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Direct Application of Biomineralization to Life

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Direct Application of Biomineralization to Life DIRECT APPLICATION OF BIOMINERALIZATION TO LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS, HABITAT WATER WALL SYSTEM, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOREMEDIATION AND SOLVING OTHER VITAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS _________________ A Project Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico _________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Environmental Science Professional Science Master Option __________________ By ©Adane Metaferia 2014 Spring 2014 DIRECT APPLICATION OF BIOMINERALIZATION TO LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS, HABITAT WATER WALL SYSTEM, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOREMEDIATION AND SOLVING OTHER VITAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS A Project By Adane Metaferia Spring 2014 APPROVED BY THE DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND VICE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH: _____________________________ Eun K. Park, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: _____________________________ Randy Senock, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________ Larry Hanne, Ph.D. PUBLICATION RIGHTS No portion of the Project may be reprinted or reproduced in any manner unacceptable to the usual copyright restrictions without the written permission of the author. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful for Michael Flynn (NASA Ames Research Center) for allowing me to work with him and his teams on this very important and interesting Project. I am very thankful to staff of the Space Biosciences Division, Bioengineering Branch, NASA Ames Education, and entire NASA Ames Research Center for their valuable support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Publication Rights …………………………………………………………………….. iii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………… iv List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………. vi List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………… vii List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………. viii Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………….. ix CHAPTER I. Background Literature Reviews …………………………………….. 1 Bioremediations and Biomineralizations ………………………. ……… 1 The Chemistry of Biogenic Calcium Carbonates …………………........ 6 Cyanobacteria ………………………………………………................... 9 II. Significance of the Project …………………………….…………………. 12 Membrane Based Habitat Water Walls Architectures 12 for Life Support Systems …………………………………...…………... Life Support Systems and the Water Wall Membrane…………….…….. 16 Strategic Objective Goals………………………………….………… …. 17 III. Methodology ……………………………………………………………. 18 Cyanobacteria Cultures and CO2 Fixation …………………………..… 18 Physiochemical and Mechanistic Studies ……………………………… 19 IV. Results ……………………………………………………………. ……. 21 The Anabaena Culture ………………………………………………… 22 The Synechococcus Culture …………………………………............... 22 V. Conclusions and Future Works …………………………………………. 24 References …….……………………………………………………………………..… 27 v LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Names and Chemical Composition of Biogenic Minerals ……………….. 2 2. Summary of the Primary Functions of the Components of the Water Walls System …………………………………………………………….. 13 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Biologically Controlled Mineralization ………………………………. 4 2. Biologically Induced Mineralization ………………………………….. 5 3. Model of Carbon Concentrating Mechanism (CCM) …………………. 7 4. Forward Osmosis Treatment Bag, X-Pack TM ……………………….. 14 5. Water Walls Functional Flow of Life Support System Architecture ….. 15 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AES: Advanced Exploration System CCM: Carbon Concentrating Mechanism CSS: Caron Capture Storage CTB: Cargo Transfer Bag FO: Forward Osmosis FOB: Forward Osmosis Bag FO-CTB: Forward Osmosis-Cargo Transfer Bag GCDP: Game Changing Development Program HTI: Hydration Technology Innovations LLC: Limited Liability Company NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIAC: Innovative Advanced Concepts STS: Space Transportation System WW: Water Wall XANES: X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure viii ABSTRACT DIRECT APPLICATION OF BIOMINERALIZATION TO LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS, HABITAT WATER WALL SYSTEM, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, BIOREMEDIATION AND SOLVING OTHER VITAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS By Adane Metaferia 2014 Master of Science in Environmental Science: Professional Science Master Option California State University, Chico Spring 2014 The main objectives of this research project, is to investigate the efficiency of various microorganisms in CO2 sequestrations and other waste products during space missions. The report also examines current scientific literature in biomineralization and CO2 sequestration for the purpose of managing space mission waste products and air revitalization of spacecraft cabin atmospheres. The management of air pollutants, proper disposal or recycling of waste materials and toxic chemicals are factors in the planning, designing and implementing of space missions. The design and architecture of life support systems in space missions are principally geared towards the removal of toxic substances and revitalization of the habitat with life sustaining materials. Current ix mechanical and physical technologies of life supporting systems are not only complex and expensive, but are also error prone especially for extended duration missions. Such crucial and massive life support systems need to be augmented or wholly supported by simpler, efficient and reliable advanced technologies. The next generation life support technologies could be developed by the integration of multidisciplinary efforts of wide ranging fields such as Chemistry, Engineering, and Biotechnology. In recent years, waste recycling and pollution remediation technologies that are integrated with biological systems have become tremendously attractive and a subject of various applied research programs. Biologically mediated recycling of waste materials could be best suited for space missions due to their efficiency, simplicity and most importantly could be reliable and self-sustaining. Hence, the overarching goals of this project are to integrate microalgal organisms with NASA’s life support system and evaluate its usefulness as a sustainable technology. This life support system here after called the Water Wall (WW) system can sequester spacecraft pollutants and convert them into value added products. The WW architecture requires microorganisms that could facilitate the biodegradation of pollutants and revitalize the spaceship habitat. Hence, initial candidates of suitable microorganisms were selected and optimal growth conditions, critical limiting factors and efficiencies of air revitalization were investigated. Among the model microorganisms, Myxococcus Xanthus, Brevundimonas Diminuta, Anabaena (PCC 7120), Synechococcus (BG04351), Chlorella, Spirulina species and etc., have been studied to establish optimum growth conditions. In the preliminary optimization stage of the project variables such as growth media, levels of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ion concentration etc. have been evaluated and optimized. x CHAPTER I BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEWS Bioremediations and Biomineralizations Bioremediation is the use of biological process and systems to facilitate the conversion of harmful chemical contaminants or pollutants into less toxic and environmentally friendly by-products in self-sustaining manner. Bioremediation through biological sequestration and degradation is especially suitable and practical as a point- source carbon capture for confined spaces such as submarines and spaceships [Lackner, et al., 2013]. In the application of bioremediation, selecting a suitable and effective microorganism for the specific pollutant plays a key role for its success. In order to fully benefit the application of microorganisms in bioremediation, it is vital to systematically study the nature of the microorganisms optimum growth conditions, and metabolic by- products. Critical studies involving both in situ mineralization and the basic chemical crystallization processes are keys in developing efficient waste recycling technologies. Biomineralization is a process by which organisms form biominerals through their natural metabolic processes. Many microorganisms biologically sequester organic and inorganic materials and are involved in mineral secretion or precipitation. There are several examples of biogenic minerals as a result of biominerlization processes; these include carbonates, sulfates, oxalates, phosphates and mixtures of such minerals with humic substances (Table 1). 1 2 Table 1. The Names and Chemical Compositions of Biogenic Minerals [Weiner and Dove, 2003]. Carbonates Calcite CaCO3 Mg-Calcite (MgxCa 1-x)CO3 Aragonite CaCO3 Vaterite CaCO3 Monohydrocalcite CaCO3.H2O Protodolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Hydrocerussite Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 Amorphous Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Phosphates Octacalcium Phosphate Ca8H2(PO4)6 Brushite CaHPO4.2H2O Francolite Ca10(PO4)6F2 Carbonated-Hydroxyapatite (Dahllite) Ca5(PO4CO3)3(OH) 2+ Whitilokite Ca18H2(Mg,Fe)2 (PO4)14 Struvite Mg(NH4)(PO4).6H2O 2+ Vivianite Fe3 (PO4)2.8H2O Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Variable Amorphous Calcium-Pyrophosphate Ca2P2O7.2H2O Sulfates Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Barite BaSO4 Celestite SrSO4 3+ Jarosite KFe3 (SO4)2(OH)6 Sulfides Pyrite FeS2 Hydrotroilite FeS.nH2O Sphalerite ZnS Wutzite ZnS Galena PbS Greigite Fe3S4 Mackinawite (Fe,Ni)9S8 Amorphous Pyrrhotite Fe 1-xS (x=0-0.17) Acanthite Ag2S Hydrated silica, arsenates, chlorides, fluorides and sulfur Orpiment As2S3 Amorphous silica SiO2.nH2O Atacamite Cu2Cl(OH)3 Fluorite CaF2 Hieratite K2SiF6 Sulfur Element S Organic crystals Earlandite Ca3(C6H5O2)2.4H2O Whewellite CaC2O4.H2O Weddelite CaC2O4.(2+x)H2O (x,0.5) Glushinskite MgC2O4.4H2O Manganese Oxide (unnamed) Mn2C2O4.2H2O Sodium Urate C5H3N4NaO3 Uric acid C5H4N4O3 Ca tartrate C4H4CaO6 Ca malate
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