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Effects of Nectar-Producing Plants on Diadegma Insulare (Cresson), a Biological Control Agent of Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.)

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Effects of Nectar-Producing Plants on Diadegma Insulare (Cresson), a Biological Control Agent of Diamondback Moth, Plutella Xylostella (L.) Effects of nectar-producing plants on Diadegma insulare (Cresson), a biological control agent of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) Idris, A.B.1 and Grafius, E.2 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, National University of Malaysia 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia 2Department of Entomology, Natural Science Building, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1115, USA Abstract Effects of nectar-producing plants (NPP) on the longevity, fecundity, oviposition and nectar-collecting behaviour of Diadegma insulare were studied. Longevity and fecundity of D. insulare were varied with morphological characters of NPP’s flowers. Brassica kaber (D.C) Wheeler, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. and Daucus carota L. supplied nectar and resulted in D. insulare longevity and fecundity equal to when honey+water used as food sources. Others were not significantly better than no food at all. Chenopodium album L. and Thlaspi arvense L. did not provide available nectar, however, adults parasitoid fed on honeydew excreted by aphids feeding on the plants. An increase in longevity and fecundity was correlated with flower corolla opening diameter but not with corolla length. The oviposition behaviour within the first minute of exposure to diamondback moth larvae was highly correlated with longevity and fecundity of D. insulare, which we considered indices of food quality. We observed five nectar-collecting behaviours of D. insulare. The most striking behaviour, on B. vulgaris and B. napus L. flowers, involved chewing at the base of the corolla and creating holes that probably released the floral nectars. D. insulare visit more frequently and spent longer time particularly at the base of flower supporting longer life and high fecundity. The charactersitics of NPP’s flower and behavioural flexibility of D. insulare should be manipulated to increase its impact in integrated diamondback moth management. Key words: Plutella xylostella, Diadegma insulare, nectar-producing plants, food sources Introduction were observed feeding on the flowers of weeds in the Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.), vicinity of the field (Fitton and Walker, 1992). The is the major pest of Brassica crop worldwide. It possess selective use of floral nectar resources by the the ability to develop resistance to all pesticides used parasitoids was reported by Cowgill et al. (1993) and against them (Tabashnik et al., 1991). Pesticides Jervis et al. (1993). An understanding of the relative resistance problems have forced growers to increase importance of NPP to D. insulare may be important if the frequency and rate of spray, and continue using we want to enhance its role and effectiveness in DBM whatever available pesticides to control DBM. This management. leads to excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides The objectives of our study were to assess the that destroys the DBM natural biocontrol agents, effects of NPP on the longevity and fecundity, especially the parasitoids and predators, in Brassica oviposition and nectar-collecting behaviour of D. crops agroecosystem (Lim et al., 1986). Diadegma insulare, and to correlate flower structures with D. insulare (Cresson) is a major DBM parasitoid in insulare and fecundity. Canada (Harcourt, 1986) and United States of America (Idris and Grafius, 1993b). Judicious use of pesticides Material and Methods and good Brassica ecosystem management should be Sources of NPP. Flowers of 8 Brassicaceous weeds; adopted because pesticides is detrimental to D. insulare Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., Berteroa incana (L.) D.C., (Srinivasan and Krishna Moorthy, 1991; Idris and Brassica kaber (D.C.) Wheeler, Brassica napus L., Grafius, 1993a and b). Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Erysimum Earlier studies indicated that the presence of cheiranthoides L., Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. and nectar-producing plants (NPP) in the field provides Thlaspi arvense L.; 5 non-Brassicacaeae, an important food source for the parasitoid which Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. and Sonchus directly increases their effectiveness (van Emden, arvensis L. (Asteraceae), Rumex crispus L. 1963; Leius, 1967; Keven, 1973; Syme, 1975). For (Polygonaceae), Chenoppodium album L. D. insulare, Zhao et al. (1992) found that parasitism (Chenopodiaceae),and Daucus carota L. of DBM by this parasitoid was higher in the broccoli (Umbelliferae), and one cultivated Brassica plant adjacent to NPP than in the broccoli that was not (canola) were used as nectar sources for the parasitoid. surrounded by NPP. In England, Diadegma species Brassica weeds were emphasized because they were 90 Proceedings: The Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests common in and near cabbage fields. They are also Relationship between flower structure with D. potential hosts for DBM larvae and are tolerant to insulare longevity and fecundity. The corolla length many herbicides used in cole crops. and diameter of the opening for a sample of 10 flowers (selected randomly) for each species per replicate were Sources of insects and site of study. We used measured and used to relate it with the longevity and F 18–20 DBM (Geneva strain) reared in the laboratory fecundity and opening of D. insulare (from the above on broccoli leaves grown in the greenhouse, and F2–3 study). field collected D. insulare reared on DBM. Study was conducted at the Michigan State University Nectar-collecting behaviour of D. insulare. Choice Entomology Research Farm in May through tests. Stalks of three flowers of each species were September, 1993 using NPP species available during inserted through holes in the lid of a 300 ml plastic each month. container filled with sucrose solution (0.5 g/ml). The flower species were randomly arranged in a circle Longevity and Fecundity. The flowers of NPP and about 4.0 cm from the center of the cover. A second D. insulare were enclosed in a cylindrical screen cage 300 ml container, with 1.5 cm diameter screened holes (20 cm high and 10 cm diameter) with sponge covering in the side, was put upside down on the first container the top and bottom of the cage and small slit at the and fastened with tape, creating a testing arena. We side of the screen for introducing insects. We cut a 5 randomly arranged the arenas parallel to the white cm slit from the edge to the center of the bottom for inflorescence light, 30 cm from the bulb. An unfed the flower stem(s). Each cage was tied to a wooden female D. insulare (1-d old) was released in the center stake erected close to individual flowering weeds. The of the testing arena through a hole in the upper cage was moved to a new flower when the earlier container. Females were allowed to acclimatise for 2 flower began to wilt. For honey+water (10% honey) h in the arena before observation. The nectar-collecting treatment and water alone treatments, filled in the glass behaviour of D. insulare included the following; tried vials (21 by 70 mm) the change were made every every to get in or entered corolla tube, kicked sepal or petal, 4-d. A piece of tissue paper was dipped into the vial sucked or chewed at corolla base were observed. We to avoid excessive evaporation. We inserted the vial also quantified the number of visits per flower species through a hole in the bottom foam. In September, two and the numbers of visits and time spent at the corollas. branches of the C. album and S. arvensis (naturally Behaviour were recorded using audio tape recorder infested by bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scopli) with for 30 min per observation session. These observation aphids and without aphids were inserted into the cage were repeated five times with new flowers and insects in place of the flowers. One male-female pair of D. each time. insulare (1-d old and not yet fed) was released into the cage through a slit on the side of the screen. The No-choice tests. Freshly emerged unfed adult D. treatments, including the no food, were replicated 8 insulare females were released into screen cages (30 times. Survival of the D. insulare females was recorded x 30 x 20 cm, 30 D. insulare per cage) 1-d before the daily to measure the longevity. To measure fecundity, experiment to acclimatise them to the cage the adult female parasitoid were removed out from the environment. We inserted stalks of flowers of each cage (1100 to 1450 h, during which females are most species into glass vials (3 flowers per vial) filled with active) (Idris,1995) every 3-d (started on the 3rd day sucrose solution. Six vials with flowers of a single after it was released into the cage) and released it into species were put in the middle of each cage. Fifteen a 400-ml transparent plastic container with a screen min after introduction of the flowers we recorded the lid with 30 3rd-instar DBM larvae for 3 h before numbers of individual D. insulare visiting the flowers putting it back into the cage. The presumably using audio tape recorder in 30 sec. We then took out parasitized DBM larvae reared in the laboratory on the flowers with vials. We introduced new flower broccoli foliage until pupation, when the number of species with vials in the another cage for the next D. insulare and DBM pupae were recorded. Fecundity observation. After the sixth cage we returned to the was calculated as the sum of all D. insulare pupae first cage and repeated this process five times (= five produced by a female D. insulare during her life (30 replicates per species). host larvae offered every 3-d). Data analysis. Longevity and fecundity of D. Ovipositional behaviour. On day 9, 4 of the 8 insulare, ovipositional behaviour of D. insulare fed replicates for D. carota, B. kaber , B. incana, C. bursa- on different food sources, the number of visits and time pastoris, B.
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