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University Microfiims Internationai 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find ja good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photojng at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning Is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfiims internationai 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR ia 77-12,726 ANDERSON, Duane C harles, 1946- ENGLISH WORKING-CLASS INTERNATIONALISM, 1846-1864. The U niversity of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1976 H istory, modern XorOX UniVGrSity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 1977 DUANE CHARLES ANDERSON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE ENGLISH WORKING-CLASS INTERNATIONALISM, 1846-1864 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of che requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY DUANE CHARLES ANDERSON Norman, Oklahoma 1976 ENGLISH WORKING-CLASS INTERNATIONALISM, 1846-1864 APPROVED BY T £XC Sr^------- DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE In a recent bibliographical article, William H. Maehl, Jr., noted th e "... c au tio u s p a r tic ip a tio n of some E nglish working men in an international labor movement" as one of the areas of British labor history that lacked adequate treatment.^ I intend in this study to fulfill that void. This study fits the mainstream of current British historiography. Labor and social history encompass the most exciting fields in the discipline. This history-from-below approach aims at a "total" reconstruction of society instead of the myopic view from the top. Although much of this particular work focuses on London, because 2 that was where the refugees congregated, its scope is national. Its generalizations aim at a definition of the internationalists’ contri­ butions to the English labor movement’s emergence as a modem force. Labor history in the mid-Victorian period has long been neglected and much remains to be done. With reference to the decline of Chartism and the rise of a socialist labor movement, the choice between traditional political radicalism and restructuring socialism faced the English ^"’Jerusalem Deferred’: Recent Writings in the History of the B ritish Labor Movement," Journal of Modem History, XXXI (September, 1969), 335-67. 2 Dorothy Thompson, "Chartism as a Historical Subject," Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, no. 20 (Spring, 1970), 10-13 calls for studies of a general nature rather than a continued emphasis on local studies. iii working class in the 1850s. I trust that the discussion of English working-class internationalism found below explains the alternatives available and why respectability emerged triumphant. Some two and one-half years have elapsed since I began this project in earnest. I have spent many lonely evenings in my study, inundated with books, notecards and xerox papers and have often asked myself why I am doing this. There are numerous more exciting activities, . both intellectual and physical, that entice other people and give their lives meaning. Why have I chosen history? Not because I am masochistic, though one frequently wonders whether any historian truly has hold of his senses, and not because it isolates me from the "real" world, because if history does anything it encourages one to want to improve the world, not withdraw from it. Rather, I am drawn to history-from-below because .1 despise injustice. The internationalists saw injustice and fought it. If my writing about their gallant encounter with the established author­ ity structure can shed any light upon the universal struggle for justice and equality of opportunity, then every day, every hour spent on this study was worth-while. Consequently, I warn my reader that although I regard objectivity with reverence, my sympathies are with the inter­ nationalists. As always, my debts are great. I acknowledge the aid and assistance of many people and institutions; to the History Department at the University of Oklahoma for a Graduate Assistantship in the form of a National Defense Education Fellowship between 1970 and 1973; to the . Graduate.College of the University of Oklahoma for a travel grant that partially paid for a research trip to England; and to the staff of iv Bizzell Memorial Library at the University of Oklahoma for office space, inter-library loan books and generous assistance at all times. A note of appreciation is also in order for the staffs at the following institutions and libraries: the Institute of Historical Research, London; the Reading Room of the B ritish Museum; the B ritish Museum News­ paper Library at Colindale; the Public Record Office; the Bishopsgate Institute; the Goldsmiths’ Library of the University of London Library; the British Library of Political and Economic Science at the London School of Economics and Political Science; Balliol College Library, Oxford; the Manchester Public Library; the Co-operative Union Library, Holyoake House, Manchester; and the Central Reference Library, Newcastle upon Tyne. On a more personal level, I owe a deep sense of gratitude to several people. Dr. William H. Maehl, Jr., has directed my dissertation with the peerless skill of one who knows intimately Chartist histori­ ography and sources. His patience with me and his insistence upon academic excellence were instrumental in the completion of this study. Dr. Jonathan W. Spurgeon has influenced my approach to the study of history more than I can express; his advice on the dissertation was most constructive.. My thanks also to the other members of the dissertation committee: Dr. Gordon D. Drummond and Dr. Dougald T. Calhoun. And last but not least, I offer my thankful appreciation to my parents, Charles L. and Gladys R. Anderson for their encouragement and assistance over the years and to my grandparents, Alvin L. and Olive Anderson, who made possible my trip to England, butj more importantly, who tendered guidance throughout the last twenty years through example and deeds rather than words. And last I applaud Lynn for her faith in me as a historian and for her ever-present reminder that history is made through the interaction of people, not through the historian's analysis. Copyrighted 1976 V i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE........................................................................................................................i i i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................... v i i i C hapter I . INTERNATIONALISM BEFORE 1848 .................................................. 1 I I . REVOLUTION AND SOCIAL REFORM, 1848-1850 ........................ 42 I I I . THE GOVERNMENT AND THE REFUGEES, 1850-1853 ................... 75 IV. INTERNATIONALISM AND THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1854-1857 . 127 V. RESPECTABLE INTERNATIONALISM, 1858-1864 ....................... 175 V I. CONCLUSION................................................................................ 220 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................... 227 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CCFP Central Committee of the Friends of Poland CEDC Central European Democratic Committee DCPR Democratic Committee for Poland's Regeneration ELDA East London Democratic Association LAPF Literary Association of the Friends of Poland LOG London Organization Committee LTC London Trades Council LWMA London Working Men's Association NCA National Charter Association NLIP National League for the Independence of Poland PIL People's International League SFI Society of the Friends of Italy viii ENGLISH WORKING-CLASS INTERNATIONALISM, 1846-1864 CHAPTER I INTERNATIONALISM BEFORE 1848 In the nineteenth century Europe’s political exiles congregated in England. Their benefactors were the English liberals. These men guarded against the possibility that foreign governments might
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