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Tumulusbegraving in De Civitas Tungrorum: Toonbeeld Van Status En Identiteit?

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Tumulusbegraving in De Civitas Tungrorum: Toonbeeld Van Status En Identiteit? Tumulusbegraving in de Civitas Tungrorum: toonbeeld van status en identiteit? Vergelijkende studie van 10 tumuli in Haspengouw Kirsten Van den Borre Master in de Archeologie optie Geo-Archeologie Academiejaar 2009 – 2010 Aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. A. Bosman Dr. W. De Clercq Dankwoord Een Masterproef schrijven doe je niet alleen. Je laat je omringen door mensen die je kunnen adviseren, helpen, aanmoedigen, steunen,.. Ik wens mijn ouders, Niels, Eva en mijn vriendinnen te bedanken voor de hulp bij het nalezen en de verzetjes van tijd tot tijd. Daarnaast wil ik ook mijn promotors Prof. Arjen Bosman en in het bijzonder dr. Wim De Clercq bedanken voor hun begeleiding de voorbije maanden. Ondanks zijn drukke agenda wist dr. De Clercq steeds tijd vrij te maken om deze Masterproef mee vorm te geven. Ten slotte wil ik u lezer bedanken voor uw interesse in dit werk. Ik wens u alvast veel leesplezier. Inhoud Abstract ________________________________________________________________ 6 Résumé_________________________________________________________________ 7 Inleiding________________________________________________________________ 8 Onderzoeksvraag en bronnenanalyse_______________________________________ 10 1. Archeologie van de dood: kort overzicht __________________________________ 12 1.1 Het graf ________________________________________________________________ 12 1.2 De grafgiften____________________________________________________________ 13 1.3 Uiting van status en rang in de graven_______________________________________ 14 2. Romeinse behandeling van de dode: begraving en rituelen ___________________ 16 2.1 Religie bij de Romeinen___________________________________________________ 16 2.1.1 Hiernamaals ________________________________________________________________ 16 2.1.2 Feesten voor de doden ________________________________________________________ 17 2.2 Rituelen verbonden aan het overlijden van een dierbare _______________________ 18 2.3 Crematie of inhumatie?___________________________________________________ 19 2.3.1 Crematie ___________________________________________________________________ 20 2.3.2 Inhumatie __________________________________________________________________ 20 3. Tumulusbegraving ____________________________________________________ 21 3.1 Definitie van een tumulus _________________________________________________ 21 3.2 Voorlopers van de Romeinse tumuli ________________________________________ 21 3.3 Functie van een tumulus __________________________________________________ 21 3.4 Kenmerken _____________________________________________________________ 21 3.5 Datering _______________________________________________________________ 23 3.6 Voorkomen _____________________________________________________________ 23 3.8 De tumuli van de Tungri __________________________________________________ 24 3.9 Tumuli nu ______________________________________________________________ 24 3.10 Tumuli als teken van romanisatie? ________________________________________ 24 4. Historisch kader: Tungri in de Civitas Tungrorum _________________________ 26 4.1 De Tungri ______________________________________________________________ 26 4.2 De Civitas Tungrorum____________________________________________________ 27 5. Ruimtelijk kader: de Romeinse weg van Boulogne naar Keulen_______________ 28 5.1 De Romeinse weg van Boulogne naar Keulen _________________________________ 28 5.2 Tumuli langsheen de weg _________________________________________________ 29 2 6. Case studies __________________________________________________________ 30 6.1 Bespreking van de case studies _____________________________________________ 30 6.1.1 Aanpak van de analyse van de verschillende sites _________________________________ 30 6.1.2 Case study: analyse van de tumulus van Avendoren _______________________________ 32 6.1.2.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 32 6.1.2.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 32 6.1.2.2 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 33 6.1.2.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 33 6.1.2.5 Het graf en de grafgiften _____________________________________________________ 33 6.1.2.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 34 6.1.2.7 Informatie over de overledene _________________________________________________ 34 6.1.2.8 Datering van de tumulus _____________________________________________________ 34 6.1.2.9 Andere bijzonderheden ______________________________________________________ 34 6.1.2.10 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader ____________________________ 34 6.1.3 Case study: analyse van de tumulus van Berlingen ________________________________ 35 6.1.3.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 35 6.1.3.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 35 6.1.3.3 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 36 6.1.3.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 36 6.1.3.5 Het graf en de grafgiften _____________________________________________________ 36 6.1.3.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 37 6.1.3.7 Informatie over de overledene(n)_______________________________________________ 37 6.1.3.8 Datering van de tumulus _____________________________________________________ 37 6.1.3.9 Andere bijzonderheden ______________________________________________________ 37 6.1.3.10 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader ____________________________ 37 6.1.4 Case study: analyse van de tumuli van Bois de Buis _______________________________ 38 6.1.4.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 38 6.1.4.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 38 6.1.4.3 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 38 6.1.4.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 38 6.1.4.5 Graven en grafgiften ________________________________________________________ 38 6.1.4.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 40 6.1.4.7 Informatie over de overledene(n)_______________________________________________ 40 6.1.4.9 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader _____________________________ 40 6.1.5 Case study: analyse van de tumulus van Braives __________________________________ 41 6.1.5.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 41 6.1.5.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 41 6.1.5.3 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 41 6.1.5.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 41 6.1.5.5 Graven en grafgiften ________________________________________________________ 42 6.1.5.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 43 6.1.5.7 Informatie over de overledene(n)_______________________________________________ 43 6.1.5.8 Datering van de tumulus _____________________________________________________ 43 6.1.5.9 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader _____________________________ 43 6.1.6 Case study: analyse van de tumulus van Glimes __________________________________ 44 6.1.6.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 44 6.1.6.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 44 6.1.6.3 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 44 6.1.6.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 44 6.1.6.5 Graven en grafgiften ________________________________________________________ 45 6.1.6.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 45 6.1.6.7 Informatie over de overledene(n)_______________________________________________ 45 6.1.6.8 Datering van de tumulus _____________________________________________________ 45 6.1.6.9 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader _____________________________ 46 6.1.7 Case study: analyse van de tumulus van het Grijpenveld ___________________________ 46 6.1.7.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 46 6.1.7.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het landschap______________________________ 46 6.1.7.3 Afmetingen van de oorspronkelijke tumulus en de mate waarin hij werd bewaard_________ 46 6.1.7.4 Aanwijzingen van bouwtechnieken _____________________________________________ 46 6.1.7.5 Graven en grafgiften ________________________________________________________ 47 3 6.1.7.6 Aanwijzingen van rituelen ____________________________________________________ 47 6.1.7.7 Informatie over de overledene(n)_______________________________________________ 47 6.1.7.8 Datering van de tumulus _____________________________________________________ 47 6.1.7.9 Vergelijking met het vooropgestelde theoretische kader _____________________________ 48 6.1.8 Case study: analyse van de tumuli van Grimde ___________________________________ 48 6.1.8.1 Wanneer en door wie werd de tumulus onderzocht? ________________________________ 48 6.1.8.2 Ligging en inplanting van de tumulus in het
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