 6.0, or by "marl peats" if pH's ^.0. May be contiguous to open water or open drainage systems, in which case the trophic level of the peatland may reflect the water chemistry of the adjacent water body. For instance, in infilling "kettle" depressions, fen margins and floating mats around acidic 'kettle 1 lakes may be only weakly minerotrophic and, thus, bog-like in varying degrees (Schwintzer 1978, 1980; Vitt and Slack 1975). Root or stump hummocks are common, and hollows may or may not have shallow water present over the peat...... FEN (F) (6. In many FENS, conditions are only weakly minerotrophic, and both BOG and FEN indicator species exist. Often sphagnum and black spruce are dominant, particularly in the "hummock" phase, and a site will appear to be transitional in terms of succession from FEN to BOG. Such formations may be termed OPEN or TREED Poor FEN (OPF or TPF). Because this classification unit is more nutrient-related than physiognomic, it should probably not be considered as a formation of equivalent importance to the others. It should only be used "as a last resort" by workers experienced with the full range of peatland nutrient conditions. It does, however, provide a descriptive means of characterizing some extensive peatlands in the James Bay Lowland and the Northern Clay Belt in particular. Interpretation of Poor FEN solely on the basis of air photo is probably unreliable...... Poor FEN (PF)) - 261 - 2. KEY TO SUBFORMATIONS A. Bog, Fen, Palsa/Peat Plateau 1. Cover by tree species >15Q cm tall OPEN (Ox ) (Abbreviated to Ox if a superscript annotation of canopy cover percentage is available; for example, O 8 )- 1. Cover by tree species M50 cm tall (rarely to 50*1); trees species ^0 cm DRH <25% cover...... TREED (T x ) (Abbreviated to Tx if a superscript annotation of canopy cover percentage is available; for example, T^2. otherwise refer to 2) . 2. ID-15% cover by tree species >l5Q cm tall...... Low Density TREED (T(ld)) 2. lS-25% cover by tree species M50 cm tall; >25% cover on occasion...... Medium Density TREED (T(md)) Where cover by tree species >15Q cm tall ^0?; cover, and trees over 10 cm DBH y25* cover, the stand may usually be considered to be SWAMP. High Density TREED BOG (T(hd)B; canopy >25%) is a much less frequent site type in Ontario, occurring in the central (or raised) areas of well developed bogs, with less vigorous tree growth than Conifer SWAMP. It is not associated with Alnus rugosa or Salix spp. which occupy more minerotrophic and wetter areas of peatland edges and drains. High Density TREED BOG is usually dominated by Ledum groenlandicum in the shrub storey, and is transitional to the L. qroenlandicum type of Picea mariana SWAMP. This distinctTon may be difficult to judge on airphotos from much of northern Ontario. " B. Maritime Shorelines In maritime Ontario, two other modifying terms are used at the subformation level, both referring to MARSH and Meadow MARSH, and the latter to Thicket SWAMP as well. These refer to wetlands other than peatlands. They are physiographic - 262 - rather than formational modifiers, but relate strongly to the floristic composition of Dominance Types within otherwise similar Physiognomic Units. 1. Formations within the marine (saline) influence of James and Hudson Bay...... COASTAL (C) 1. Formations subject to tidal effects ameliorated by the freshwater influence of major rivers...... ESTUARINE (E) - 263 - 3. KEY TO PHYSIOGNOMIC GROUPS 1. Tree species dominant. 2. Conifers dominant (Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Thuja occidentalis)...... Conifer (c) (Conifer swamp on peatlands or organic soils vary considerably in their nutrient status and dominance types. In this physiognomic classification, that variation is not recognized. However, a more detailed nutrient-related classification may be reguired by workers. In such cases, reference should be made to the Forest Ecosytem Operational Groups 11-13 (Jones et al. 1983) for more detailed mapping units useful across most of northern Ontario: OG1l, Picea mariana - Ledum groenlandicum OG12, Picea mariana-Alnus rugosa-herb poor; OG13, Picea mariana; (Larix laricina, Thuja occidentalisl- Alnus rugosa - herb rich). 2. Deciduous (hardwood) trees dominant ( Fraxinus nigra, F^. pennsylvanica, Populus spp., Acer saccharinum, A. rubrum, ulmus americana, Salix nigra, Carya spp. , Quercus macrocarpa, O. palustris, Nyssa sylvatica, etc .) ...... Deciduous (h) (Note that Mixed SWAMPS may be classified as follows: conifer (subdorainant)-deciduous (dominant) SWAMP as chS, deciduous (subdominant)-conifer (dominant) SWAMP as hcS; superscripts may be used to indicate respective cover percentages; e.g. hl5 c 35g a The same procedure "may be used with mixed thicket-deciduous SWAMP, thS or hts. Alternately, a simple Mixed SWAMP category may be considered appropriate)...... Mixed (m) 1. Tree species less than 25*^ cover and shrub species over 2 m tall ^5?; (Alnus rugosa, Salix petiolaris, other Salix spp., Betula pumila var. glandulifera, Cornus stolonifera, C. - 264 - racemosa , Rhus vernix , Cephalanthus occidentalis, Ilex verticillata , etc.). Grades into Shrub-rich MARSH in southern Ontario, from which it can be distinguished by its firm, more or less consolidated peat surface, its relative lack of open drainways and streams, and its denser and taller shrub cover...... Thicket (t) B. BOG, FEN or PALSA/PEAT PLATEAU 1. Shrubs present, as low or dwarf shrubs ^50 cm ^5?; cover, or tall shrubs 10-30(40^ cover. Where the height of shrub cover is not discernible from air photo interpretation or when field data is unavailable, the generic Physiognomic Group 'Shrub-rich 1 (sr) can be used, and understood to include both tall shrub and low shrub groups. In very few cases should more than a single physiognomic modifier be applied; where more than one may be considered applicable, the shrub storey takes precedence over the graminoid/herb and sphagnum layers, the graminoid/herb layer takes precedence over sphagnum, and the latter is used only where neither shrub nor graminoid/ herb layer is significant by the definitions used below. 2. Shrubs over 150 cm tall 10-30 (40)** cover, in northern Ontario, shrub species include Chamaedaphne calyculata (B,F), Kalmia angustifolia (B), Thuja occidentalis (F, as scrub cedar), Betula pumila var. glandulifera (F) , Salix pedicellaris (F) , Myrica gale (F); in southern Ontario, the above species and Aronia melanpcarpa ( B, F), Nemopanthus mucrona'ta" ( B) , Vaccinium corymbosum TB ) , (B and F indicate general BOG or FEN tendencies)...... Tall Shrub (ts) 2. Shrubs, where present, mostly 20-150 cm tall (or with less than 10?, cover by shrubs greater than 150cm); low candelbra or layered black spruce less than 135 cm would be included in percentage estimates of shrub cover; shrubs less than 135 cm tall greater than 25!* cover (10 !fc in the Hudson Bay Lowland) forming the main visual impact but sites may also have significant graminoid - 265 - component; includes most of the shrub species listed for Tall Shrub sites, with the addition of dwarfed candelabra Picea mariana (B), Ledum groenlandicum (B,F), Andromeda glaucophylla (B,F), A. polifolia (F) f Vaccinium myrtilloides (B), Rhamnus alnifolia (F) t Potentflla fruticosa (F), Gaylussacia baccata (B) , (B and F refer to general BOG or FEN tendencies). 'Semi-shrubs' such as Vaccinium oxycoccus, V. macrocarpon, Rubus pubescens, R. chamaemprus , R. acaulis , Gaultheria hispidula, should not be includedin shrub cover values...... Low shrub (Is) 2. On PALSA, PEAT PLATEAU, and some BOG and FEN sites in extreme northern Ontario, shrubs may be very low, ^0 cm tall and over 1C^ cover; these represent extremes of climatic exposure or ombrotrophy and the physiognomic group 'Dwarf Shrub 1 (ds) should be used. As with Low Shrub types, 'semi-shrubs' should not be .considered in this distinction...... Dwarf Shrub (ds) (In extreme northern Ontario, OPEN and TREED BOG and PALSA/PEAT PLATEAU can have a conspicuous lichen cover (Cladina spp.) over 45-50** cover, and should be indicated as Lichen-rich (Ir) Low Shrub (Is) Formations)...... Lichen-rich (Ir) 1. Shrubs either not present or present at cover values less than indicated above. 3. Firm peatland above water most of the year. 4. Conspicuous graminoid layer (sedges, grasses, reeds)>(8)-10% cover; graminoid cover exceeds shrub cover percentage: characteristic species are Carex aquatilis (F) , C^. chordorrhiza (F), C. diandra (F), C. interior (F), C. lasiocarpa (F), C. limosa (B,F), (:. livida (F), C. r oligosperma (B), C. microglochin (B), (T. pauciflora (B), C. paupercufua (B), C. rostrata (F), C.* stricta ( F) , Eguisetum fluviatile - 266 - (F), Eriophorum spissum (B), E. viridicarinatum (F), Scirpus cespitosus (F,B), j3. hudsonianus (F), Triqlochin maritimum (F), (B and F refer to general BOG and FEN tendencies); included in this layer are peatland forbs and 'semi-shrubs' such as Vaccinium oxycoccus (B,F), Rubus chamaemorus (B), R. acaulis (F,?B), and Gaultheria "hispidula (B,F)...... Graminoid (g) 4. Sphagnum moss dominant at surface; shrubs, herbs and graminoids <1Q% cover...... Sphagnum (sp) 3. Small water bodies occurring within the peatland, often with a patterned distribution; usually contiguous with Open BOG or FEN; rare except for the Hudson Ray Lowland...... Pool (p) C. MARSH and MEADOW MARSH 1. Closed graminoid and herb (rarely lowshrub) vegetation behind zones of coastal or shoreline emergent vegetation, and on wet floodplains, terraces or supertidal areas adjacent to open water systems; some of the more common dominant species are indicated in couplet 2. Usually seasonally flooded, flooded in the recent past (e.g. beaver), or subject to storm or neap tide floods; graminoid cover is characteristic so that no Physiognomic modifier (e.g. g) is required. (In supertidal, coastal sites, low shrub cover (less than 25* cover, mostly Salix spp.) may be dominant and can be indicated as Low Shrub Meadow MARSH (IsmM; often grading into Thicket SWAMP)...... Meadow (m) (....Low Shrub Meadow Ism) 1. Emergent vegetation in or adjacent to open shallow water, pools or channels; commonly interspersed or dominated by clumps of veqetation (rooted, or unconsolidated and floating) with open water channels between, - 267 - or with open water beneath the canopy of sedges, grasses, reeds or cattails; cover by emergents or shrubs >25%. (In air photo interpretation, the following classes of MARSH may not be readily distinguishable. In such cases where ground data is unavailable for referencing wetland types, a generic term such as Emergent MARSH (eM) should be used in mapping from air photos) ...... Emergent (e) Sedges, grasses, reeds or cattails dominant. Dominant marsh species vary a great deal across Ontario; dominant herbaceous species may include Calamagrostis canadensis, Typha latifolia, Phalaris arundinacea,' Carex aguatilis , (:. diandra, C. lacustri's, C. pseudo-cype'rus, (I. stricta, Bidens spp. , Polygonum natans, Utricularia vulgaris , Lythrum salicaria , Thelypteris palustris, and many others. May occur on mineral, muck, well-decomposed graminoid peat, or layering of these substrate types. 3. Canopy cover 25-75 !fc; standing water and/ or muck/mud flats beneath canopy or between clumps; characterized by extreme variation in water levels, ranging from water levels at the surface (e.g. after summer water drawdown, or in consolidated cattail MARSH) to standing water up to 2 m deep (e.g. Scirpus spp.)...... Deep (d 3. Canopy 75-10C^; standing water and/or muck/mud flats beneath canopy or between clumps. Characterized by more or less continuous stands of tall emergents (Meadow MARSH would tend to have dominant graminoids of lower stature); with surface water up to l m (floodstages) , but usually less during much of the summer months...... Shallow ( - 268 - 2. Sedges, grasses, reeds or cattails present but dominated by shrub species (e.g. Spiraea alba, Cornus stolonifera, Ilex verticillata, Myrica gale, Decodon verticillatus, Cephalanthus occidentalis); usually the more or less unconsolidated edges of Thicket or MARSH. A minor physiognomic unit most common in southern Ontario, grading into Thicket SWAMP in many areas; for example, in extreme southwestern Ontario where Cephalanthus occidentalis grows much larger. ....Shrub-rich (sr) MARSH and Meadow MARSH vary considerably in their Dominant species in relation to their proximity to the maritime coast, where they cover extensive areas (refer Riley and McKay 1980, for James Bay dominance types). 1. MARSH subject to spring and other exceptional tides and conseguent marine ice scouring; consistently Meadow MARSH, grading further away from coastal areas into freshwater MARSH and Meadow MARSH; often broken by supertidal pools with considerably elevated salinity and frequency of haloyphytic plant species...... Supertidal (Sup) 1. MARSH subject to regular tidal influence; grading into Supertidal Meadow MARSH, but usually with emergent beachridge deposits or deposits of tidal debris forming some boundary between 'regular 1 vs. 'exceptional' tidal activity; halophytic plant species dominate except in Estuarine areas ameliorated by freshwater input. ....Intertidal (Int) -. 269 - 4. OTHER MODIFIERS Modifiers reflecting site history can add significantly to the meaning of mapped or reported Physiognomic Groups; modifiers should be placed in brackets after the abbreviation of Physiognomic Group. Flooded by beaver, roadway or other (e.g. dS(F)) (F) Cutover and/or recent secondary succession. (C) Post-fire succession. (P) Grazed (G) Drained, or effected by drains through the area (D) Agricultural use (A) 5. KEYS OR CATALOGUES OF DOMINANCE TYPES Dominance Types have strongly regional characteristics dependent on the distribution of particular plant species across Ontario. These Dominance Types have been categorized for the Northern Clay Belt (Jeglum, Boissonneau, Haavisto 1974) and for the James/Hudson Bay Lowland (Riley 1981), but are available for southern Ontario only through the completed matrices for P.F. Maycock 1 s 'Preliminary survey of the vegetation of Ontario as a basis for the establishment of a comprehensive Nature Reserve system 1 (in prep.). - 270 - 6. ABBREVIATIONS OF SUBFORMATIONS AND PHYSIOGNOMIC GROUPS AS APPLIED TO WETLAND FORMATIONS IN ONTARIO. SWAMP S BOG B FEN F PALSA/PEAT PLATEAU PP MARSH M SHALLOW WATER W (Poor FEN PF) A. SWAMP Conifer (c) cS Deciduous (h) hS Mixed (ra, or mS , or eh, he, th , chs , hcS etc. ) etc. Thicket (t) ts B. BOG, FEN, PALSA/PEAT PLATEAU OPEN(O) TREED(T) Shrub-rich (sr) OsrB TsrB OsrF TsrF OlsB TlsB Low shrub (Is) OlsF TlsF OlsPP TlsPP Tall shrub (ts) OtsB TtsB OtsF Tt S F Dwarf shrub (ds) OdsB OdsPP Graminoid (g) OqB TgB OgF TgF Sphagnum (sp) OspB TspF Pool (P) Op B Op F OlrB Lichen-rich (Ir) OlrlsB, OlrdsB TlrlsB OlrlsPP,OlrdsPP TlrlsPP OlrPP - 271 - C. MARSH (Freshwater) Coastal(C) Estuarine(E) Meadow (m) mM Cm M EmM Low shrub (Is) ClsmM ElsmM Emergent (e) e M Deep (d) dM Shallow (s) sM Shrub-rich (sr) srM Supertidal (Sup) CSupmM ESupmM Intertidal (Int) ClntM EIntM 7. PEATLANDS/WETLANDS. TREE SPECIES Abies balsamea Balsam fir Acer rubrum Red maple Acer saccharinum Silver maple Betula papyrifera White birch Garya spp. Hickory species Fraxinus nigra Black ash fi* pennsylvanica Red ash Larix laricina Tamarack Nyssa sylvatica Black gum Picea glauca* White spruce Picea mariana Black spruce Pinus strobus White pine Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar Populus spp. Poplar, aspen species Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak Quercus palustris Pin oak Salix nigra Black willow Thuja occidentalis White cedar Ulmus americana American elm SHRUB SPECIES Alnus rugosa Speckled alder Andromeda glaucophylla Bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia Northern rosemary Aronia melanocarpa Chokeberry Betula pumila var. glandulifera Dwarf birch - 272 - Cephalanthus occidentalis Button bush Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf Cornus racemosa Racemose dogwood Cornus stolonifera Red osier Decodon verticillatus Water willow Gaylussacia baccata Black huckleberry Ilex verticillata Winterberry Kalmia angustifolia Sheep laurel Kalmia polifolia Bog laurel Ledum groenlandicum Labrador tea Lonicera oblongifolia Swamp fly-honeysuckle Lonicera yillosa Northern honeysuckle My r icaTgaTe Sweet gale Nemopanthus mucronata Mountain holly Potentilla fruticosa Shrubby cinguefoil Rhamnus alnifolia Alder-leaf buckthorn Rhamnus frangula Alder buckthorn Rhus radicans Poison ivy Rhus vernix Poinson sumac Salix bebbiana Long-beaked willow Salix discolor Pussy willow Salix pedicellaris Fen willow Salix petiolaris Willow Salix planifolia Flat-leaf willow Salix pyrifolia Balsam willow Salix serissima Autumn willow Salix spp. Willow Spiraea alba White meadowsweet Spiraea tomentosa Hardtack Vaccinium angustifolium Low sweet blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum High-bush blueberry Vaccinium myrtilloides Velvet-leaf blueberry Viburnum cassinoides Withered HERB, GRAMINOID AND SUB-SHRUB SPECIES Bidens spp. Beggar 1 s-ticks species Boehmeria cylindrica Bog hemp Calamagrostis canadensis Blue-joint grass Calla palustris Wild calla Carex aquatilis Sedge Carex canescens Sedge Carex chordorrhiza Sedge Carex comosa Sedge Carex diandra Sedge Carex exilis Sedge Carex f lava Sedge Carex interior Sedge Carex lacustris Sedge Carex lasiocarpa Sedge Carex leptalea Sedge Carex limosa Sedge Carex livida Sedge Carex michauxiana Sedge Carex microglochi'n Sedge - 273 - Carex oligosperma Sedge Carex pauciflora Sedge Carex paupercula Sedge Carex pseudo^cyperus Sedge Carex rostrata Sedge Carex trisperma Sedge Carex vesicaria Sedge Cladium mariscoides Twig rush Drosera anglica Northern sundew Drosera rotundTfolia Round-leaved sundew Dulicheum arundinaceum Tree-way sedge Eleocharis elliptica Spike rush Eleocharis palustris Spike rush Eguisetum fluviatile Water horsetail Eriophorum spissum Hare's-tail cottongrass Eriophorum virginicum Tawny cottongrass Eriophorum viridicarinatum Cottongrass Eupatorium maculatum Joe Pye weed Galium trifidum Bedstraw Gaultheria hispidula Creeping snowberry Glyceria borealis Manna grass Hydrocharis morus-ranae Frog 1 s-bit Impatiens capensis Spotted touch-me-not Iris versicolor Blue flag Laportea canadensis Wood nettle Leersia oryzoides Cut-grass Lemna minor Duckweed Lycopodium inundatum Bog clubmoss Lycopus uniflorus Water horehound Lythrum salicaria Spiked loosestrife Matteuccia struth'iopteris Ostrich fern Menyanthes trifoliata Buckbean Muhlenbergia glomerata Muhly grass Onoclea sens"ibilis Sensitive fern Osmunda regalis Royal fern Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass Phragmites communis Reed Platanthera hyperborea Northern green orchis Polygonum natans Water smartweed Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Potentilla palustris Marsh cinguefoil Rhynchospora alba Beak-rush Rubus acaulis Stemless raspberry Rubus chamaemorus Baked appleberry Rubus pubescens Dwarf raspberry Sagittaria latifolia Water plantain Sarracenia purpurea Pitcher plant Scheuchzeria palustris Scheuchzeria Scirpus acuTus Bulrush Scirpus cespitosus Bulrush Scirpus cyperinus Bulrush Scirpus hudsonianus Bulrush Scirpus rubrotinctus Bulrush Scirpus validus Bulrush Smilacina trifoli a False Solomon's seal - 274 - Solanum dulcamara Nightshade Solidago uliginosa Fen goldenrod Thelypteris palustris Marsh fern Triglochin maritimum Arrow-grass Typha latifolia Cat-tail Utricularia cornuta Bladderwort Utricularia vulgarTs Bladderwort Vaccinium macrocarpon Large cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccus Small cranberry Woodwardia virginica Chain fern Xyris difformis Yellow-eyed grass Xyris montana Yellow-eyed grass Zizania aquatica Wild rice MOSS AND LICHEN SPECIES Aulocomnium palustris Brown moss Brvurn pseudotriquetrum Brown moss Calliergon giganteum Brown moss Calliergonella cuspidata Brown moss Campyl ium stellatum Brown moss Cladina spp. Lichen ClimacTum dendroides Brown moss Dicranum undulatum Brown moss Drepanocladus exannulatus Brown moss Drepanocladus revolvens Brown moss Hylocomium splendens Brown moss Hypnum lindbergii Brown moss Paludella squarrosa Brown moss Pleurozium schreberi Feather moss Polytrichum spp. Hair-cap moss species Scorpidium scorpioides Brown moss Sphagnum spp. Sphagnum species Tomenthypnum nitens Brown moss - 275 - 8. KEY TO PEATLANDS BY GEOMpRPHOLOGICAL TYPE These are general geomorphological types of peatlands. Most peatlands are at least partly (if not highly) complexed between types, so that characterizations of peatlands as wingle types will not be entirely accurate. However, this level of classification does apply some general hydrological and patterning criteria to peatland system classification. The keys are modified from Zoltai fii. al. 1975 and Tarnocai 1974, 1979. Annotation of Ontario status is preliminary. References to the frequency (Characteristic, Common, frequent, Rare, Restricted) of Geomorphological Types in particular Wetland Regions, refer to the wetland regions outlined in Canada by the Committee on Ecological Land Classification 1981, and Riley 1982): TE - EASTERN TEMPERATE Wetland Region BL - LOW BOREAL Wetland Region BMc - CONTINENTAL MID-BOREAL Wetland Region BHh - HUMID HIGH BOREAL Wetland Region (- Hudson Bay Lowland at that latitude) BHc - CONTINENTAL HIGH BOREAL Wetland Region SL - LOW SUBARTIC Wetland Region SH - HIGH SUBARTIC Wetland Region CLASSIFICATION KEY TO BOS 6EDHORPHDLD6ICAL TYPES Ontario Status Surface raised above the surrounding terrain. 2. Surface convex. 3. Core frozen; abruptly doied. 4. Over l i high, diaaeter up to 100 i.——- Palsa Bog CH of St; R southward in Jaies Bay Lowland, 4. Less than l i high, diameter up to 3 i.—- -——— Peat Hound Bog F in BH and northern BH; R elsewhere. 3. Core not frozen. 5. Convex surface siall (1-3 i diaieter) occurring in fens.————————————- —— Hound Bog Hinor eleient of extensive fen systeis. S. Convex surface often extensive; not occurring in fens.————————————— R and linor eleient in Ontario; RE to (incl. Raised Bog) Lower Ottawa Valley, Rainy River, eastern Clay Belt. 2. Surface flat to irregular. 6. Core perennially frozen. 7. Surface with network of polygonal fissures, sur f ace even. ———————————————- Polygonal Peat R, RE to Cape Henrietta dana area. Plateau 7. Surface without polygonal fissures, often appearing as coalesced palsa fields. 8. Surface about l i above the surrounding fen, without large thaw pockets of open water. CH, lajor eleient of SL and SH, not southward, 8. With large thaw pockets of open water. F in SH and northern SL; not southward. 6. Core not frozen; bogs generally teardrop-shaped. ——— Frequent eleient of peatland systeis in BH and BH. t. Surface not raised above surrounding terrain, surface relatively level. 9. Adjacent to water bodies. 10. FI oat i ng.———————————————————— -— Floating Bog C, CH of Canadian Shield and glaciofluvial ice contact depressions. 10. Not floating, — Shore Bog C, CH of Canadian Shield and galciofluvial ice contact depressions. 9. Not adjacent to water bodies. 11. Surface flat; topographically confined. 12. Basin deposit; depth greatest in center. Basin Bog C in BL and BH. 12. Flat deposit; depth generally unifori. Flat Bog CH and ujor eleient of northern Ontario (incl. Karst Sinkhole Bog) (Sinkholes are R, RE to lower Attawapiskat River area). 11. Surface flat to undulating, often appreciably sloping and unconfined; surface pattern of reticulate ridges and pools distinct, distributed over large areas.————————- —— Net Bog CH and lajor eleient of BH, SL. (incl. String Bog) - 277 - CLASSIFICATION KEY TO SHARP 6EOHORPHOLD6ICAL TYPES Ontario Status 1. Adjacent to water body. 2. Located along banks of continuously flowing or seii-permanent streats.———————————————— Streai Swaip C in Ontario north to BH. (Alluvial Swaip) 2. Located along shores of seii-penanent or penanent lakes.————————————————————— Shore Svaip C in Ontario north to BH. (Lakeside Swaip) 1. Not adjacent to permanent water body. 3. In topographically defined basins. 4. On perimeter of peatlands.—————————————— Peat Hargin Swaip C in Ontario north to BH. 4. Basin deposit; depht greatest in centre.——————— Basin Swaip C in Ontario north to BH. 3. Not in topographically defined basins. 5. Flat deposit; depth generally unifori.———————— Flat Swaip CH of Lowlands and Clay Belts north to BH and south of the Shield. S. Poorly drained area; associated with floodplains.—————————————————————— Floodplain Swaip CH and Hajor eleient of TE, southern BL; frequent but less lajor eleient of BM. 5. Discharge area; surface irregular.—————————— Spring Swaip C but linor eleient throughout Ontario north to BH. - 278 - CLASSIFICATION KEY TO FEN 6EONORPHOL061CAL TYPES Ontario Status 1. Surface not raised above surrounding terrain except in low huiiocks and ridges. 2. Surface pattern of ridges and depressions. 3. Sub-parallel pattern of ridges and furrows. 4. Broad pattern; often very extensive; lowland drainage; peat deep.———————————————— Ribbed Fen CH and lajor eleient of BH, BH, SL; (incl. String Fen) infrequent in BL. 4. Narrow ladder-like pattern; along bog flanks.-—— Ladder Fen CH of BH, BH, SL; infrequent in BL. 3. Reticulate pattern of ridges.————————————— Net Fen CH of SL and BH in Hudson Bay Lowland. 2. Without pronounced surface pattern. 5. Featureless, adjacent to water bodies. 6. Floating.—————————————————————— Floating Fen F to R, lostly in glaciofluvial, ice contact depressions. 6. Not floating; located in win channel or along banks of continuously flowing or seii-penanent streais.——————————————————————— Streai Fen F but linor eleient throughout Canadian Shield. . 6. Not floating; located along shores of seii- perianent or permanent lakes.——————————— Shore Fen C throughout Ontario except south of Canadian Shield. 5. Nore or less featureless, not adjacent to water bodies. 7. Core not frozen. 8. With surface water or filled depressions; depressed thaw hollows in peat plateau or thaw hollows foried by leltdowns of palsas or peat plateau islands.———————————— Collapse Fen F but linor element of permafrost regions BH, 8. Features not related to depressions or SL. •eltdowns; featureless, unpatterned peatlands •ore or less without surface water. 9. Extensive, patternless peatlands at surface level.———————————————— Horizontal Fen CH and lajor element in southern Jaies Bay Lowland; F in BH, BHc; probably R in BL except on Bruce Peninsula. 9. Restricted, patternless peatlands occupying glacial ie11water spillways, intermittent drainage courses or open-ended channels.—— Channel Fen C but linor eleient throughout Ontario except soul (incl. Draw Fen) of Canadian Shield and in Hudson Bay Lowland. 7. Core perennially frozen; patterned surface network of polygonal fissures.——————————— Lowland Polygon R, RE to Cape Henrietta Maria area. Fer, 1. Surface raised or appreciably sloping. 10. Hounds with frozen core in patterned or coastal fens.— Palsa Fen F in shallow coastal peats of Jai'S/Hudson Bay Lowland. 10. Without frozen core; surface regular but sloping.——— Slope Fen CH of Sutton Ridges area and probably (incl. Spring Fen) northernmost Shield in BHc; probably R to infrequent elsewhere in Ontario. - 279 - CLASSIFICATION KEY TO HARSH 6EOHORPHQL06ICAL TYPES Ontario Status Influenced by urine tidal water; coastal marshes. 2. In river estuaries or connecting bays where tidal flats, channels and pools are periodically inundated by water of varying salinity. 3. Located above lean high water levels; inundated only at highest tides and/or stori surges.——- Estuarine Supertidal Harsh )CH and lajor eleient of Jaies Bay 3. Located below mean high water levels; )coast, less frequent on Hudson Bay frequently inundated.—————————————— Estuarine Intertidal Harsh )coast. 2. On larine terraces, flats, eibayients or lagoons behind barrier beaches, reiote froi estuaries, where there is periodic inundation by tidal brackish or salt water, including salt spray. 4. Located above lean high tide levels; inundated only at flood tides.———————- Coastal Supertidal Harsh )CH and major element of James Bay 4. Located below lean high water tide levels.—- Coastal Intertidal Harsh koast, less frequent on Hudson Bay coast. 1. Occupying valleys, gullies, channels, streais, floodplains and deltas; fluvial larshes. 5. Adjacent to, or flooded by, flowing water. 6. Located on active fluvial floodplains adjacent to channels.——————————————— Floodplain Harsh 6. Occupying shorelines, bars, streaibeds or islands in continuously flowing water courses.—— Streai Harsh )C throughout Ontario, decreasing 6. Occupying abandoned glacial leltwater spillways, )in frequency northward. intermittent drainage courses, open-ended channels, or lost meanders.———————————— Channel Harsh 5. Occupying deltas with open drainage or water circulation due to unrestricted connections to active river channels and/or lakes.——————————— Delta Harsh Hinor element in Ontario. 1. Occupying topographically defined catch basins, fed by local runoff or ground water; catchment marshes. 7. Shallow, gently sloping, flat or concave depressions that occur as natural swales, as catchment basins for ground water discharge or as intervening areas between ridges on low-relief l andf or ms. ————————————-————————— — Basin Harsh C throughout Ontario. 7. Sharply defined catch basin, usually located in high or intermediate topographic positions on moderate to high relief hummocky moraine, glaciolacustrine or glacio-fluvial landforms.—————————————— Kettle Harsh CH of glaciofluvial ice contact depressions. l, Not in topographically defined catch basins. 8. Occupying groundwater discharge sites, usually on or at the base of slopes.————————— — Seepage Harsh C throughout Ontario north to SL. 8. Occupying the shores of semi-permanent or permanent lakes. ——————————————- - Shore Harsh C throughout Ontario. (Lentic Harsh) - 280 - 9. REFERENCES CITED IN APPENDIX C Ahti, T., and Hepburn, R.L. 1967: Preliminary Studies on Woodland Caribou Range, Especially on Lichen Stands in Ontario; Ontario Dept. of Lands and Forests, Research Report (Wildlife) No. 74, 134p. Jeglum, J.K., Boissonneau, A.N. and Haavisto, V.F. 1974: Toward a Wetland Classification for Ontario; Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario; Information Report O-X-215, 54p. Jeglum, J.K., and Boissonneau, A.N. 1977: Air Photo Interpretation of Wetlands, Northern Clay Section, Ontario; Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario; Information Report O-X-269, 44p. Jones, R.K., Pierpoint, G., Wickware, G.M., Jeglum, J.K., Arnup, R.W., and Bowles, J.M. 1983: Field Guide to Forest Ecosystem Classification for the Clay Belt, Site Region 3E; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Queen's Printer for Ontario, 123p. Maycock, P.F. (in prep) A preliminary survey of the vegetation of Ontario as a basis for the establishment of a comprehensive Nature Reserve system; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Parks Planning Branch. Riley, J.L. 1981: Provisonal wetland classification for the Hudson Bay Lowland and the major regional themes. Parks and Recreation Section, Northern Region, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Cochrane, Ontario 72p. Unpublished. Riley, J.L., and McKay, S.M. 1980: The Vegetation and Phytogeography of Coastal Southwestern James Bay; Royal Ontario Museum, Life Science Contribution No. 124, 81p. Schwintzer, C.R. 1978: Vegetation and nutrient status of northern Michigan fens; Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 3044-3051. 1981: Vegetation and nutrient status of northern Michigan bogs and conifer swamps with a comparison to fens; Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 842-853. - 281 - Tarnocai, C. 1979: Canadian Wetland Registry; p. 9-38, in C.D.A. Rubec and F.C. Pollett (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop in Canadian Wetlands; Environment Canada, Lands Directorate, Ecological Land Classification Series, No.12, 90p. Vitt, D.H. and Slack, N.G. 1975: An analysis of the vegetation of Sphagnum- dominated kettle-hole bogs in relation to environmental gradients; Canadian Journal of Botany 53: 332-359. Zoltai, S.C., Pollett, F.C. , Jeglum, J.K., and Adams, G.D. 1973: Developing a Wetland Classification for Canada; p. 497-511, in Proceedings of the 4th North American Forest Soils Conference, Quebec City (Aug. 1973). - 282 - APPENDIX D. INDEX MAPS FOR STUDY AREAS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO (in back pocket) a. Peterborough b. Kingston-Belleville c. Pembroke d. Ottawa-Brockville e. Parry Sound APPENDIX E. SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PEATLAND VEGETATION TYPES, SOUTHERN ONTARIO (in back pocket) HENVEY INLET ,- Shail'a'ri'aga* PARRY IS LAN ,-'""TTfc,-/^ ~-V GEORGIAN-PAY •JflLAfjriS Georgian Bay Island j'C^ . ^ —' - A CO —- Pine National'Park i L j Islands MS PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT LEGEND ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY j 27D j Detailed Peatland Study Site INDEX MAP l 35R j Reconnaissance Peatland Study Site PARRY SOUND AREA • 66 Other Peatlands Scale 1:250000 Complete peatland index number consists of the 1:250 000 N. T. S. map O 5 sheet number and the peatland number; eg. 52G-27 Miles Ministry of Kilometres Ontario Ltd. Northern Development Locations of study sites provided by; Monenco 1:250000 and Mines Locations of other peatlands over 100 ha from LANDSAT feature imagery National Topographic System Remote Sensing. Ontario by the Ontario Centre for remote The Peatland Inventory Project is a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources Mapped by J. L. Riley, Ontario Geological Survey. Program (HERP), of the Ontario Geological Survey. December 1983 A- ' -'"Iw^b,, /?6r*ini y ./\^ v \ li Sneenboro*, CALUMET T^"'^ V -* /l . S^ -' N Ste-Cecile- C ^ ^.NJ. 9) , ,, , ^-' de-Masham I'V-r rjr ^"Srrran^o|B-de-Masha™^. ~^^- u-'i \ l—-' j Anncsley AYLEN Onslow*Corne LAKE "T S Aylen La ~v ^^ , Caverlys LanOiny ^ 'ii X/ Whm- /Q ,, Buk B,, ^^ V \ ' l 4V1 i Mm T.. Ti,-n Ministry of PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT Northern Development and Mines ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Ontario INDEX MAP 31F LEGEND PEMBROKE AREA Detailed Peatland Study Site Reconnaissance Peatland Study Site Scale: 1:250,000 Milrb Other Peatlands Complete peatland index number consists of the 1:250 000 K lomr-tr NT.S. map sheet number and the peatland number; eg. 52G-27. Location of study sites provided by; Ecological Services for Planning Ltd. 1: 250 000 Location of other peatlands over 100 ha f re m LANDSAT feature imagery The Peatland Inventory Project is a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources National Topographic system Program (HERP), of the Ontario Geological Survey. by the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing, and mapping by ESP Ltd. Mapped by J.L. Riley, Ontario Geological Survey. December 1985. r 286 (haridoi /^Sourh Mount \ \ frffrr-s ,r x , #)\, Fenelon ?^^'x^Landi ^ casant Point Ipringbrook -if^ \ . f?- ^ N[c^P" nl5* i li }}^^ PROJECT Ministry of PEATLAND INVENTORY ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Northern Development •31C and Mines 31D Ontario INDEX MAP LEGEND PETERBOROUGH AREA Detailed Peatland Study Site Scale: 1:250,000 Reconnaissance Peatland Study Site M.ies 2 l 4 b 8 Other Peatlands Metres lo Kilometres Complete peatland index number consists of the 1:250 000 sites provided by; Bird and Hale Ltd. N.T.S. map sheet number and the peatland number; eg. 52G-27. Location of study 1; 250 000 Location of other peatlands over 100 ha from LANDSAT feature imagery National Topographic System The Peatland Inventory Project is a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources by the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing, and mapping by Bird and Hale Ltd. Ontario Geological Survey. Program (HERP), of the Mapped by J.L. Riley, Ontario Geological Survey. December 1985. T JL3-45 1 Poissor l L KenOall Portage-de- a-Nation NoJth-Nation Pap\ieauville Beauchampville/ Bav Shirleys Bav Beatty Pt D Britannia C iButterlelJ'^ f*, ^ LEGEND PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT 27D j Detailed Peatland Study Site ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY j 35R j Reconnaissance Peatland Study Site INDEX MAP • 66 Other Peatlands OTTAWA-BROCKVILLE AREA Complete peatland index number consists of the 1:250 000 N. T. S. map Scale 1:250000 sheet number and the peatland number; eg. 52G-2? Miles 5 10 Ministry of Kilometres 5 10 Northern Development and Mines Locations of study sites provided by; Bird and Hale Ltd Ontario Locations of other peatlands over 100 ha from LANDSAT feature imagery 1:250000 by the Ontario Centre for remote Remote Sensing. National Topographic System Mapped by J. L. Riley, Ontario Geological Survey. The Peatland Inventory Project is a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources December 1983 Program (HERP), of the Ontario Geological Survey. ^^Rush^.f- j, \vy^vjifc^pf/^ W A l;-V*0 Corners, M V') J\ ^^fW t '\ '--'\/^ Corners l .M^J\^\ \ i f^ ;^V;^;.. \, ^^\j^^ J^^1\.A \-'\Jr2* -^^ l Y VJf- Johdfftwn 7- *^"J P oun^ c.ler Milfl^ V^T. 'X^ ^*^* ' a--*"—\—"J V( ^ Arrumashuri;\ vA \ \ A R I\ Q ^^^ PRINCE EDWARD BAY Sackets Ha SACKETS HARBOR s^~~~f!{ YorltMrt Island Horn Mond LEGEND PEATLAND INVENTORY PROJECT 27D Detailed Peatland Study Site 31C ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 35 R Reconnaissance Peatland Study Site INDEX MAP • 66 Other Peatlands KINGSTON-BELLEVILLE AREA Complete peatland index number consists of the 1:250 000 N. T. S. map sheet number and the peatland number; eg. 52G-27. Scale 1:250 OOC Miles 5 Ministry of 10 Northern Development Kilometres and Mines 5 10 Ontario 30N Locations of study sites provided by; Gartner Lee Associates Ltd. 1:250000 Locations of other peatlands over 100 ha from LANDSAT feature imagery National by the Ontario Centre for Remote Sensing. Topographic System Mapped by J. L. Riley, Ontario Geological S-irvey. The Peatland Inventory Project is a component of the Hydrocarbon Energy Resources December 1983 Program (HERP), of the Ontario Geological Survey. APPENDIX E. SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PEATLAND VEGETATION TYPES, SOUTHERN ONTARIO Figures are mean percentage cover values (light interception), and bracketted figures are percentaqe frequencies of occurrence. Cover values less than 0.555 are indicated by plus (*) sign; for species with mean cover values less than 0.555, frequencies of 205S or less (or only reflecting single site occurrences) are not presented, When insufficient data are available to generate means, an asterisk (*) is used to indicate presence. (Appendix E of, Riley, J. L. 1987. Peat and Peatland Resources of Southeastern Ontario, Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report 5633, Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Toronto). Coding of peat land types: mM - meadow marsh mS - mixed swamp TlsB - treed low shrub bog srM - shrub-rich marsh cS - conifer swamp TgB - treed graminoid bog sM - shallow marsh TsrF - treed shrub-rich fen 01sB - open low shrub bog t S - thicket swamp OsrF - open shrub-rich fen OgB - open graminoid bog hS - hardwood swamp OgF - open graminoid fen MARSH SWAMP FEN BOG MARSH SWAMP FEN BOG PEATLAND TYPES PEATLAND TYPES mM srM sM ts hS mS cS TsrF OsrF OgF TlsB TgB OlsB OgB mM srM sM ts hS mS cS TsrF OsrF OgF TlsB TgB OlsB OgB No. of Sample Sites 8 8 2 18 15 12 16 10 14 11 6 3 22 2 No. of Sample Sites 8 8 2 18 15 12 16 10 14 11 6 3 22 2 TREE SPECIES H. ellipticum •4- •4- Abies balsamea -4- 4- 1(25) 2(38) Impatiens capensis *(25 1(25) 13(50) 1(22) 2(20) 2(42) •4- -4- •4- Acer rub rum ^ -4- -(39) 26(57) 3(50) 1(63) 1(40) -(36) -(27) Iris versicolor *(38) -(25) -(28) -(27) -(25) -(40) -(36) -(73) A. saccharinum •4- 18(57) 4- - - Juncus canadensis •4- -4- Be tula alleghaniensis •4- •4- J. effusus -4- B. papyri fera 1(13) •4- -(33) 1(29) 9(75) 1(44) -(30) - -4- 1(67) -(23) Lactuca canadensis -4- •4- B. pendula -4- Laportea canadensis -(27) •4- B. populifolia -4- 6(33) 12(33) -(23) Lathyrus palustris •4- Fraxinus americana 4- Leersia oryzoides *(25) 3(36) •4- 1(27) •4- F. nigra -(25) 1(13) 1(22) 16(64) 16(67) 1(38) -(30) Lemna minor •4- -(63) -4- -(28) 6(27) F. pennsylvanica 1(25) 4- -4- 2(29) - - L. trisulca •4- Larix laricina -(25) •4- 1(56) 4- 3(42) 19(75) 13(100) 3(71) -(36) 12(100) 9(67) 2(82) 1(100) Linnaea borealis •4- -(50) -(38) •4- •4- -4- •4- •4- -4- Picea glauca 4- + 2(25) Liparis loeselii P. mariana -4- - 5(31) 1(20) - -4- 16(83) 7(33) 1(64) 1(50) Lobelia kalmii •4- -(36) Pinus banks i ana -4- Ludwigia palustris •4- -4- P. resinosa -4- Lycopodium annotinum •4- •4- P. strobus •4- 2(13) - -(33) •4- -(41) L. lucidulum -4- P. sylvestris -4- Lycopus americanus •4- Populus balsamifera •4- 2(14) 1(17) L. uniflorus 1(63) 2(75) - 1(83) 3(73) 2(75) 1(75) 1(60) 1(86) -(46) P. tremuloides -4- 4- 4- 4- - Lysimachia ciliata •4- •4- Thuja occidental is 1(25) 1(25) 2(44) 1(29) 22(100) 28(75) 9(60) 1(50) 2(64) L. quadri folia •4- •4- Tilia americana -4- L. terrestris -4- -4- •4- -4- •4- -4- Ulmus americana -4- 1(50) 1(50) 3(58) 1(50) * L. thyrsiflora *(38) -(25) 1(72) -(27) 1(50) -(38) 1(50) -(21) -(27) Lythrum salicaria 2(50) 3(63) 2(100) 2(17) •4- •4- -4- SHRUB SPECIES Maianthemum canadense -(28) -(33) 1(83) 1(81) -(60) •4- -4- Acer spicatum •4- 1(8) Matteuccia struthiopteris 1(13) Alnus rugosa 9(63) 14(83) 3(60) 6(67) 4(31) 2(40) 1(36) •4- Melampyrum lineare -f Amelanchier bartramiana 4- Merit ha arvensis -(25) -(25) -4- •4- -4- -4- •4- Andromeda glaucophylla 4- 4- -(30) 3(57) 1(64) -(27) - Menyanthes trilfoliata •4- -4- •f -4- 2(46) Aronia, melanocarpa -(22) -4- 4- 1(40) 1(64) -(36) 4- -4- 4(64) •4- Michel la repens •4- Betula pumila var.glandulifera 5(25) 6(39) 4- 1(38) 13(80) 16(86) 3(64) -(33) 2(20) Mimulus ringens •4- Cephalanthus occidental is -4- 4- - Mitella diphylla •4- Chamaedaphne calyculata -4- 2(22) -(25) 16(60) 7(50) -(27) 29(100) 5(100) 37(96) 16(100) M. nuda •4- -(20) 1(92) 1(44) -4- Cornus amomum 4- Moneses uniflora •4- •4- C. foemina 4- Monotropa uniflora -(33) •4- C. rugosa 1(13) Muhlenbergia glomerata -4- -(33) -4- •4- -(40) -(43) 1(82) ——— - - - — - —— *- -~ C. stolonifera 3(50) 8(100) l^C89T 2f6T)- -7tmoi 4(T5)~ ^IQtflffl_ ~ 4.LZ9V •i-f 56) —— M. mexicana •4- - -f- -*UO) ^ _ _ - - Decodon verticil latus •4- Myriophyl lum exalbescens -4- Gaylussacia baccata 4- - -4- -4- •4- Nuphar variegatum •4- Ilex verticil lata -4- 1(13) 4(39) 10(73) 5(58) 7(56) 6(70) 3(50) - -4- •4- -4- Onoclea sensiblis •4- 1(38) 1(11) 11(93) 3(50) -(31) -4- •f Kalmia angustifolia 4- 4- - 4(67) -(67) 2(77) Orthila secunda -4- -4- K. polifolia 4- 4- - - -(50) 1(64) 1(100) Osmund a cinnamomea 2(13) -4- 1(20) 3(50) -(31) Ledum groenlandicum - •4- 1(17) 4(56) 2(50) 1(14) •4- 8(67) 3(33) 3(64) 2(50) 0. claytoniana -4- -4- Lonicera canadensis - - 0. regalis •4- -(25) 7(56) 7(60) 10(75) 9(56) 7(80) 6(86) 2(64) -4- L. dioica -(20) Phalaris arundinacea -(13) L. oblongifolia -(50) -(27) 1(92) -(38) 1(50) 1(50) -(27) Phragmites austral is -4- -4- -4- •4- •4- •4- 1(27) * L. villosa - Pi lea pumila •4- Myrica gale 2(50) 9(38) - 3(17) •4- - 12(64) 5(82) 1(17) •4- Platanthera dilatata -4- -4- Nemopanthus mucronatus 4- - 1(19) - * - •4- 1(67) 2(59) P. hyperborea •4- -4- -4- Parthenocissus inserta 4- -(25) - P. lacera •4- -4- Potentilla fruticosa 2(13) 1(14) •4- P. leucophaea -4- Prunus virginiana •4- P. obtusata •4- Rhamnus alni folia •4- 1(13) 1(39) -(20) 4(67) 3(75) 1(40) 1(36) -(36) P. psycodes •4- R. cathartica -4- -(25) -4- Poa palustris -(25) -f -(39) •4- -4- -4- R. frangula 1(11) 1(17) 1(13) - - Pogonia ophiolossoides •4- -4- Rhus radicans var. rydbergii 4- 1(33) 3(42) 1(31) Polygonum amphibium -(38) -(38) -(100) -4- -4- •4- -4- Ribes americanum -4- 1(13) - P. persicaria -4- R. hirtellum 4. -(25) -(22) -(27) - - - - P. punctatum * R. lacustre - - Potamogeton crispus 4- Rosa palustris - 4- * •4- P. gramineus •4- •4- Rubus hispidus -4- - - -4- P. natans -f -4- -4- •4- -4- R. strigosus -4- •4- - - 1(10) Potentilla palustris -(63) -(21) -(36) -4- Salix bebbiana 4- - •4- Proserpinaca palustris •4- S. Candida -4- -4- 4- -(29) -(46) Pteridium aquilinum •4- S. discolor -(38) 1(50) 7(72) - 2(25) 1(25) 2(50) 1(29) Pyrola asarifolia -4- -(25) S. lucida - P. minor •4- v S. pedicellaris •4- -(43) 1(55) P. rotundifolia -4- •4- S. petiolaris 3(75) 4(50) 16(78) 1(17) 1(25) 14(50) 7(71) —(46) -4- Rhynchospora alba * 1(46) •4- S. serissima - 2(50) - 1(20) 2(50) -4- Rorippa palustris •4- -4- S amb uc us canadensis -4- •4- Rubus pubescens -4- 3(83) 2(53) 7(100) 4(88) 4(90) 2(50) -(36) -4- -4- •f Spiraea alba 2(50) 2(38) 1(44) 4- 4(50) 3(64) -(36) -4- Rumex orbiculatus -(50) •4- -4- -4- S. tomentosa -4- R. verticil latus •4- -4- •f -4- -4- Vaccinium angustifolium 4- 1(13) .4- 1(14) 1(17) 5(41) Saggittaria latifolia V. corymobosum 4(17) 1(9) Sarracenia purpurea -(31) -(30) -(21) 1(73) -(33) -(23) -(100) 4(59) •4- -4- V. myrtilloides - - - 10(83) 5(100) Scheuchzeria palustris -4- -4- -4- Viburnum cassinoides - 1(20) - 1(25) 1(10) * Scirpus ac ut us -4- V. lent ago * 4- S. atrovirens -4- •4- V. recognitum * * S. cyperinus -4- •4- •4- V. trilobum -(25) S. hudsonianus -4- 3(18) •4- Vitis riparia 4- 4- * * S. validus Scutellaria galericulata -(38) -(25) •4- + -4- •4- •4- -4- -4- HERB, GRAMINOID, SUB-SHRUB SPECIES . S. lateriflora -(20) Acorus calamus •4- Senecio aureus -4- •4- -4- Agrostis stolonifera r(i3) 4- Siuii suave -(20) -4- •4- -4- -4- •4- Alisma pi ant ago-aquatic a -4- - - Smilacina stellata -(25) -4- •4- Aralia nudicaulis 4- -4- 2(67) -(56) S. trifolia 1(33) 1(58) 3(38) 1(70) -4- 1(27) 4(50) •4- -4- •4- Arisaema triphyllum 4- 4- Solarium dulcamara -(25) 1(17) 1(67) •4- Asclepias incarnata -(25) -(50) - -(28) -(20) 4- - Solidago canadensis -(50) -(42) -(31) 1(50) -4- •4- Aster borealis -(25) 4- -(22) - 4- - -(43) -(91) S. gigantea S. graminifolia -4- •4- A. lanceo latus -4- 4- - - -(50) - -(21) •4- •4- •4- •4- •4- A. lateriflorus -4- - 4- - S. rugosa -(22) -(30) -4- A. puniceus -(25) -(22) - -(33) - 4- S. uliginosa -(25) -(33) -(25) -(31) -(40) -(50) -(72) -4- -4- A. umbel latus •4- -(28) 4- -(42) -(25) -(40) -(21) -4- Sparaganium chlorocarpum •4- Athyrium filix-femina - -(33) S. eurycarpum * •4- Bidens cernua 1(38) 3(38) 1(28) -(20) S. fluctuans •4- •4- B. frondosa 1(25) 3(63) 1(50) 1(33) -(25) - 4- - S. minimum Boehmeria cylindrica 1(33) Spiranthes romanzoffiana •4- Botrychium virginianum * Spirodela polyrhiza •4- Bromus ciliatus -t- 4- •i- 4- Stachys palustris •4- •4- Calamagrostis canadensis 19(88) 18(100) 4(100) 2(56) -(27) 4- -(25) 1(60) 2(93) -(36) -4- Stellaria calycantha •4- Cal la palustris •4- -(38) -4- 1(22) -(20) - -(25) - S. longifolia •f Calopogon tuberosus 4- -4- Symplocarpus foetidus -4- Caltha palustris -(25) -4- -(22) 4- -(25) -(38) 4- Thai ict rum polygamum •4- -4- -(56) -(40) -(33) -(25) -(40) -(29) -(55) Calystegia sepium 5(50) Thelypteris palustris 7(88) 4(75) 2(100) 4(83) 2(60) 2(92) 2(75) 5(80) 3(79) 5(91) -4- Campanula aparinoides -(25) 4- 4- Triadenum fraseri -(38) -(50) •f -(39) •f •4- -(36) -(36) •4- •4- •4- •4- C. uliginosa -(25) -(25) - - : -(36) -(46) Trientalis borealis -4- -(33) -(67) -(56) -4- -4- + Cardamine pratensis - - Triglochin maritimum -(73) Carex aquatilis 3(25) + 4- 2(36) 2(36) Trillium cernuum -4- C. aurea 4- Typha angustifolia 1(13) C. buxbaumii + •4- 1. latifolia 5(75) 2(50) 45(100) 1(28) -4- •4- -(36) 1(55) C. canescens - -4- -4- Utricularia cornuta -4- C. chordorrhiza -4- 4- 4- -(27) U. intermedia -4- 1(50) -4- -(27) C. comosa 1(13) 1(17) U. minor •4- •4- •4- -4- C. crinita 4- 4- 4- U. vulgaris •4- -4- C. cristatella 4- Vaccinium macrocarpon -4- * -4- - •4- •4- C. diandra •4- 1(13) 2(28) 4- -4- V. oxycoccus •4- •4- * -(29) -(27) 1(50) 1(50) 2(100) C. disperma 4- •4- -(42) -(25) -f Viola cucullata •4- -(20) -(42) •4- •4- -4- C. exilis 4- -4- V. incognita •4- -(50) -(27) -(83) -(25) -(30) -(29) C. flava 4- V. pal lens •4- -(33) •4- -(21) -(27) - C. gracillima -4- V. renifolia -4- C. hystericina •4- Woodwardia virginica -4- -4- C. interior -(25) 2(67) 1(33) 2(75) 1(63) 1(80) 1(64) 1(27) -4- C. intumescens 4- C. lacustris 1(25) 3(38) 18(100) 4(22) -4- 1(17) 1(6) 3(10) 3(29) C. lasiocarpa 9(50) 4(50) 26(91) C. leptalea -(28) -(27) 1(67) 1(56) -(30) - C. limosa 1(7) 2(55) C. livida 4- -4- C. lupulina 4- MARSH SWAMP FEN BOG C. oligosperma 7(33) •4- 18(50) PEATLAND TYPES C. pauci flora •4- mM srM sM ts hS mS cS TsrF OsrF OgF TlsB TqB OlsB OqB C. paupercula -(33) -(58) -(69) -(30) - -4- No. of Sample Sites 3 3 1 3 5 1 6 3 6 7 4 2 16 2 C. pensylvanica 4- C. prairea - BRYOPHYTE AND LICHEN SPECIES C. pseudocyperus 1(38) 3(50) 1(44) 2(27) - - 1(20) 2(29) Amblysteqfum hum M e - C. retrorsa -4- 4- A. r i par lum - C. rostrata 4(13) - - - 1(5) -4- Au l acomn 1 um pa 1 ustre - 3(50) 1(33) 1(33) 1(25) 2(50) 2(19) C. sparganioides - Bazzanfa trllobata •4- C. stipata •4- 4- Brachytheclum salebrosum 12(33) - C. stricta 3(13) 6(50) 1(17) 4- Bryum pseudotr Iquetrum 3(33) * - -K33) - C. trisperma - - 1(50) -(40) - -(50) 7(33) -(46) Cal Ile lad lum haldanianum - C. vulpinoidea - 4- Ca 1 1 1 ergon cord 1 f o 1 1 um 16(33) 14(60) x 5(17) Ceratophyllum demersum •4- C. q Iqanteum 2(33) 2(17) Chelone glabra -(28) -(40) 4- 4- Cal 1 iergonel la cuspidata 12(67) * 5(33) * - 5(29) Cicuta bulbifera -(88) 1(75) •4- -(61) -(27) 4- - - - Campy 1 (urn stel latum 25(67) tt 20(33) 3(33) 4(67) 26(50) 23(86) Cinna latifolia 4- 4- 4- 4- C 1 ne 1 1 d l um styg i um 4- Circaea alpina 4- Cladonia mftls 4. Cladium mariscoides 4- 1(64) C. rang 1 fer Ina 4. Clematis virginiana - 4- - Cllmaclum dendroldes 2(60) tt -(33) Clintonia borealis - Conocepha 1 um con l cum 1(20) tt * Copt is trifolia - - -(25) -(44) Dlcranum bon jean II -i- Cornus canadensis 4- - -(50) -(44) -(30) •4- D. polysetum 1(33) 1(25) 1(50) 4- Cuscuta gronovii - D. scoparium 4. Cypripedium acaule - -(33) •4- -4- D. undulatum 1(33) C. calecolus - - . f ~IO \ Drepanocladus aduncus 13(33) 4(20) 10(33) C. reginae - * \ -?O ) 4- D. revolvens 5(33) 10(14) Cyrstoperis bulbifera - D. vernlcosus 1(17) Dennstaedtia punctilobula 4- -4- He 1 od lum blandowl l -(33) Drosera intermedia •4- Hylocomlum sp lend ens -(33) D. rotundifolia - •4- -(27) - tt tt -4- Hypnum llndbergll - 2(40) 5(17) Dryopteris ea r thus i ana 4- •4- -(33X -i-(sn) ± 4- -4- lchmadolphila ericetorum - D. cristata •4- -(22) -(20) -(25) -(40) 1(33) D. intermedia 4- Leucobryum glaucum - •t- D. marginalis - Merchant la po 1 ymorpha -4- Dulichium arundinaceum - - -4- Mn f um stel lare - tt Eleocharis acicularis - - Plaqlomnlum ci 1 lare 1(20) E. compressa •4- P. cuspfdatum - E. elliptica -(25) - 1(55) Pleurozlum schreberl 8(67) 8(67) - 5(50) - 2(25) 4- E. erythropoda 4- -(25) Pohl la nutans 4- - -f E. obtusa Polytrl churn commune - -4- 4- E. smallii •4- 4- - P. strictum 1(33) - - 2(69) Elymus virginicus -(27) Pylalsfadelphus recurvans - -t- •4- Epilobium angustifolium 4- * Rhlzomnlum appalach lanum -(33) E. ciliatum -(25) 4- -4- •f R. pseudopunctatum 3(50) tt E. coloratum -4- 4- Rhytladelphus trlquetrus 1(17) E. hirsutum 4- Scorpldlum scorploldes 5(17) 6(29) •4- E. leptophyllum -(25) - - - - Sphagnum cap! 1 1 ifol lum (typ.) 8(17) 13(56) E. palustre •4- 4- •4- 4- - -4- S. cap 1 1 1 1 fol lum var. tenellum 3(25) 2(19) 5(50) E. strictum 4- S. cap! 1 1 1 fol lum var. tenerum 4- Equisetum fluviatile -4- •4- 1(50) -(25) - 1(30) 1(36) 1(27) S. centrale - 1(13) 4- E. scirpoides - S. cofnpactum 1(13) 30(50) Eriophorum gracile - - S. cuspfdatum 3(25) E. spissum 4(33) 15(33) 3(68) -4- S. flmbrlatum 8(33) 1(17) 8(17) 1(50) 3(6) - E. tenellum •4- -4- S. fuscum 1(33) - 5(50) 41(81) E. virginicum 4- - -(50) 2(67) -(41) -(100) S. glrgensohnl 1 1(14) -4- 3(50) 8(100) E. viridicarinatum 4- 4- -4- S. mage! lan (cum 3(33) 3(33) 2(33) 7(33) 13(50) 40(100) Eupatorium macula turn -(25) -(25) -(56) 1(67) 1(100) -(44) -(50) -(21) -(27) S. palustre 2(17) 4(25) E. perfoliatum •4- 4- - 4- •4- S. pap M losum 10(25) 6(25) E. rugosum 1(33) 1(42) 4- S. recurvum var. brevlfolium 28(33) 3(25) 5(50) 6(13) 11(50) 44(50) 15(56) 58(100) Fragaria virginiana •4- 4- - - - S. recurvum var. tenue 15(33) 8(17) 3(17) - Galium asprellum 4- S. russowl 1 28(50) 8(50) * G. labradoricum -(25) 4- •4- 4- 4- -(21) -(55) S. squarrosum 4(17) G. trifidum -(50) -(50) 4- -(56) 1(60) 1(83) -(31) 4- -(21) -(27) S. subfulvum 3(17) G. triflorum -(25) 4- 4- 1(83) -(63) - S. subsecundum 3(17) -4- Gaul theria hispidula -(31) * S. teres 11(17) -4- S. warnstorf 1 1 12(33) 40(67) 1(14) G. procumbens - - -(33) 6(20) 1 i cat u lum tt 2(17) Gentiana linear is 4- 4- * Thuldium de -4- 8(50) Geocaulon lividum T. recognitum Tomenthypnum n f tens 1(33) 3(33) Geum aleppicum - G. rivale * - G. vernum . 4- Glyceria borealis •4- •4- G. canadensis - G. grandis - G. striata 4- -(28) 2(47) -(50) -(31) -(30) •4- Gymnocarpium dryopteris 4- - •4- Hydrocharis morus-ranae 1(25) - •4- Hypericum boreale •4-