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Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen. -
Design of a Circuit for Remote Control of Multiple Devices Using DTMF Encoder and Decoder
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2013 1 ISSN 2250-3153 Design of a Circuit for Remote Control of Multiple Devices using DTMF Encoder and Decoder Haimanti Chakraborty*, Prof. (Dr.) Prabir Banerjee* * Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India frequencies that will be transmitted via an analog communication Abstract- With the advancement in technology, the number channel or network like a telephone line. It was developed of electronic devices in our day-to-day lives has increased to by Western Electric and introduced by AT&T in 1963. During its make life simpler. So a necessity to construct a Universal development, unique individual frequency filters were chosen Remote System that will easily control all these devices from a carefully so that the tones could easily travel via the telephone distance will not only reduce the complexity of handling the lines (the maximum guaranteed bandwidth for a standard number of devices simultaneously, but also save power. telephone line extends from around 300 Hz to 3.5 kHz). DTMF This paper presents a successfully developed hardware was not intended for data transfer, rather for control signals only. of a Universal Remote Control System using DTMF (Dual- With a standard DTMF encoder/decoder, it is possible to signal Tone Multi-Frequency) tones as the control signals. The at a rate of around 10 tones/signals per second. uniqueness of DTMF is that it is simple to generate and noise- The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 4x4 matrix, with two immune. This system was also implemented using GSM links frequencies (each row representing a low frequency and each besides the wired channel, the main advantage of it being that it column representing a high frequency) played simultaneously by helps in controlling devices located at any part of the world or a standard home phone/fax or mobile phone. -
How to Assess the Highest and Best Use for an Adaptive Reuse
The Highest and Best Use Assessment of an Adaptive Reuse Development A Former Agere Systems Campus Redevelopment Plan By Jin-Hsiao Hsu B.A., Natural Science and Mathematics, 1977 University of Wyoming Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Real Estate Development At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September, 2007 ©2007 Jin-Hsiao Hsu All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author____________________________________________________________ Department of Architecture July 27, 2007 Certified by________________________________________________________________ Lynn Fisher Assistant Professor of Real Estate Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by________________________________________________________________ David Geltner Chairman Interdepartmental Degree Program in Real Estate Development 2 The Highest and Best Use Assessment of an Adaptive Reuse Development A Former Agere Systems Campus Redevelopment Plan By Jin Hsiao Hsu Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Real Estate Development At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ABSTRACT: Fix it up or give it up and start over? This interviews and case studies based research was conducted -
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company Divestiture: Background, Provisions, and Restructuring
Report No. 84-58 E I -. <I?....*- ".YII. -n, -- THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY DIVESTITURE: BACKGROUND, PROVISIONS, AND RESTRUCTURING b Y Angele A. Gilroy Specialist in Industrial Organization Economics Division COLLECTION WKI HEKN !CNTUCKY LIBRARY April 11, 1984 11 i :::A L.'~~-l.ii.e makes jucn research available. without parti- ::;I.. in lr:m\ !orrns inc!uding studies. reports. cornpila- ;,)I!., I!:<?\[>. :md l:a~kqroi~ndhrietings. Cpon request. CRS .. ., :i ~ !>!r::z:rrir.e.;in ann1~-zingle+slative proposals and -tl:..b. :!nd in s>w;sinq the possible effects of these proposals . < :!I irie.The Ser~ice'ssenior specialists and ii,:c( r :iil.,;ii ?is are also at-aiiable for personal consultations ;xi-ir :.t>.;!?ecri\-elieid.; t~f'expertise. ABSTRACT On January 1, 1984, The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) di- vested itself of a major portion of its organizational structure and functions. Under the post-divestiture environment the once fully-integrated Bell System is now reorganized into the "new" AT&T and seven Ladependent regional 5olding ?om- panies -- American Information Technologies Corp., 3ell Atlantic Corp., 3ell- South Corp., NYNEX Corp., Pacific Telesis Group., Southwestern Bell Corp., and U.S. West, Inc. The following analysis provides an overview of the pre- and post-divestiture organizational structure and details the evolution of the anti- trust action which resulted in this divestiture. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1 1 . BELL SYSTEM CORPORATE REORGANIZATION .............................. 3 A . Predivestiture Bell System Corporate Structure ................ 3 B . Divested Operating Company Structure .......................... 5 C . Post-Divestiture AThT Organizational Structure ................ 7 11. -
MAS.632 Conversational Computer Systems
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu MAS.632 Conversational Computer Systems Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 10 Basics of Telephones This and the following chapters explain the technology and computer applica tions oftelephones, much as earlier pairs ofchapters explored speech coding, syn thesis, and recognition. The juxtaposition of telephony with voice processing in a single volume is unusual; what is their relationship? First, the telephone is an ideal means to access interactive voice response services such as those described in Chapter 6. Second, computer-based voice mail will give a strong boost to other uses of stored voice such as those already described in Chapter 4 and to be explored again in Chapter 12. Finally, focusing on communication,i.e., the task rather than the technology, leads to a better appreciation of the broad intersec tion of speech, computers, and our everyday work lives. This chapter describes the basic telephone operations that transport voice across a network to a remote location. Telephony is changing rapidly in ways that radically modify how we think about and use telephones now and in the future. Conventional telephones are already ubiquitous for the business traveler in industrialized countries, but the rise in personal, portable, wireless telephones is spawning entirely new ways of thinking about universal voice connectivity. The pervasiveness of telephone and computer technologies combined with the critical need to communicate in our professional lives suggest that it would be foolish to ignore the role of the telephone as a speech processing peripheral just like a speaker or microphone. -
CQWE Contest Packet
20___ CQ-WE LOG Sheet Callsign: ________________ Sheet _____ of _____ QSO Date UTC Band Mode Station Name Loc Years # Code Service 2020 CQ-WE LOCATION CHECK SHEET (Duplicate this sheet as needed.) Your Call___________________________ Circle one: CW PHONE DIGITAL These are the only Locations valid for this year's contest. Any additions will not be accepted. A Location Check Sheet must be filled out for each Category of operation. Enter the call letters of the first station worked for each location. Call Location Call Location Call Location __________ AC AT&T Headquarters __________ LJ AT&T Communications __________ QJ C&P Telephone Co VA __________ AE Alcatel-Lucent, Europe __________ LZ Avaya – Lincroft __________ QK Ameritech Services __________ AK Atlanta Works-Norcross __________ MD Morris Township Fac __________ QM Bell South __________ AL Allentown Works __________ MG Montgomery Works __________ QN Ohio Bell Telephone __________ AT Atlanta Works __________ MH Bell Labs-Murray Hill __________ QP Cincinnati Bell __________ BA Baltimore Works __________ MI Miami Service Ctr __________ QR Indiana Bell __________ BB PLPM Trans Eqpt __________ MN Michigan Service Ctr __________ QS Michigan Bell __________ BC Bellcore/SAIC-NJ __________ MP Minneapolis Svc Ctr __________ QT Illinois Bell __________ BH Birmingham, AL __________ MR Mountain NE Region __________ QV Southwestern Bell __________ BK Berkeley Heights, NJ __________ MS Northwest Bell Inst __________ QW Mountain States Tel __________ CA California Service Ctr __________ MT AT&T – -
WE Inter-Phones and Accessories 1915
• ,..--·~! l ? -/ t F .L_:"""; ..... ~ 1915 , . / -, iEl1@~;t!?ll~ ," cMQ)JNIE~ TCI Library: www.telephonecollectors.info Page 1 }H1sll'rn #.£/,rlrit COMPANY Inter-phones and Accessories "INTER-PHONE" is the trade name adopted by the Western Electric Company for what is commonly known as Intercommunicating Telephone Apparatus. On the following pages will be found much information of value. "e have avoided, as far as possible, the use of general or descriptive information, and have endeavored to condense all data given. Wiring diagrams are also shown. Three general types of Inter-phones-\\all, desk, and hand-set types-are furnished. Under each system are listed the types adapted for the service described. INTER-PHONE SYSTEMS The various systems for which Inter-phones are adapted are as follows: HOUSE TELEPHONE SYSTEM. Multi-station, one or two-way service. Two to three line wires. System No. 16, list on page 3. ___ TWO STATIONS ONLY. Two line wires. Batteries at each station. System No. 14, listed on page 6. TWO TO SIX STATIONS. Code ri"gings-common talking. Three to foUl' line wires. Batteries at one station only. ,-,ystem No. 15, listed on page 7. THREE TO NINE STATIONS. Selective ringing. Common talking. Batteries at one s a ion only. System TO. 11, lis on page 11. MASTER STATION and not more than twelve outlying stations. Batteries at mas er s ation only. System Ko. 12 lis~ed on page 13. NOT MORE THAN TWENTY-FOUR STATIONS. Selective ringing and talking be tween all stations. System :;\0. 1, listed on page 18. A SYSTEM ALLOWING SECRET CONVERSATIONS between certain stations, being a modification of System No. -
Protected Landmark Designation Report
CITY OF HOUSTON Archaeological & Historical Commission Planning and Development Department PROTECTED LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT LANDMARK NAME: Western Electric Company Building AGENDA ITEM: III.b OWNER: Caspian Enterprises Inc. HPO FILE NO: 12PL112 APPLICANT: Same as Owner DATE ACCEPTED: Sep-5-2012 LOCATION: 100 Jackson Street HAHC HEARING: Sep-20-2012 SITE INFORMATION Lots 3, 4, and 5, Block 106, Baker SSBB, City of Houston, Harris County, Texas. The site includes a three-story brick warehouse building with one-story side addition. TYPE OF APPROVAL REQUESTED: Protected Landmark Designation for an existing Landmark HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE SUMMARY In 2009, City Council designated the Western Electric Company Building at 100 Jackson Street as a City of Houston Landmark. The property owner is now requesting Protected Landmark designation for the building. The Western Electric Company Building at the corner of Jackson Street and Commerce Avenue is a three-story brick warehouse building built circa 1917. The building is located in Houston’s Warehouse District on the east side of downtown south of Buffalo Bayou. The Warehouse District largely developed from 1890 through the 1930s to accommodate Houston’s rapid economic expansion in those decades. With its proximity to rail and shipping, the area attracted numerous commercial and industrial businesses until the decline of the railroads and the ascension of trucking after World War II allowed industrial development to disperse throughout the city. The building’s namesake and original tenant, Western Electric, got its start in Chicago in the 1870s as a manufacturer of telegraph equipment for Western Union, and by 1882, had been acquired by Bell Telephone (later AT&T) as its manufacturing arm. -
WE Sends Microwave Job Fro Kansas City to Merrimack Valley
@ Vol. II, Number 2 Western Electric, Merrimack Valley Works March,1979 WE sends microwave job fro Kansas City to Merrimack Valley The Works is assuming Western Works General Manager Charlie Electric's entire microwave manufac DeBell issued a letter to all employees ture, a project that will create in 1979 February 2 announcing that WE is more than 100 jobs and an estimated transferring to the Works microwave $24, million in product output. equipment currently being manufac The jobs to be created will range tured at Kansas City. from entry-level bench hand positions DeBell wrote that the Works plans to to positions requiring more experience. consolidate the transferred microwave The equipment to be manufactured products with newer microwave equip constitutes eight different microwave ment that has been introduced at systems. The finished products will be Merrimack Valley during the past year. used primarily to transmit long dis "This consolidation will provide an tance calls and will be associated with opportunity to develop a strong capa the familiar microwave towers located bility to better serve the Bell Operating across the country. Companies as well as potential inter Initial manufacture of the equip national customers." ment is scheduled to begin within the The Works will supply Bell Operat next two weeks, according to George ing companies with microwave equip Ziady, Department Chief, Microwave ment. Western Electric International is Plug-In Panel and Bay Dept. The negotiating with foreign governments department is located in the southwest for additional microwave contracts. corner of the second floor shop. 1978 a' ost successful year' for Western Electric, ell Syste Western Electric and AT&T, in deButts, Chairman since April 1, separate announcements January 30, 1972, retired and Charles L. -
U.S. Telco Industry History As a Prologue to Its Future
Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy U.S. Telco Industry History as a Prologue to its Future Carol C. McDonough University of Massachusetts Lowell Abstract: The United States telco industry has been shaped by the interplay of technological advance, free enterprise, politics, public pressure, and government regulation. The history of the industry reveals a continuing tension between the forces of competition and concentration. Having coursed through eras of monopoly, competition, and regulated monopoly, the telcos are now in a more competitive arena. There is regulatory uncertainty on the issue of net neutrality. Keywords: Net neutrality, technology, competition, monopoly, regulation Introduction The U.S. telco industry has been shaped by the interplay of technology, free enterprise, politics, public pressure, and government regulation. The history of the industry reveals a continuing tension between the forces of competition and concentration. High fixed costs and low and often declining marginal and average costs drive the industry toward higher levels of concentration. However, because a competitive market tends to benefit consumers and better allocate resources, the government has at times tried to promote a more competitive industry structure. Existing technology affects the relative validity of these two opposing forces. However, whether we examine the industry in its early stages, or today as it faces the issue of net neutrality, the basic tension between competition and concentration remains a pivotal challenge. Having coursed through eras of monopoly, competition, and regulated monopoly, the telcos in the United States are now in a more competitive arena. As the telcos broaden their menu of services to include not only voice telephony but also television, Internet and wireless communication services, the telcos have competition from cable companies and wireless services. -
Seriss 1A2 Multiline KSU Manual – REV-J1 © Copyright 2019 Seriss Corporation Issue 1, May 2020 Ercolano
Seriss Corporation Documentation Seriss 1A2 Multiline KSU Manual – REV-J1 © Copyright 2019 Seriss Corporation Issue 1, May 2020 Ercolano SERISS 1A2 MULTILINE KSU MANUAL – REV-J1 OVERVIEW, INSTALLATION, TESTING, OPERAT ION , EXPANSION, TROUBLESHOOTING, EQUIPMENT Fig. 1 — Seriss 1A2 KSU (REV-J1) supports two lines / four extensions. Two KSUs can be interlinked with a ribbon cable for four lines / eight extensions. 1. – GENERAL.......................................3 2.15 – Telco Wiring.........................................12 2. – INSTALLATION................................4 2.16 – Verify Line Polarity................................12 2.1 – Mounting...............................................4 2.17 – Connecting a Ring Generator..................13 2.2 – Free Standing........................................4 2.18 – The PowerDSINE Ring Generator.............13 2.3 – Mounting In Phone Closet.........................4 2.19 – “Black Magic” Ring Generator.................14 2.4 – Mounting in an enclosure.........................5 2.20 – WE 118A 30 Hz Ring Generator...............14 2.5 – Connecting Power...................................5 2.21 – TelLabs 8101 Ring Generator...................15 2.6 – Connect 1A2 Phone Extensions...................5 2.22 – Ring Programming...............................15 2.7 – Internal Phone Wiring..............................6 3. – TESTING.......................................15 2.8 – General Phone Bell Wiring........................6 3.1 – Intercom Test.........................................15 2.9 -
NYNEX CORP. V. DISCON, INC
Cite as: ____ U. S. ____ (1998) 1 Opinion of the Court NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash- ington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _________________ No. 96–1570 _________________ NYNEX CORPORATION, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. DISCON, INCORPORATED ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT [December 14, 1998] JUSTICE BREYER delivered the opinion of the Court. In this case we ask whether the antitrust rule that group boycotts are illegal per se as set forth in Klor’s, Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., 359 U. S. 207, 212 (1959), applies to a buyer’s decision to buy from one seller rather than another, when that decision cannot be justified in terms of ordinary competitive objectives. We hold that the per se group boycott rule does not apply. I Before 1984 American Telephone and Telegraph Com- pany (AT&T) supplied most of the Nation’s telephone service and, through wholly owned subsidiaries such as Western Electric, it also supplied much of the Nation’s telephone equipment. In 1984 an antitrust consent decree took AT&T out of the local telephone service business and left AT&T a long-distance telephone service provider, competing with such firms as MCI and Sprint.