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Impact De L'hypoventilation Volontaire Sur L'entraînement De La Capacité À Répéter Des Sprints Chez Les Joueurs De Basketball

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Impact De L'hypoventilation Volontaire Sur L'entraînement De La Capacité À Répéter Des Sprints Chez Les Joueurs De Basketball Impact de l'hypoventilation volontaire sur l'entraînement de la capacité à répéter des sprints chez les joueurs de basketball Mémoire Julien Lapointe Maîtrise en kinésiologie - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Julien Lapointe, 2020 Résumé Dans les sports collectifs et les sports de raquette, la capacité à répéter des sprints (repeated- sprint ability, RSA) est un facteur déterminant de la performance. L’accumulation d’efforts à haute intensité avec des récupérations souvent incomplètes mène à un état de fatigue neuromusculaire. C’est cette tolérance à la fatigue que les entraîneurs visent à améliorer avec différentes modalités d’entraînement. Avec la quête incessante d’optimisation de la performance sportive, l’ajout de stress physiologique lors des entraînements est devenu un incontournable afin de forcer les systèmes physiologiques à s’adapter. L’entraînement de la RSA en milieu hypoxique (i.e., un environnement appauvri en oxygène) permet d’améliorer ce déterminant davantage qu’un entraînement similaire effectué en normoxie. Cependant, les camps d'entraînement en altitude et/ou l'utilisation de générateurs de mélanges gazeux hypoxiques nécessitent une logistique et des équipements spécifiques qui peuvent être contraignants. La technique d’hypoventilation volontaire (VHL) permettrait de surmonter cette problématique tout en ayant des effets ergogéniques similaires. Sommairement, cette technique consiste à bloquer la respiration en fin d’expiration, puis d’effectuer un effort de haute intensité (i.e., sprints). Cependant, dans la littérature, il y a très peu de mesures physiologiques permettant d’expliquer les gains de performance à la suite de l’entraînement en VHL. De plus, les entraînements de VHL ont été jusqu’à présent très peu spécifiques aux demandes des sports collectifs. L’étude insérée dans ce mémoire a pour objectif principal de mieux comprendre les effets ergogéniques potentiels du VHL et, comme objectif secondaire, d’évaluer la faisabilité de cette technique combinée à des changements de direction à haute vitesse. Les résultats rapportés dans ce mémoire démontrent une diminution du score de détérioration de la performance lors d’un test de RSA après un entraînement VHL de 4 semaines. Les adaptations physiologiques sous-jacentes à ce gain de performance sont un meilleur maintien du recrutement des unités motrices initiales, une meilleure réoxygénation lors des périodes de récupération et une diminution de la concentration de potassium extracellulaire. La technique de VHL permet donc d’optimiser l’entraînement de la RSA tout en permettant d’introduire des changements de direction spécifiques aux demandes du sport. Des facteurs périphériques et centraux expliqueraient ces gains de performance. ii Abstract In team sports and racket sports, repeated sprint ability (RSA) is a critical determinant of performance. The repetition of short and intense sprints with incomplete recovery leads to the development of neuromuscular fatigue. For coaches, the main goal of training is to improve fatigue tolerance with different training methods. In this never-ending quest for training optimisation, the use of extreme environments has become very popular among sport scientists to increase the stress placed on the athletes. Performing RSA training in hypoxia (i.e., with less oxygen) can enhance several physiological factors and thereby improve sprint endurance more than the same training performed in normoxia. However, attending a training camp at terrestrial altitude and/or using hypoxic generators requires specific logistics and equipment that can be prohibitive. The voluntary hypoventilation (VHL) technique could overcome this problem while potentially having similar ergogenic effects. Briefly, this technique consists of blocking one’s breathing at the end of a normal expiration before attempting to sprint. However, the physiological changes associated with this technique have been poorly investigated. The study presented in this thesis aimed at understanding varied physiological adaptations following VHL training, and to assess the feasibility of performing VHL during abrupt changes in direction. The current results demonstrate an improvement in sprint endurance following a 4-week VHL training. Physiological adaptations underlying this performance gain included a better maintenance of initial recruitment of motor units, greater muscle re-oxygenation during recovery periods and a decrease in extracellular potassium concentration. We conclude that the VHL technique can be successfully coupled with rapid changes of direction specific to the demands of the sport. Both peripheral and central mechanisms appear to underly these adaptations iii Table des matières Résumé .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Table des matières ......................................................................................................... iv Liste des tableaux ......................................................................................................... vii Liste des illustrations................................................................................................... viii Liste des abréviations ..................................................................................................... x Remerciements............................................................................................................. xii Avant-propos .............................................................................................................. xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 Revue de littérature ........................................................................................... 3 1.1. Capacité à répéter des sprints ............................................................................ 3 1.1.1. Définition .................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Test de capacité à répéter des sprints et déclin de la performance .............. 3 1.1.3. Facteurs limitants de la capacité à répéter des sprints ................................. 6 1.2. L’entraînement de la capacité à répéter des sprints ......................................... 14 1.2.1. L’entraînement des qualités neuromusculaires ......................................... 14 1.2.2. L’entraînement en hypoxie ...................................................................... 16 1.3. Entraînement en apnée ................................................................................... 23 1.3.1. L’hypoventilation volontaire à volume pulmonaire réduit ........................ 23 1.3.2. Les effets aigus du VHL en sprints répétés .............................................. 25 1.3.3. Les effets de l’entraînement en VHL ....................................................... 27 1.4. Techniques de mesure des paramètres physiologiques .................................... 30 1.4.1. Spectroscopie proche-infrarouge ............................................................. 30 iv 1.4.2. Électromyographie de surface ................................................................. 32 Chapitre 2 : Problématique d’étude et hypothèse de travail ............................................... 35 Chapitre 3 : Article scientifique ........................................................................................ 36 3.1. Titre et résumé en français .............................................................................. 36 3.2. Abstract .......................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Introduction .................................................................................................... 39 3.4. Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 40 3.4.1. Participants ............................................................................................. 40 3.4.2. Experimental Design ............................................................................... 41 3.4.3. Repeated-sprint ability training................................................................ 42 3.4.4. Repeated-Sprint Ability Test ................................................................... 42 3.4.5. 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test ................................................................ 43 3.4.6. Near-infrared Spectroscopy Measurements .............................................. 43 3.4.7. Electromyographic Acquisition and Analysis .......................................... 44 3.4.8. Blood Sampling....................................................................................... 45 3.4.9. Statistical Analysis .................................................................................. 45 3.5. Results ........................................................................................................... 46 3.5.1. Performance ............................................................................................ 46 3.5.2. Muscle Oxygenation ............................................................................... 46 3.5.3. Electromyographic Activity ....................................................................
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