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Southern British Decorated Bronzes of the Late Pre

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Southern British Decorated Bronzes of the Late Pre SOUTHERN BRITISH DECORATED BRONZES OF THE LATE PRE-ROMAN IRON AGE A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph. D. in the Faculty of Arts of the University of London by MANSEL GILWERN SPRATLThG VOLUME I: TEXT Institute of Archaeology, July 1972. 1 Abstract This thesis is based on a study of more than 500 bronzes, described in a Catalogue, and mostly illustrated, of the late pre-Roman Iron Age from England and Wales south of Lancashire and Yorkshire. The classes of objects studied comprise: presumed and probable vehicle- fittings and horse-harness, weaponry, mirrors, vessels, 'spoons', weighing-devices, and miscellaneous other pieces including sheet mounts and ornamental studs. New classifications are proposed, and the pre- sumed functions of the bronzes are discussed. An outline assessment is made of the techniques of manufacture, excluding data on chemical composition and physical structure. The most important technical Limo- vations are indicated. The principles underlying the dating of the bronzes are examined, and it is concluded that previous chronologies have been over-precise, and that two phases may be discerned. Distribution-patterns are discussed two major style-zones, a western and an eastern, are distinguished, and shown to have originated before the birth of Christ. Workshops are shown to have been located in most parts of southern Britain, C. Fox's model of workshop-distribution being rejected. Aspects of amith-organisation are considered, and directions for further research are suggested. Preface The research project, of which this thesis is the outcome, has been carried out since 1966 under the guidance of Dr. F. R. Hodson at the University of London Institute of Archaeology. To Dr Hodson and other members of the staff of this Institute, in particular Mr. H. W. M. Hodges, I am grateful for much helpful advice; I have also benefited greatly from discussions with fellow students at the Institute. I am much indebted to friends and colleagues elsewhere for their help in matters both directly and indirectly concerned with the pursuit of my research, and to all those, both in Britain and abroad, in whose care are entrusted the objects that are the subject of this study, for en- abling me to study them at first hand. I must thank too the Department of Education and Science for financing my research from 1967 to 1969. Moreover, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my parents for their generosity, without which this project might never have been completed. I thank my wife for her encouragement and help, particularly in proof-reading the text. Institute of Archaeology, University of London, July 1972. 3 CONTENTS VOLUME I Abstract 1 Preface Contents 3 List of Figures 9 List of Maps List of Half-tone plates 19 1. Introduction 1.1. Origins of and reasons for the study z0 1.2. Scope of the Study 22 2. Terrets (Nos 1-105) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Classification a5 2.2.1. Group I: Simple forms (Nos 1-19) 2.2.2. Group II: Thick-ringed terrets (Nos 20-6) 2 2.2.3. Group III: Ribbed terrets (Nos 27-30) 2.2.4. Group IV: Multi-knobbed terrets (Nos 31-4) 2.2.5. Group V: Lipped terrets (Nos 35-41) 2.2.6. Groups VI and VU: Winged terrets (NOB 42-63) Z9 2.2.7. Group VIII: Flat-ringed terrets (NOB 64-80) 30 2.2.7. 1. Sub-group A: Westhall' terrets (Nos 64-76) 31 2.2.7.2. Sub-groups B, C, D, and E (Nos 77-80) 32. 2.2.8. Group IX: Knobbed terrets (Nos 81-94) 35- 2.2.8.1. Sub-group A: Terrets with domed knobs (Nos 81-6) 35 2.2. 8.2. Sub-group B: Terrets with flat-topped knobs (Nos 86 bis -94) 2.2.9. Miscellaneous forms (Nos 95-9) 2.3. Terrets and the designs of carts and chariots 41 2.4. 'Mini-terrets' (Nos 100-105) 5- 2. 5. Conclusions 3. Linchpins (Nos 106-18) 55 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Classification 55 3.2.1. Group I: Ring-headed linchpins 5-5- 3.2.2. Group II: Crescent-headed linchpins (Nos 106-8) 3.2.3. Group III: Vase-headed linchpins (Nos 109-17) 3.2.4. Uncertain linchpin (No. 118) 0 3.3. Linchpins, axles and naves (1 4. 'Horn-caps' (Nos 119-35) 4.1. Introduction 6& 4.2. Classification 4.2.1. A critical review of Fox's typology 6 4.2.2. Towards a new classification 4.3. The function of horn-caps 5. 'Baluster ferrules' (Nos 136-9) 6. Nave-bonds (Nos 14 0-8) 7. Bridle-bits (Nos 149-84) 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Group I: Three-link bits (Nos 149-63) 7.2.1. Previous studies and general definition 95 7.2.2. Bits of eastern English tradition 7.2.3. Previous typologies and bits of western British tradition 7.2.4. Three-link bit of 'Irish' form from Llyn Cerrig Bach 93 7.3. Group U: "Derivative-three-link" bits (Nos 164-6) 94 7.3.1. Definition 91 7.3.2. Analysis 94 7.3.3. Function 95 7.3.4. Origin of the forms and parallelism with mirror-handle design 96 7.3.5. Iron versions 9 7.4. Group ifi: Two-link bits (Nos 167-79 99 7.5. IV: A 'composit& form (No. 180) 102. 7.6. Group VI: Bits with pendent rein-hooks (Nos 181-4) (02 8. Strap-unions (Nos 185-214) Io 8.1. Introduction Io. 8.2. Classification 8.2.1. Group I: Side-looped strap-unions (Nos 185-202) 8.2.1.1. Sub-group A: Figure-of-eight side-looped strap-unions 8.2.1.2. Other forms of side-looped strap-unions O9 8.2.1.3. Conclusions 112. 8.2.2. Group U: Concealed-looped strap-unions (Nos 203-14) 113 8.2.2.1. Sub-group A: Quadriobate strap-unions (Nos 203-8) 1I'3 8.2.2.2. Sub-group B: Cruciform strap-unions (No. 209) l's 8.2.2.3. Sub-group C: Other forms of concealed-looped strap-unions (Nos 210-4) 9. Pendants (Nos 215-30) 9.1. Introduction ('9 9.2. Classification 9.2. 1. Group I: Loop-shanked pendants (Nos 2 15-27) 19 9.2.2. Group UI: Looped pendants (No. 230) t2l 10. 'Cheekpieces' (Nos 231-40) 10.1. Definition 10.2. Ornament and chronology 122. 10.3. Function 12.4 11. 'Harnessbrooches' (Nos 241-4) 126 12. 'Dolphins' (Nos 245-50) 13. Sword-scabbards and hilts (Nos 251-97) (30 13.1. Introduction t30 13.2. Continental swords and scabbards 13.3. Southern British Swords of Early la Tne tradition 13.4. Scabbard-plate from the River Trent at Sutton I3 13.5. Sword and scabbard-locket from the River Witham V39 13.6. Chapes and scabbard-frames of Middle la Tene tradition 140 13.7. All-metal scabbards of Middle la Tine tradition 44 13.8. Continental Late la Tne scabbards from Abingdon and Bourue End (49 13.9. Late la Tene scabbards from Bardney and Battersea (65 13.10 'Hod Hill' sword-hilts 13.11 Late la Tne chapes I 9 13.12 Miscellaneous scabbard-mounts (60 14. Dagger-scabbards (Nos 298-302) (61 14.1. Introduction 16 14.2. Two knife-dagger scabbards (Nos 300-301) (1 14.3. Dagger-scabbard from the River Witham (No. 302) (62. 14.4. The 'anthropoid' hilts of Nos 299 and 302 63 15. Spearhead from the River Thames at London (No. 303) 16. Helmet from the River Thames at Waterloo Bridge (No. 304) 1 17. Shields (Nos 305-332) (69 17.1. Introduction (69 17.2. Shield-design (é9 17.3. Mounts from shields with spindle-bosses 17.3.1. Continental background 17. 3.2. British shields with boss-covers derived from the 'hump- backed' form 1:1.3 17.3.3. Bronze spine-mounts from Meare and South Cadbury (9 17. 3.4. Bronze-spined shields from Wandsworth and the River Witham vo 17.3.5. Miscellaneous mounts 17.4. Mounts from shields with circular bosses 124 17.4.1. Introduction g4 17.4.2. Triple-bossed shields (26 b 17.4.3. Shield-mount from Fuiham 17.5. Aspects of shield-construction 18. Mirrors, mirror-handles and mirror-fragments (Nos 333-58) 191 18.1. Introduction 191 18.2. Mirror-handles 18.2.1. Group I: Bar-handles I 93 18.2.2. Group U: Single-looped handles 194 18.2.3. Group UI: Bar-handles with oval terminal loops and splayed arms 194 18. 2.4. Two handles related to Groups U and UI 18.2.5. Group IV: Multiple-looped handles 196 18.2. 5.1. Classification t9 18.2.5.2. Origins of the forms ZOO 18. 3. The mirror-plates 20L 18.3.1. Shapes 18.3.2. Edging 18.4. Conclusions 19. Tankards and tankard-handles (Nos 359-81) zrJ:,t 19.1. Introduction 19.2. A new classification of the handles 20?- 1 2. 1. Group I: Simple bar of semi-circular profile Zo 19.2.2. Group II: The 'double-.unit' form 20 19.2.3. Group UI: The 'triple-unit' form 2i0 19.2.4. Group IV: Lanceolate handles 19.2.5. Group V: Winged handles 2.11 19.2.6. Group VI: Rectangular handles 19.3. Tankard-construction 212 19.4. Tankard-design 2.t3 19.4.1. Tankards of waisted profile 2I 19.4.2. cylindrical tankards 1I6 19.5. Two bronze handles from Welwyn (NOB 381A and B) 20.
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