DOCSLIB.ORG

A Problemática Do Ártico Na Atualidade Uma Visão Estratégica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Problemática Do Ártico Na Atualidade Uma Visão Estratégica A PROBLEMÁTICA DO ÁRTICO NA ATUALIDADE UMA VISÃO ESTRATÉGICA Nuria García Rodríguez Curso de Mestrado em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais A PROBLEMÁTICA DO ÁRTICO NA ATUALIDADE UMA VISÃO ESTRATÉGICA Nuria García Rodríguez Tese apresentada para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais, Orientador: General António Fontes Ramos Agosto/2019 A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Agradecimentos Ao escrever esta Dissertação, guardei duas páginas para agradecer às pessoas que fizeram parte desta minha trajetória que, foi uma longínqua viagem desafiante, com momentos de tristeza, incertezas, alegrias e muitos obstáculos e, que apesar de ser um processo solitário, encontrei muito apoio, energia e força de pessoas indispensáveis para encontrar o melhor rumo a cada etapa da caminhada. Agradeço ao meu Orientador, o General Fontes Ramos, pelo seu incentivo, disponibilidade e apoio que sempre demonstrou, e que sempre acreditou em mim. Agradeço a orientação exemplarmarcada por um trato simples, correto e por um elevado e rigoroso nível científico, um interesse permanente e frutífero, uma visão crítica e oportuna, um empenho inexcedível, que contribuíram para enriquecer, com grande dedicação, passo a passo, todas as etapas subjacentes ao trabalho realizado. Agradeço pela forma amiga e generosa com que sempre me incentivou e ajudou, e pelo estímulo sentido após cada conversa, que me faziam “carregar baterias”. Agradeço-lhe ainda o tema do trabalho, que sempre me estimulou, o que fez, a maioria das vezes, conseguir ultrapassar dificuldades surgidas. À Professora Doutora Ivone Moreira, agradeço a confiança que em mim depositou, a paciência e igualmente o seu apoio na elaboração deste trabalho e por me ter apresentado o melhor Orientador que poderia chegar a ter. À minha insubstituível Clara Mirante, agradeço por nunca me ter deixado esmorecer, pelo apoio e motivação incondicional que ajudou a tornar este trabalho possível e ser uma válida e agradável experiência de aprendizagem, sem nunca ter permitido que o desalento se instalasse, mesmo quando as coisas não corriam bem. Obrigada por sempre estar ao meu lado e me aturar nesses momentos tão dificeis e ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuria García Rodríguez A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ complicados na minha vida ao longo deste perído. Estou grata pela nossa amizade que sei que do fundo do meu coração será eterna. Ao meu marido um agradecimento profundo pela dedicação e presença constante em todos os meus maus e bons momentos, fazendo-me acreditar que chegaria ao fim desta difícil, porém gratificante etapa. Sou grata por cada gesto carinhoso, pela tua paciência, compreensão e ajuda prestada durante a elaboração da dissertação, especialmente por apresentar sempre um sorriso, quando sacrificava os dias, as noites, os fins-de-semana e os feriados em prol da realização deste trabaho. Enfim, quero demonstrar o meu agradecimento, a todos aqueles que, de um modo ou de outro, tornaram possível a realização deste trabalho. A todos o meu sincero e profundo Muito Obrigado! ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuria García Rodríguez A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Dedico esta tesis de mestrado a mis padres, pilares fundamentales en mi vida, con mucho amor y cariño. Porque siempre han estado conmigo a cada paso que doy, cuidándome y dándome fortaleza para continuar, a mis padres, quienes a lo largo de mi vida han velado por mi bienestar y educación siendo mi apoyo en todo momento. Depositando su entera confianza en cada reto que se me presentaba sin dudar ni un solo momento en mi inteligencia y capacidad. Gracias a mis padres por ser los principales promotores de mis sueños, gracias a ellos por cada dia confiar y crer em mi y em mis expectativas, gracias a mis padres por sempre desear y anhelar sempre lo mejor para mi vida, gracias por cada consejo y por cada uma de sus palabras que me guiaron y guiarán toda mi vida. Es por ellos que soy lo que soy ahora. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuria García Rodríguez A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMO O Ártico é um bem comum da Humanidade O processo de transformação que se verifica nos últimos anos no Ártico, não é mais do que tem acontecido nas duas últimas décadas, com a única diferença de que o degelo tem vindo a acentuar-se e a diminuição da cobertura de gelo marinho afetou significativamente as populações, a fauna e a flora da região. O que para uns, significa maiores e melhores comunicações pelas “novas” rotas marítimas durante períodos de tempo mais alargados, bem como mais fácil acesso às reservas de recursos naturais até então inexplorados, para outros o degelo significa, poluição, a perda cada vez maior da biodiversidade, da pureza de água, gelo e ar, e a alteração de modelos de vida para, e principalmente, os indígenas da região tais como os Inuits, os Saamis, e outros. O impacto das alterações climáticas que se manifestam no Ártico com maior intensidade, pode igualmente ter um impacto muito significativo no resto do mundo. As condições atuais trouxeram mais tecnologia, maiores oportunidades e riqueza para os Estados Árticos (EA) e não-árticos como por exemplo a China, mas também ao acentuar de interesses e divergências entre os Estados Costeiros (EC), alinhados por espaços geográficos estratégicos de exploração, sendo uma das causas da militarização que se tem visto a aumentar, Esta realidade, colocará desafios aos EA que inevitavelmente se envolveram com novas políticas, Tratados e Leis para procurarem soluções aos novos desafios, referentes por exemplo à definição das suas fronteiras marítimas e aos regimes de navegação, com potencial para criar novas tensões, e afetar o desenvolvimento sustentável na região e do meio ambiente. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuria García Rodríguez v A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Assim, novas políticas tanto dos EA como de outros atores do Sistema Internacional (SI) foram criadas para atender essa nova realidade ambiental e política, seguindo estratégias que visam uma melhor relação com os vizinhos e, ao mesmo tempo, propondo diretrizes para a exploração de recursos de maneira menos danosa ao meio ambiente, garantindo também a integração dos povos indígenas nas políticas regionais. A União Europeia tem como sua estratégia para o Ártico o provimento científico principalmente relativo às alterações climáticas, uma vez que a Europa é substancialmente atingida pelas suas consequências, além da defesa dos seus interesses na região, sendo para isso fundamental integrar o Conselho Ártico (CA). Os EC continuarão a desempenhar o papel central na Governança do Ártico, através de acordos bilaterais e multilaterais regionais e o CA, adquirirá um papel mais relevante como órgão de promoção do diálogo e cooperação em áreas de interesse comum. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuria García Rodríguez vi A Problemática do Ártico na Atualidade. Uma Visão Estratégica ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The Artic a common good to Mankind The process of transformation that is seen during the last years in the Artic, is not bigger than what is happening during the last two decades, the only difference is that the ice melting has been increasing and the decrease of the marine ice has meaningfully affected the people, fauna and flora in the region. What for some, mean larger and better communications, due to the “new” maritime routes for longer periods of time, as well as an easier access to the natural resources, up to now unexplored, for others, the ice melting away means pollution, increasing loss of biodiversity, decrease in water purity, ice and air, and the alteration of ways of living, mainly affecting the indigenous people such as the Inuits, the Saamis and others. The impact of climate change, which is more intensively manifested on the Artic, can also have a very meaningful impact on the rest of the world. The actual conditions brought more technology, more opportunities and wealth to the Artic States, but also to others such as China. However also had as a consequence an increase on disagreements among the AS, aligned by strategic geographic spaces of exploration, being this situation one of the main causes of the increasing militarization on the region. This reality, will establish challenges to the AS, that inevitably got themselves involved in new policies, treaties and laws on a search for solutions to the new challenges, referring, for example, to the definition of their maritime borders and conditions of navigation. These types of problems have the potential to create new tensions, and affect the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Maritime Dimension of Csdp
    DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION DIRECTORATE B POLICY DEPARTMENT STUDY THE MARITIME DIMENSION OF CSDP: GEOSTRATEGIC MARITIME CHALLENGES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION Abstract The global maritime security environment is in the midst of an important transformation, driven by a simultaneous intensification of global maritime flows, the growing interconnectedness of maritime regions, the diffusion of maritime power to emerging powers, and the rise of a number of maritime non-state actors. These changes are having a profound impact on the maritime security environment of the EU and its member states and require an upgrading of the maritime dimension of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This study analysis the impact that the changing maritime security context is having on the EU’s maritime neighbourhood and along the EU’s sea lines of communications (SLOCs) and takes stock of the EU’s existing policies and instruments in the maritime security domain. Based on this analysis, the study suggests that the EU requires a comprehensive maritime security strategy that creates synergies between the EU’s Integrated Maritime Policy and the maritime dimension of CSDP and that focuses more comprehensively on the security and management of global maritime flows and sea-based activities in the global maritime commons. EP/EXPO/B/SEDE/FWC/2009-01/Lot6/21 January 2013 PE 433.839 EN Policy Department DG External Policies This study was requested by the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Security and
    [Show full text]
  • The Opening of the Transpolar Sea Route: Logistical, Geopolitical, Environmental, and Socioeconomic Impacts
    Marine Policy xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Policy journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/marpol The opening of the Transpolar Sea Route: Logistical, geopolitical, environmental, and socioeconomic impacts Mia M. Bennett a,*, Scott R. Stephenson b, Kang Yang c,d,e, Michael T. Bravo f, Bert De Jonghe g a Department of Geography and School of Modern Languages & Cultures (China Studies Programme), Room 8.09, Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong b RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA c School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China d Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210023, China e Collaborative Innovation Center for the South Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China f Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK g Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA ABSTRACT With current scientifc models forecasting an ice-free Central Arctic Ocean (CAO) in summer by mid-century and potentially earlier, a direct shipping route via the North Pole connecting markets in Asia, North America, and Europe may soon open. The Transpolar Sea Route (TSR) would represent a third Arctic shipping route in addition to the Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage. In response to the continued decline of sea ice thickness and extent and growing recognition within the Arctic and global governance communities of the need to anticipate
    [Show full text]
  • The Opening of the Northern Sea Routes
    Volume 9 • Issue 19 • May 2016 THE OPENING OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTES: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR GLOBAL SHIPPING AND FOR CANADA’S RELATIONS WITH ASIA* Hugh Stephens SUMMARY All the excitement around the great possibilities that the opening of the Northwest Passage could offer the shipping industry — and Canada — could not last. Just a few years ago, as sea ice in the North seemed to be steadily melting away, observers were eagerly tallying up the savings in time, fuel and costs that a reliably ice-free route across the top of the planet would provide for shippers. A couple of trial runs only confirmed that for shipments from Asia to Europe or North America, or the other way around, the route could shave thousands of kilometres off each trip, compared to journeys through the Suez or Panama canals. Rapid growth in shipping traffic across the Northwest Passage and its sister route, the Northern Sea Route, seemed not just inevitable, but imminent. Just a short while later, it now seems neither imminent nor inevitable. The retreat in sea ice may persist, but it is evident that due to regular fluctuations in ice coverage, the Northwest Passage will not be reliably ice-free for many, many years, if ever. Shipping may be more possible through the Northwest Passage than it was in the past, but it will not be consistently unobstructed. The challenges of ice combined with Arctic weather conditions may well mean that any shipping through the passage is slower than expected. Other complicating factors include uncharted or poorly charted sea lanes and the difficulty in securing insurance for Arctic shipping.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of 1, 2 and 4 °C of Global Warming on Ship Navigation in the Canadian Arctic
    ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01087-6 Impact of 1, 2 and 4 °C of global warming on ship navigation in the Canadian Arctic Lawrence R. Mudryk 1 ✉ , Jackie Dawson 2, Stephen E. L. Howell 1, Chris Derksen 1, Thomas A. Zagon 3 and Mike Brady 1 Climate change-driven reductions in sea ice have facilitated increased shipping traffic volumes across the Arctic. Here, we use climate model simulations to investigate changing navigability in the Canadian Arctic for major trade routes and coastal com- munity resupply under 1, 2 and 4 °C of global warming above pre-industrial levels, on the basis of operational Polar Code regu- lations. Profound shifts in ship-accessible season length are projected across the Canadian Arctic, with the largest increases in the Beaufort region (100–200 d at 2 °C to 200–300 d at 4 °C). Projections along the Northwest Passage and Arctic Bridge trade routes indicate 100% navigation probability for part of the year, regardless of vessel type, above 2 °C of global warming. Along some major trade routes, substantial increases to season length are possible if operators assume additional risk and operate under marginally unsafe conditions. Local changes in accessibility for maritime resupply depend strongly on commu- nity location. ver 90% of goods traded internationally are shipped by sea1, since 2015 and the adoption of the United Nations Framework which accounts for ~40% of the entire global economy2. Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement, OMaritime trade (the movement of goods) and transporta- which binds signatory nations to a collective goal of keeping global tion (the movement of people) support every economic sector temperature increase to below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, it has worldwide and play a substantial role in underpinning economic become increasingly important for studies to evaluate projections growth, improving social conditions, reducing risks to human on the basis of degrees warming instead of difficult-to-compare health and contributing to poverty alleviation3–5.
    [Show full text]
  • Airships in the Arctic: a Solution to “Too Much Geography” Lieutenant-Commander Norm A
    Airships in the Arctic: A Solution to “Too Much Geography” Lieutenant-Commander Norm A. Normand JCSP 47 PCEMI 47 Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2021. ministre de la Défense nationale, 2021. CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 47 – PCEMI 47 2020 – 2021 MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES – MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE AIRSHIPS IN THE ARCTIC: A SOLUTION TO “TOO MUCH GEOGRAPHY” By Lieutenant-Commander N.A. Normand “This paper was written by a candidate « La présente étude a été rédigée par un attending the Canadian Forces College in stagiaire du Collège des Forces canadiennes fulfilment of one of the requirements of the pour satisfaire à l'une des exigences du Course of Studies. The paper is a cours. L'étude est un document qui se scholastic document, and thus contains rapporte au cours et contient donc des faits facts and opinions which the author alone et des opinions que seul l'auteur considère considered appropriate and correct for appropriés et convenables au sujet.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperative Role of the Arctic Council As an Example of Regime Formation
    COOPERATIVE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AS AN EXAMPLE OF REGIME FORMATION ADNAN DAL COOPERATIVE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AS AN EXAMPLE OF REGIME FORMATION ADNAN DAL COOPERATIVE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AS AN EXAMPLE OF REGIME FORMATION Adnan Dal COOPERATIVE ROLE OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL AS AN EXAMPLE OF REGIME FORMATION Adnan Dal, finished his bachelor at Uludağ University in 2012. He received the title of doctorate from Yalova University in 2020. He is a Ph.D. of International Relations interested in Arctic politics, climate change, energy resources, and geoeconomics. He works at Fırat University IJOPEC PUBLICATION London ijopec.co.uk Istanbul IJOPEC Publication Limited www.ijopec.co.uk 60 Westmeade Close E-Mail: [email protected] Cheshunt, Waltham Cross Phone: (+44) 73 875 2361 (UK) Hertfordshire (+90) 488 217 4007 (Turkey) EN7 6JR London Cooperative Role of the Arctic Council as an Example of Regime Formation First Edition, June 2020 IJOPEC Publication No: 2020/07 ISBN: 978-1-912503-93-3 No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means electronically without author’s permission. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the text, illustrations or advertisements. The opinions expressed in these chapters are not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. A catalogue record for this book is available from Nielsen Book Data, British Library and Google Books. The publishing responsibilities of the chapters in this book belong to the authors. Printed in London. Cover Design & Composer: IJOPEC Art Design Cover illustrators are from Favpng.com PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Scientific research has been conducted in the Arctic for decades.
    [Show full text]
  • America's Arctic Moment
    MARCH 2020 AMERICA’S ARCTIC MOMENT Great Power Competition in the Arctic to 2050 PRINCIPAL AUTHORS Heather A. Conley Matthew Melino CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Nikos Tsafos Ian Williams A Report of the CSIS Europe Program AMERICA’S ARCTIC MOMENT / Great Power Competition in the Arctic to 2050 ABOUT CSIS The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a bipartisan, nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to advancing practical ideas to address the world’s greatest challenges. Thomas J. Pritzker was named chairman of the CSIS Board of Trustees in 2015, suc- ceeding former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA). Founded in 1962, CSIS is led by John J. Hamre, who has served as president and chief executive officer since 2000. CSIS’s purpose is to define the future of national security. We are guided by a dis- tinct set of values—nonpartisanship, independent thought, innovative thinking, cross-disciplinary scholarship, integrity and professionalism, and talent develop- ment. CSIS’s values work in concert toward the goal of making real-world impact. CSIS scholars bring their policy expertise, judgment, and robust networks to their research, analysis, and recommendations. We organize conferences, publish, lecture, and make media appearances that aim to increase the knowledge, awareness, and salience of policy issues with relevant stakeholders and the interested public. CSIS has impact when our research helps to inform the decisionmaking of key pol- icymakers and the thinking of key influencers. We work toward a vision of a safer and more prosperous world. CSIS is ranked the number one think tank in the United States as well as the defense and national security center of excellence for 2016-2018 by the University of Penn- sylvania’s annual think tank report.
    [Show full text]
  • Hearing on the Arctic: a New Arena of Geostrategic Importance and Great Powers Rivalry
    AFET Committee of the European Parliament: Hearing on the Arctic: a new arena of geostrategic importance and great powers rivalry Testimony concerning: Shipping through the Arctic - Freedom of navigation, new commercial routes and civil security issues in the Arctic Rebecca Pincus, PhD1 Assistant Professor, US Naval War College Arctic Strategy Advisor, US Dept. Of Defense Summary: Arctic warming has drawn attention to emerging shipping routes through the Arctic Ocean. These routes offer potential time and fuel savings on shipping between some northern ports in Asia, Europe, and North America. Of the three major routes—the Northwest Passage, the Transpolar Route, and the Northern Sea Route—only the NSR is currently of commercial interest. However, significant challenges to safe shipping are present around the Arctic basin. These include sea ice hazards, changing weather, lack of infrastructure, distant rescue services, communication problems, and more. Section 1. Shipping Routes in the Arctic Ocean The Northwest Passage The Northwest Passage traverses Canada’s northern coastline. Several different routes may be used to travel between the northern Atlantic and northern Pacific. From the Bering Strait, ships travel east through the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, and then may take the Amundsen Gulf or McClure Strait. Several routes are possible through the islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago.2 Some of the channels, in particular Simpson Strait, have draft restrictions, others have complex currents. Ice conditions vary and may block travel through these routes. Traveling eastwards, ships will exit the Northwest Passage through either Baffin Bay and the Hudson Strait, or Hudson Strait and the Labrador Sea, ending up in the Atlantic Ocean southeastwards of Greenland.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Volume Prediction Based on a Three-Stage Model When Arctic Sea Routes Open
    S S symmetry Article Trade Volume Prediction Based on a Three-Stage Model When Arctic Sea Routes Open Yijie Sui 1,2,3, Dongjie Fu 1 and Fenzhen Su 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (D.F.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13126790917 Abstract: With the advancement of global warming, the Arctic sea routes (ASRs) may open for the entire year. The ASRs will be far more competitive than they are now, and they will be the major international sea routes in the future. To date, most studies have researched the economic feasibility in the short term from a company’s perspective. To help to plan the shipping market in the future, we developed a three-stage model to simulate the trade demand of the ASRs for the long term. This model firstly considers the seasonal sea ice dynamics in the future and plans new paths for vessels shipping through the Arctic. Additionally, an improved trade prediction model was developed to adapt to the long-term forecasts. After verification, the accuracy of the model was found to be very high (R2 = 0.937). In comparison with another transportation cost model and a trade prediction model, our model was more reasonable.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Environmental Risks of Arctic Vessel Traffic Acknowledgments
    Navigating the North An Assessment of the Environmental Risks of Arctic Vessel Traffic Acknowledgments This paper is funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. Ocean Conservancy would like to thank the Foundation for their generous support of this research. We would also like to thank DNV-GL, Vard Marine, Nuka Research, Leslie Pearson and Sian Prior for their review and/or contributions to this report, as well as countless others who offered their expertise and insight in this effort. Cover photo credit: © Coast Guard News / Flickr © Coast Guard photo credit: Cover | Suggested citation: Ocean Conservancy. (2017). Navigating the North: An Assessment Navigating the North | 3 © Wollwerth Imagery / Fotolia Imagery© Wollwerth / Fotolia of the Environmental Risks of Arctic Vessel Traffic. Anchorage, AK. Contents 3 Introduction 5 Overview of Arctic vessel traffic governance 3.1 United Nations Convention 1 on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 32 Background and context 3.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO) 33 1.2 Human dimensions 10 3.2.1 International Convention for the 1.3 Biodiversity of the Arctic Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS) 33 marine ecosystem 10 3.2.2 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution 1.4 Climate change impacts on from Ships (MARPOL) 33 the Arctic marine ecosystem 12 3.2.3 The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) 34 2 3.2.4 Other IMO instruments 36 The past, present and future 3.3 Arctic-specific national regulations 36 of vessel traffic in the Arctic 3.4 Arctic Council 37 2.1
    [Show full text]
  • International Law on Arctic Search and Rescue
    UNIVERSITY OF AKUREYRI FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MASTER’S PROGRAM IN LAW MAY 2013 International Law on Arctic Search and Rescue And the impact of the Arctic SAR Agreement on Icelandic SAR obligations under international law Leena-Kaisa Viitanen May 2013 HÁSKÓLINN Á AKUREYRI HUG- OG FÉLAGSVÍSINDASVIÐ LAGADEILD MAÍ 2013 International Law on Arctic Search and Rescue And the impact of the Arctic SAR Agreement on Icelandic SAR obligations under international law Leena-Kaisa Viitanen Lokaverkefni til 120 ECTS eininga M.L.- prófs í lögfræði við Hug- og félagsvísindasvið Leiðbeinandi:: Ragnheiður Elfa Þorsteinsdóttir Yfirlýsingar Ég lýsi því hér með yfir að ég er einn höfundur þessa verkefnis og að það er ágóði eigin rannsókna. ______________________________________________ Leena-Kaisa Viitanen Það staðfestist hér með að lokaverkefni þetta fullnægir að mínum dómi kröfum til M.L.- prófs í lögfræði við Hug- og félagsvísindasvið. ______________________________________________ Ragnheiður Elfa Þorsteinsdóttir Abstract During the past decade or so there has been an increasing interest towards the Arctic region. One of the developments seemingly escalating now is the emergence of a regional legal regime governing the Arctic. A major development regarding this regime was the adoption of the first ever multinational legally binding agreement under the auspices of the Arctic Council in May 2011, when eight Arctic countries, The US, Canada, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland adopted legally binding agreement on Arctic search and rescue at the Nuuk Ministerial Meeting. This master’s thesis examines how the creation of the regional legal system for the Arctic impacts the already existing legal framework. It will specifically consider what direct impact the adoption of the 2011 Arctic SAR Agreement has had on the International search and rescue obligations and what changes it has brought about on the Icelandic law on search and rescue at sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Lights: a Wake-Up Call for the Future of Canada
    1 FRONT COVER: Roberta Bondar, Meltwater Quttinirpaaq National Park, Nunavut, 1999 & 2014, Chromira Print, 32 x 32 in., Image courtesy of the artist. For more information please contact us: by email: [email protected] by mail: The Special Senate Committee on the Arctic Senate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0A4 This report can be downloaded at: www.sencanada.ca/ The Senate is on Twitter: @SenateCA, follow the committee using the hashtag #ARCT Ce rapport est également offert en français 2 Northern Lights: A Wake-Up Call for the Future of Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS THE COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP ........................................................................................................... 5 ORDER OF REFERENCE .......................................................................................................................... 7 THE FUTURE IS NOW: INTRODUCTION OF THE CHAIR AND DEPUTY CHAIR ....................................... 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................. 13 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 17 BACKGROUND – THE ARCTIC IN CONTEXT ......................................................................................... 21 A. Governance ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]