DOCSLIB.ORG

Hypoventilation Training: a Systematic Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hypoventilation Training: a Systematic Review published online on 01.11.2019 https://doi.org/10.34045/SSEM/2018/23 REVIEW Hypoventilation Training: a systematic review EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY / HYPOXIA / SPORTS SCIENCE / TRAINING Atemmangeltraining: eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit Holfelder B1, Becker F1 1 Institut für Sport- und Bewegungswissenschaft, Universität Stuttgart Abstract Background: High altitude training seems beneficial for many athletes. However, training in altitude is always associated with travel and high expenses. Thus, methods have been developed to achieve similar effects as with high altitude training. One method is voluntary hypoventilation training (VHT). Although published online on 01.11.2019 https://doi.org/10.34045/SSEM/2018/23 commonly used in training, the effectiveness of this method has not been analysed sufficiently. Methods: Intervention studies of voluntary hypoventilation training were identified from searches in PubMed, SciVerse Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. In seven studies, an intervention of VHT lead to greater improvements of the performance compared to a control programme. Conclusions: The overall positive study results support the usefulness of VHT for improving the performance and designing a varied training. Due to the limited numbers of intervention studies and the heterogeneous study designs, the outcomes must be interpreted with caution. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Höhentraining bietet einen wirkungsvollen Trainingsreiz für viele Sportler. Allerdings ist das Höhentraining mit logistischem und finanziellem Aufwand verbunden, sodass Trainingsmethoden wie das Atemmangeltraining entwickelt wurden, um vergleichbare Trainingseffekte wie durch Höhentraining zu erreichen. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Methode ist aber bisher nicht ausreichend untersucht. Methode: Zur Identifikation von Interventionsstudien zum Atemmangeltraining wurde in den sechs elektronischen Datenbanken PubMed, SciVerse Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost und Google Scholar recherchiert. Ergebnisse: Es konnten zehn Interventionsstudien identifiziert werden. In sieben Studien führte das Atemmangeltraining zu grösseren Verbesserungen der Leistungsfähigkeit als ein Kontrollprogramm. Schlussfolgerung: Die insgesamt positiven Ergebnisse sprechen für den Einsatz von Atemmangeltraining zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit und zur Gestaltung eines abwechslungsreichen Trainings. Aufgrund der überschaubaren Anzahl an Interventionsstudien und der heterogenen Studiendesigns sind die Ergebnisse mit Vorsicht zu interpretieren. Einleitung Höhentraining stellt für viele Leistungssportler, insbesondere von Ausdauersportarten, eine erfolgsversprechende Trainingsmethode zur Verbesserung der Leistungsfähigkeit dar [1]. Da die Durchführung von Trainingseinheiten in realer Höhe oder in Höhenkammern mit einem grossen logistischen Aufwand und hohen Kosten verbunden ist, gibt es Bemühungen, ergänzende und alternative Trainingsmethoden zu entwickeln – eine davon ist das Atemmangeltraining. Bekannt wurde das Atemmangeltraining durch den Trainer und Wissenschaftler James Counsilman [2]. Diese Methode gewann vor allem im Rahmen der Olympischen Spiele 1968 in Mexico-Stadt (> 2200m ü. d. M.) an Bedeutung [3], nachdem insbesondere die Leistungen in Mittel- und Langstrecken stark abfielen [4]. Zu dieser Zeit wurde davon ausgegangen, dass es durch die gezielt verringerte Atmung zu einer reduzierten Sauerstoffkonzentration im Blut kommt und der Effekt eines Höhentrainings nachempfunden werden kann. Erste Untersuchungen zu Training mit reduzierter Atemfrequenz (RBF, engl. reduced breathing frequency) zeigten, dass es zwar zu einem Anstieg des Kohlenstoffdioxidgehalts (CO2) im Blut kommt, jedoch die Sauerstoffsättigung (sO2) nicht signifikant verringert wird [5,6,7]. Trotz dieser Ergebnisse wurde diese Trainingsform im Rahmen des Atemmangeltrainings als hypoxisches Training (engl. hypoxic training) bezeichnet. Aufgrund des erhöhten CO2-Gehalts betitelten Dicker et al. [6] das Training mit RBF als published online on 01.11.2019 https://doi.org/10.34045/SSEM/2018/23 hyperkapnisches Training. Mittlerweile konnte mehrfach gezeigt werden, dass Atemmangeltraining doch zu einer Abnahme des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks im Blut, also zu hypoxischen Zuständen, führen kann [3,4,8,9]. Das Atemmangeltraining verfolgt das Ziel, diese hyperkapnischen und hypoxischen Effekte zu kombinieren, die mitunter zu einer starken Übersäuerung des Organismus führen, wodurch es zu einem Abfall des pH-Wertes kommt [9,10,11]. Nach einem längeren Atemmangeltraining konnten höhere Laktatkonzentrationen festgestellt werden, wodurch möglicherweise der glykolytische Stoffwechsel verbessert werden kann [10,12]. Zusätzlich soll durch die verbesserte Pufferkapazität das Auftreten einer Übersäuerung hinausgezögert werden, was die auftretende Ermüdung der Muskeln verzögert und somit die Leistungsfähigkeit steigert [4,8,13]. Als ein weiteres Ziel des Atemmangeltrainings kann die Stärkung der Atemmuskulatur angesehen werden. Dadurch arbeitet die Atemmuskulatur stärker und ökonomischer, wodurch weniger Sauerstoff benötigt wird, der dadurch wiederum anderen Muskeln zur Verfügung steht [8]. Aus der Sicht von Henneberg und Rudolph [3] bringt ein Atemmangeltraining nach Counsilman für den Schwimmsport weniger physiologische, sondern mehr technisch-taktische Vorteile (Rennübersicht, ruhige Wasserlage). Darüber hinaus sehen West et al. [14] psychologische Effekte in Form einer verbesserten mentalen Belastungstoleranz als ein grosses Ziel des Atemmangeltrainings. Besonders in Sportarten, in denen Athleten mit akutem Atemmangel konfrontiert sind, wie beispielsweise bei den Unterwasserphasen und auf der letzten Bahn eines Schwimmwettbewerbs oder beim Massenstart im Triathlon, erscheint es sinnvoll, den Umgang mit diesem «Sauerstoffnotstand» zu trainieren [3,4]. Formen des Atemmangeltrainings Es gibt verschiedene Methoden, ein Atemmangeltraining durchzuführen. Die ursprüngliche Form ist die der kontrollierten (engl. controlled breathing frequency, CBF) oder reduzierten Atemfrequenz (engl. reduced breathing frequency, RBF). Diese finden aufgrund der Eigenschaft des Wassers vermehrt im Schwimmsport Anwendung. Hierbei wird das Verhältnis von Atemzug zu Armzügen von normalerweise 1:2 bzw. 1:3 auf 1:5 bis 1:9 erhöht oder eine Strecke von 25–50m ohne zu atmen geschwommen [2,4]. Woorons et al. [15] spezifizierten die ursprüngliche Form und nannten sie Training mit freiwilliger Hypoventilation (engl. voluntary hypoventilation training, VHT). Die weitere Entwicklung führte innerhalb des VHT zu der Differenzierung zwischen freiwilliger Hypoventilation auf hohen bzw. geringen Lungenvolumen (engl. voluntary hypoventilation at high lung volume, VHH; voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume, VHL; siehe Abbildung 1) [10,12,13,16]. Beim VHH wird möglichst viel Luft zwischen zwei Atemzüge in der Lunge gehalten und somit bei fast vollständigem Lungenvolumen der Atem angehalten. Hingegen wird beim VHL die Luft bei geringem Lungenvolumen, d.h. bei funktionellem Residualvolumen angehalten. Kurz vor der nächsten Einatmung erfolgt eine zweite, schnelle, aktive Ausatmung bis nahe des Residualvolumens. Damit soll das während des Atemstillstandes angesammelte CO2 abgeatmet werden, um die Umsetzung der VHL über die geforderte Zeit zu gewährleisten [13]. Ziel dieser systematischen Übersichtsarbeit ist es, den aktuellen Forschungsstand von Interventionsstudien zum Atemmangeltraining vorzustellen. Auf der Basis der involvierten Studien soll analysiert werden, ob das Atemmangeltraining zu grösseren Verbesserungen der Leistungsfähigkeit führt als das Training mit «normaler» Atmung und welche physiologischen Effekte mögliche Erklärungsansätze liefern. Anlehnend an bisherige Forschungserkenntnisse [4] wird angenommen, dass durch published online on 01.11.2019 https://doi.org/10.34045/SSEM/2018/23 Atemmangeltraining zusätzliche trainingswirksame Reize gesetzt werden können. Abbildung 1: Hypoventilationstraining bei hohem Lungenvolumen (links) und bei geringem Lungenvolumen (rechts) im Vergleich (mod. nach Woorons et al. [13], S. 2). Methoden Suchstrategie Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde in folgenden sechs Datenbanken durchgeführt: PubMed, SciVerse Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost und Google Scholar. Für alle Datenbanken wurden die englischen Suchbegriffe «hypoventilation training», «hypoventilation», «voluntary hypoventilation», «reduced breathing frequency», «controlled breathing frequency» und «apnea training», in Verbindung mit «competitive athletes», «sport» und «excercise» verwendet sowie die deutschen Begriffe «Hypoxietraining», «Atemmangeltraining» und «verringerte Atemfrequenz» in Verbindung mit «Leistungssport» und «Bewegung». Zur Optimierung des Rechercheprozesses wurden in den einzelnen Datenbanken einheitlich die Booleschen Operatoren «AND», «OR», «NOT» und «*» mitaufgenommen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Literaturverzeichnisse von relevanten Studien auf weitere potenzielle Studien durchsucht. Es gab keine Beschränkung für den Zeitraum der Veröffentlichung der Studien. Die Recherche wurde am 15. Juli 2017 beendet. Studienauswahl Titel und verfügbare Zusammenfassungen der recherchierten Studien wurden überprüft und als potenziell relevante Studien eingeordnet. Es wurden folgende Einschlusskriterien definiert: (a) VHT war explizit ein Untersuchungsgegenstand der Studie, das mit anderen Trainingsmethoden oder einer
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sep-Class-4.Pdf
    INCREASE AEROBIC CAPACITY INCREASE AEROBIC CAPACITY • Blood is made up of three parts: oxygen-carrying red cells, white blood cells and plasma. • Hemoglobin is a protein found within the red cells. INCREASE AEROBIC CAPACITY • Hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Under normal conditions, hematocrit will relate closely to the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. Hematocrit is usually found to be 40.7- 50% for males and 36.1- 44.3% for females. INCREASE AEROBIC CAPACITY • Performance improves with an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, which increases oxygen carrying capacity of the blood thus improving aerobic ability. • J Appl Physiol. 1972 Aug;33(2):175-80. Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion. Ekblom B, Goldbarg AN, Gullbring B. THE SPLEEN THE SPLEEN • The Spleen acts as a blood bank by absorbing excess volume and releasing stores during increased oxygen demands or decreased oxygen availability. • Isbister JP. Physiology and pathophysiology of blood volume regulation. Transfus Sci.1997;(Sep;18(3):):409-423 THE SPLEEN • The spleen stores blood to a volume that may amount to about 200–300 ml, with 80% of the content consisting of hematocrite (Laub et al., 1993). • Andrzej Ostrowski,1 Marek Strzała,1 Arkadiusz Stanula,2 Mirosław Juszkiewicz,1 Wanda Pilch,3 and Adam Maszczyk. The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers. J Hum Kinet. 2012 May; 32: 197–210. THE SPLEEN • During the breath-hold, the spleen contracts to the same extent, regardless of whether the diver is above or under water. • Andrzej Ostrowski,1 Marek Strzała,1 Arkadiusz Stanula,2 Mirosław Juszkiewicz,1 Wanda Pilch,3 and Adam Maszczyk.
    [Show full text]
  • Wooran Rugby
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322579177 Repeated sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation improves running repeated sprint ability in rugby players Article in European Journal of Sport Science · January 2018 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1431312 CITATIONS READS 0 1,019 3 authors: Charly Fornasier-Santos Gregoire P Millet Rugby Club Toulonnais SASP University of Lausanne 2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 443 PUBLICATIONS 6,517 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Xavier Woorons University of Lille, Pluridisciplinary Research Unit Sport Health & … 26 PUBLICATIONS 494 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: RunUp! View project Effectiveness of altitude/hypoxic training in elite athletes View project All content following this page was uploaded by Xavier Woorons on 18 January 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Repeated sprint training in hypoxia induced by voluntary hypoventilation improves running repeated sprint ability in rugby players Charly Fornasier-Santos 1, Grégoire P. Millet 2, & Xavier Woorons 3,4 1 Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire - EA4278 – Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, France. 2 ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. 3 URePSSS, Multidisciplinary Research Unit "Sport Health & Society" – EA 7369 – Department "Physical Activity, Muscle & Health", Lille University, France. 4 ARPEH, Association pour la Recherche et la Promotion de l'Entraînement en Hypoventilation, Lille, France. Correspondence: Xavier Woorons, 18 rue Saint Gabriel, 59800, Lille, France. E-mail: [email protected] The authors declare that they received no funding for this work Statement concerning ethics in publishing The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
    [Show full text]
  • System Safety Analysis of the Opelika Fire Department's Crawling
    System Safety Analysis of the Opelika Fire Department’s Crawling Simulator by Alexander Ross Sherman A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Industrial and Systems Engineering Auburn, Alabama December 12th, 2015 Keywords: system safety, firefighting, crawling simulator, tractor trailer, biometrics Copyright 2015 by Alexander Ross Sherman Approved by Jerry Davis, Chair, Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Richard F. Sesek, Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Sean Gallagher, Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Mark Schall, Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Abstract Firefighters have among the most physically and psychologically challenging jobs in the world, incurring more than 80,000 injuries each year. Firefighter training is crucial, as higher knowledge and experience levels are inversely proportional to their risk of injury or work-related illness. However, a paradox is created in that the training itself is the third highest cause of firefighter injury. Therefore, enhancing training safety is paramount to creating a safer overall work and training environment for firefighters. This study focused on a particular training facility, a crawling training device used by the East Alabama Fire Departments. The simulator is built into a cargo trailer and is located in Lee County, Alabama. A system safety analysis was performed incorporating the use of tools such as a preliminary hazard list (PHL), preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), risk assessment matrix, fault tree analysis (FTA), and failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA). Through the analysis, several hazards were identified and assessed, and recommendations for abating these hazards were proposed, specifically for hazards resulting from the lack of an evacuation plan and absence of an occupant monitoring system.
    [Show full text]
  • Medium Term Effects of Physical Conditioning on Breath-Hold Diving
    Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 259 (2019) 70–74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resphysiol Medium term effects of physical conditioning on breath-hold diving performance T ⁎ F.A. Fernandeza, , R. Martin-Martinb, I. García-Camachab, D. Juarezc, P. Fidelb, J.M. González-Ravéc a Breatherapy, Faculty of Health, CSEU La Salle, Madrid, Spain b Statistics and Operational Research Area, University of Castilla-la Mancha, Toledo, Spain c Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The current study aimed to analyze the effects of physical conditioning inclusion on apnea performance after a Apnea 22-week structured apnea training program. Twenty-nine male breath-hold divers participated and were allo- Hypoxia cated into: (1) cross-training in apnea and physical activity (CT; n = 10); (2) apnea training only (AT; n = 10); Training and control group (CG; n = 9). Measures were static apnea (STA), dynamic with fins (DYN) and dynamic no fins Respiratory (DNF) performance, body composition, hemoglobin, vital capacity (VC), maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), resting metabolic rate, oxygen saturation, and pulse during a static apnea in dry conditions at baseline and after the intervention. Total performance, referred as POINTS (constructed from the variables STA, DNF and DYN) was used as a global performance variable on apnea indoor diving. + 30, +26 vs. + 4 average POINTS of difference after-before training for CT, AT and CG respectively were found. After a discriminant analysis, CT appears to be the most appropriate for DNF performance. The post-hoc analysis determined that the CT was the only group in which the difference of means was significant before and after training for the VC (p < 0.01) and VO2max (p < 0.05) variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypoxic Training
    Position Statement Hypoxic Training 1.0 Executive Summary It has been identified that Hypoxic Training, particularly when coupled with certain underwater swimming skill development drills, can present an unacceptable high risk. Consequently, and with the welfare and safety of swimmers foremost, ASCTA and Swimming Australia have developed this Position Statement and Policy. Extensive research was undertaken to arrive at this Position. This document articulates the risk and lists practices that should be followed by coaches, swimmers, parents and others associated with aquatic environments to reduce the risk to acceptable levels. Activities that should be banned are also detailed. 2.0 Key Points: Loss of consciousness is brought on by low oxygen. Hypoxia is the cause of blackout and may –result from as competitive, repetitive, or prolonged breath-holding which is often prefaced by hyperventilation. This results in hypocapnia which is a state of low carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. This low CO2 in the blood reduces the stimulus to breath and results in a state of hypoxia which can lead to loss of consciousness. Hypoxic training is used to improve tolerance of an oxygen debt. In a competitive swimming training sense, it is generally coupled with underwater swimming practice, with that skill being vital for competitive starts and turns. In all aquatic environments: 1. Never swim alone. 2. Never hyperventilate prior to any swimming activities. 3. Never ignore the urge to breathe. 4. Never play breath-holding games or challenges. Hypoxic training has no place in the learn to swim environment. Hypoxic training has no place in recreational swimming.
    [Show full text]
  • Voluntary Hypoventilation at Low Lung Volume (VHL) During Strength and Conditioning Training Increases Anaerobic Performance: a Pilot Study
    Voluntary Hypoventilation at Low Lung Volume (VHL) During Strength and Conditioning Training Increases Anaerobic Performance: A Pilot Study Zachary Hundley †* †Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA *United States Air Force, Hurlburt Field, FL In preparation for Master’s thesis defense. Voluntary Hypoventilation at Low Lung Volume (VHL) During Strength and Conditioning Training Increases Anaerobic Performance: A Pilot Study Zachary Hundley †* †Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA *United States Air Force, Hurlburt Field, FL In preparation for Master’s thesis defense. APPROVED BY: Dr. Jared H. Hornsby, Ph.D., CSCS, Committee Chair ABSTRACT To determine whether a VHL protocol implemented into an already existing strength and conditioning program could improve anaerobic conditioning more efficiently within the military population. Six active duty males completed a seven-week training cycle with VHL protocols implemented on each training day (2-4 days/week). Before (Pre) and after (Post) protocol implementation, the participants performed a multi-stage 20-m shuttle run test (MSRT). After incorporating VHL, participants significantly improved their MRST scores by an average of 50.3%. Additionally, Body Oxygen Level Test (BOLT) scores were improved across the duration of the study. This study showed employing VHL can improve anaerobic performance in the MSRT within the military population. Given the need for training efficiency, utilizing VHL could provide a safe and cost-effective training stimulus to improve anaerobic performance. KEY WORDS: Breath-hold, Hypoventilation, Military, Hypoxic-training, MSRT INTRODUCTION When compared to other essential physiological processes in the body, respiration is unique in that it is primarily an autonomic process but can also be intentionally controlled. Humans have been consciously manipulating the breath since antiquity, predominately to forage the seafloor or to explore higher altitudes (Bailey, 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • O X Y G E N Advantage Theory 1
    26/03/2019 O X Y G E N ADVANTAGE THEORY 1 One Technique-Eleven Exercises • Measurement appraisals: Body Oxygen Level Test (BOLT) & Maximum Breathlessness Test (MBT) • Functional breathing pattern training • Simulation of high altitude training 1 26/03/2019 Functional Breathing Pattern Training • Improve blood circulation & oxygen delivery to the cells • Dilate the upper airways (nose) and lower airways (lungs) • Significantly reduce exercise induced bronchoconstriction • Improve sleep, focus, concentration and calm Functional Breathing Pattern Training • Reduce onset and endurance of breathlessness • Posture and spinal stabilization (poor breathing function reduces movement function) • Reduce risk of injury • Reduce energy cost associated with breathing 2 26/03/2019 Simulation of High Altitude Training • Improve aerobic capacity (some non-responders) • Improve anaerobic capacity • Stimulate anaerobic glycolysis without risk of injury • Increase VO2 max and running economy • Increase maximum tolerance to breathlessness Simulation of High Altitude Training • Improve respiratory muscle strength • Improve muscle injury repair (New studies) • Help maintain fitness during rest or injury • Reduce free radicals and oxidative stress • Reduce ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia 3 26/03/2019 TRAITS OF DYSFUNCTIONAL BREATHING • Dysfunctional Breathing Patterns: no precise definition Generally includes any disturbance to breathing including; hyperventilation/over breathing, unexplained breathlessness, breathing pattern disorder, irregularity
    [Show full text]
  • O X Y G E N Advantage Theory 1
    02/03/2018 O X Y G E N ADVANTAGE THEORY 1 1 02/03/2018 One Technique-Eleven Exercises • Measurement appraisals: Body Oxygen Level Test (BOLT) & Maximum Breathlessness Test (MBT) • Functional breathing pattern training • Simulation of high altitude training 2 02/03/2018 Functional Breathing Pattern Training • Improve blood circulation & oxygen delivery to the cells • Dilate the upper airways (nose) and lower airways (lungs) • Significantly reduce exercise induced bronchoconstriction • Improve sleep, focus, concentration and calm 3 02/03/2018 Functional Breathing Pattern Training • Reduce onset and endurance of breathlessness • Posture and spinal stabilization (poor breathing function reduces movement function) • Reduce risk of injury • Reduce energy cost associated with breathing 4 02/03/2018 Simulation of High Altitude Training • Improve aerobic capacity (some non-responders) • Improve anaerobic capacity • Stimulate anaerobic glycolysis without risk of injury • Increase VO2 max and running economy • Increase maximum tolerance to breathlessness 5 02/03/2018 Simulation of High Altitude Training • Improve respiratory muscle strength • Improve muscle injury repair (New studies) • Help maintain fitness during rest or injury • Reduce free radicals and oxidative stress • Reduce ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia 6 02/03/2018 TRAITS OF DYSFUNCTIONAL BREATHING • Dysfunctional Breathing Patterns: no precise definition Generally includes any disturbance to breathing including; hyperventilation/over breathing, unexplained breathlessness,
    [Show full text]
  • Increase Sports Performance
    O X Y G E N ADVANTAGE THEORY 2 BY PATRICK MCKEOWN INTRODUCTION • During hyperpnea (increased depth of breathing), the relative cost of breathing increases exponentially when moving from moderate exercise to heavy and maximal exercise levels. • Aaron EA, Seow KC, Johnson BD, Dempsey JA. Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnea: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 May;72(5):1818- 25. INTRODUCTION • While at moderate exercise, the cost of the respiratory system accounts for 3-6% total VO2max, heavy exercise accounts for a ~10% demand and maximal exercise accounts for anywhere between 13-15%. • Aaron EA, Seow KC, Johnson BD, Dempsey JA. Oxygen cost of exercise hyperpnea: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1992 May;72(5):1818- 25. INTRODUCTION • Breathing efficiency and physical fitness are both independent and complementary; while physical fitness does not always translate into breathing efficiency, there is no doubt that breathing efficiency is the gateway to attaining physical fitness. HOW SHOULD WE BREATHE? • Breathing is light, quiet, effortless, soft, through the nose, diaphragmatic, rhythmic and gently paused on the exhale. • This is how human beings breathed until the comforts of modern life changed everything, including our breathing. How to Measure Breathlessness HOW SHOULD WE BREATHE? • “Generally speaking, there are three levels of breathing. The first one is to breathe SOFTLY, so that a person standing next to you does not hear you breathing. The second level is to breathe softly so that YOU do not hear yourself breathing. And the third level is to breathe softly so that you do not FEEL yourself breathing.” • Chris Pei: Beginners guide to Qi Gong HOW SHOULD WE BREATHE- YOGA? • Professional Hatha yogi breathing just one gentle breath per minute for the duration of one hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Muscle Oxygen Desaturation and Re-Saturation Capacity Limits in Repeated Sprint Ability Performance in Women Soccer Players: a New Physiological Interpretation
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Muscle Oxygen Desaturation and Re-Saturation Capacity Limits in Repeated Sprint Ability Performance in Women Soccer Players: A New Physiological Interpretation Aldo A. Vasquez-Bonilla 1,*, Alba Camacho-Cardeñosa 2, Rafael Timón 1 , Ismael Martínez-Guardado 3 , Marta Camacho-Cardeñosa 2 and Guillermo Olcina 1,* 1 Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Languages and Education, University of Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (A.C.-C.); [email protected] (M.C.-C.) 3 Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.A.V.-B.); [email protected] (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.) Abstract: Muscle oxygen consumption could provide information on oxidative metabolism in women soccer players. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze muscle oxygenation dynamics during repeated sprint ability (RSA): (8 sprint × 20 s recovery) by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The sample was made up of 38 professional women soccer players. To measure the external load, the Citation: Vasquez-Bonilla, A.A.; best time, worst time, average time, individual speed, sprint decrement, and power were assessed. In Camacho-Cardeñosa, A.; Timón, R.; connection with the internal load, the desaturation (sprint) and re-saturation (recovery) rates, as well Martínez-Guardado, I.; as the oxygen extraction (r%SmO2) in the gastrocnemius muscle and maximum heart rate (%HRmax) Camacho-Cardeñosa, M.; Olcina, G. were measured. A repeated measures statistic was applied based on the inter-individual response Muscle Oxygen Desaturation and of each subject from the baseline versus the other sprints, with linear regression and nonlinear Re-Saturation Capacity Limits in regression analyses between variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts Following the Overview Will Inform About Empirical Findings and Research Syntheses of Individual Participants
    Biological Psychology 62 (2003) 211Á/242 www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho Editorial Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology (ISARP): Current Trends and Future Directions in Respiratory Psychophysiology Thomas Ritz Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, and VA Palo Alto Health Care System, USA The wide range of topics featured at the 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology (ISARP), 2002, in Washington, DC, represented a number of important research trends in respiratory psychophysiology. Presentations and discussions at the meeting allowed the identification of a number of key issues, which will be of particular interest for the coming years. This overview attempts to summarize and integrate these areas of interest, while the meeting abstracts following the overview will inform about empirical findings and research syntheses of individual participants. Breathing training: Clarification of basic mechanisms and evidence-based clinical practice. There has been renewed interest in mechanisms and application of breathing training for a variety of respiratory dysfunctions in anxiety disorders, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Breathing training for these and other disorders can take on many different forms. Training methods, such as classical physical therapy or yoga, can encompass a variety of different techniques and maneuvers. New training methods, such as the Buteyko hypoventilation training for adjunctive treatment of asthma (Bowler et al., 1998), are still being introduced and are embraced enthusiastically by practitioners of alternative or complementary medicine. Respiratory psychophysiology is ideally suited to clarify the basic pathways of influence involved in these new techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliability and Validity of a Pool-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test to Examine High-Intensity Short-Duration Freestyle Swimming Performance
    Original Research Reliability and Validity of a Pool-Based Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test to Examine High-Intensity Short-Duration Freestyle Swimming Performance Elizabeth F. Nagle,1 Takashi Nagai,2 Anne Z. Beethe,2 Mita T. Lovalekar,2 Jacquelyn N. Zera,3 Christopher Connaboy,2 John P. Abt,4 Kimberly Beals,2 Bradley C. Nindl,2 Robert J. Robertson,1 and Scott M. Lephart4 Departments of 1Health and Physical Activity, and 2Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 3Department of Exercise Science, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio; and 4College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky Abstract Nagle, EF, Nagai, T, Beethe, AZ, Lovalekar, MT, Zera, JN, Connaboy, C, Abt, JP, Beals, K, Nindl, BC, Robertson, RJ, and Lephart, SM. Reliability and validity of a pool-based maximal oxygen uptake test to examine high-intensity short-duration freestyle swimming performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1208–1215, 2019—A modality-specific swimming protocol to assess maximal oxygen ̇ uptake (VO2maxsw) is essential to accurately prescribe and monitor swimming conditioning programs. Consequently, there is a need ̇ for a reliable and valid graded intensity swimming pool test to accurately assess VO2maxsw using indirect calorimetry. The purpose of ̇ ̇ this study was to assess (a) reliability of an intensity self-regulated swimming pool test of VO2maxsw and (b) validity of a VO2maxsw test using performance swim (PS) time as the criterion. Twenty-nine men (n 5 15) and women (n 5 14) (age, 23 6 6.4 years; body mass 22 ̇ ̇ ̇ index, 23.5 6 3.0 kg·m ) performed 2 swimming pool VO2maxsw trials (VO2maxsw A and VO2maxsw B), and 2 PS tests (45.7 m [31.20 6 4.5 seconds] and 182 m [159.2 6 25.5 seconds]).
    [Show full text]