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Tesis. La Representación De La Muerte En La Literatura

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Tesis. La Representación De La Muerte En La Literatura UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA ESPAÑOLA IV (BIBLIOGRAFÍA ESPAÑOLA Y LITERATURA HISPANOAMERICANA) LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA MUERTE EN LA LITERATURA MEXICANA. FORMAS DE SU IMAGINARIO TESIS DOCTORAL DE: ALBA ROXANA VILLARREAL ACOSTA DIRIGIDA POR: ROCÍO OVIEDO PÉREZ DE TUDELA Madrid, 2013 ©Alba Roxana Villarreal Acosta, 2013 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Española IV (Bibliografía Española y Literatura Hispanoamericana) TESIS DOCTORAL La representación de la muerte en la literatura mexicana. Formas de su imaginario. MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Alba Roxana Villarreal Acosta Directora Rocío Oviedo Pérez de Tudela Madrid, 2012 ISBN: © Alba Roxana Villlarreal Acosta, 2012, Septiembre. 1 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Filología Española IV La representación de la muerte en la literatura mexicana. Formas de su imaginario TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Alba Roxana Villarreal Acosta Bajo la dirección de la doctora Rocío Oviedo Pérez de Tudela Catedrática Madrid, 2012 2 3 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL La representación de la muerte en la literatura mexicana. Formas de su imaginario DOCTORANDA: Alba Roxana Villarreal Acosta DIRECTORA: Dra. Rocío Oviedo Pérez de Tudela DEPARTAMENTO: Filología Española IV Madrid, 2012 4 Esta tesis llegó a buen término por el apoyo invaluable de mi directora, Dña. Rocío Oviedo Pérez de Tudela. A mi esposo y a mis hijos. 5 ÍNDICE Introducción...................................................................................................................... 8 Capítulo I. Flor y muerte ................................................................................................ 14 1. Tragedia de la vida en la muerte............................................................................. 14 2. Muerte y canto........................................................................................................ 15 4. La muerte sin poema............................................................................................... 26 5. La muerte niña........................................................................................................ 28 6. Materiales ............................................................................................................... 29 7. Hierofanía ............................................................................................................... 32 8. La muerte ancestral................................................................................................. 32 Capítulo II. La Posada de la muerte. El arte popular. José Guadalupe Posada .............. 36 1. La muerte y sus disfraces ....................................................................................... 36 2. La muerte sin salida................................................................................................ 37 3. Antecedentes........................................................................................................... 38 4. Muerte y resistencia................................................................................................ 41 5. La muerte sale a la calle ......................................................................................... 43 6. Posada Ludens ........................................................................................................ 48 7. La muerte en Posada............................................................................................... 51 Capítulo III. Las muertes privadas de Contemporáneos................................................. 55 1. La muerte funda sus ciudades interiores................................................................. 55 2. La muerte se hace grande. Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano..................................... 64 3. La muerte se vuelve pública. Xavier Villaurrutia................................................... 68 4. La muerte y José Gorostiza .................................................................................... 71 4.1. La muerte y los niños ...................................................................................... 75 4.2. Las calaveras ................................................................................................... 82 4.3. Misticismo ....................................................................................................... 85 5. Los otros. Los también distintos. Jaime Torres Bodet, Enrique González Rojo, Salvador Novo, Jorge Cuesta y Gilberto Owen.......................................................... 87 6. Muerte, religión: involución................................................................................... 91 7. El despertar de la muerte ........................................................................................ 97 Capítulo IV. Tipología de la muerte............................................................................. 102 1. Folklore en la muerte............................................................................................ 102 1.1 Terminología .................................................................................................. 102 6 1.2 Folklore literario............................................................................................. 103 1.3 La muerte y la mesa........................................................................................ 109 1.4 Semiótica de la muerte ................................................................................... 113 1.5 Los indicios de la muerte................................................................................ 114 2. Muerte en batalla .................................................................................................. 125 2.1 La muerte mitológica...................................................................................... 125 2.2 El héroe precolombino ................................................................................... 130 2.3 El héroe en la Conquista................................................................................. 133 2.4 El héroe de la Independencia.......................................................................... 137 2.5 El héroe de la Revolución............................................................................... 138 3. Muerte social ........................................................................................................ 140 3.1 Concepto......................................................................................................... 140 3.2 Muerte en la burguesía ................................................................................... 144 3.3 El estigma y la marginación ........................................................................... 151 3.4 La muerte alza la voz...................................................................................... 157 4. Muerte religiosa.................................................................................................... 159 5. Muerte sádica........................................................................................................ 167 5.1 Niños, perros y señoras................................................................................... 167 5.2 La muerte se exhibe........................................................................................ 171 5.3 La muerte tiene permiso ................................................................................. 173 6. Muerte por amor ................................................................................................... 177 7. La muerte y el erotismo........................................................................................ 205 7.1 Erotismo ......................................................................................................... 205 7.2 La gaviota, el gato y la muerte ....................................................................... 207 7.3 Los baños de Celeste ...................................................................................... 217 7.4 La extremaunción ........................................................................................... 219 8. Muerte pronta, violenta......................................................................................... 227 8.1 La violencia y sus antecedentes...................................................................... 227 Conclusiones................................................................................................................. 249 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.......................................................................................................... 259 7 Introducción “¿Por qué temerme tanto si mi único afán es liberarlos?” Claribel Alegría1 “Si un hombre le teme a la muerte, ¿por qué se mata? –Porque al quitarse la vida, también se quita el miedo”. Ramón Gómez de la Serna Estos dos epígrafes condensan la experiencia narrativa de la muerte. Si se tiene en cuenta que en la cultura prehispánica la muerte era un trance liberador, una entrega de cuerpo y alma a los dioses, es consecuente encontrar a la muerte documentada en la literatura mexicana a través de su historia, como ocurre también en otros países. Lo que diferencia a la muerte mexicana es cómo ha ido adaptando un contenido al tiempo desacralizador y festivo, con lo que pasa a ser un tema esencial
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