SÖTVATTENSSTRÄNDER SOM LIVSMILJÖ – Rödlistade Arter, Biologisk Mångfald Och Naturvård

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SÖTVATTENSSTRÄNDER SOM LIVSMILJÖ – Rödlistade Arter, Biologisk Mångfald Och Naturvård ArtDatabanken Rapporterar l 15 SÖTVATTENSSTRÄNDER SOM LIVSMILJÖ – rödlistade arter, biologisk mångfald och naturvård Ulf Bjelke (red.) Redaktörer Ulf Bjelke och Sebastian Sundberg Huvudansvarig för respektive delkapitel Karin Ahrné – Fjärilar Sven-Åke Berglind, Länsstyrelsen Värmland – Klarälven Ulf Bjelke – Invasiva arter, rödlistning, påverkansfaktorer för rödlistade arter, sländor, tvåvingar, Vänerns stränder Hans Cronert Kristianstads Vattenrike (Kristianstads kommun/Länsstyrelsen Skåne) – Vattenriket Tomas Hallingbäck – Mossor Michael Krikorev – Svampar Artur Larsson – Steklar Håkan Ljungberg – Skalbaggar Ted von Proschwitz, Göteborgs Naturhistoriska museum – Mollusker Jonas Sandström – Spindeldjur, halvvingar, tvåvingar Sebastian Sundberg – Stränder som livsmiljö, hävd, skogsbruk, kärlväxter, naturvård Göran Thor – Lavar Martin Tjernberg – Fåglar, grod- och kräldjur, däggdjur Eddie von Wachenfeldt – Reglering och annan fysisk påverkan Bild Omslagsfoto – Sven-Åke Berglind, Vingängdeltat, Klarälven 1989. Övriga medverkande fotografer anges vid repektive fotografi. Form och layout Ingrid Nordqvist Johansson Utgivare ArtDatabanken SLU, Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala Rekommenderad citering Bjelke, U. & Sundberg, S. (red.) 2014. Sötvattensstränder som livsmiljö – rödlistade arter, biologisk mångfald och naturvård. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 15. ArtDatabanken SLU, Uppsala Distribution Rapporten kan kostnadsfritt laddas ner eller beställas från www.slu.se/artdatabanken Rapporten har finansierats av SLUs medel för fortlöpande miljöanalys. Copyright © 2014 Förlag: ArtDatabanken SLU, Uppsala Tryck: Taberg Media Group AB ISBN: 978-91-87853-00-5 (tryck) 978-91-87853-01-2 (pdf) ISSN: 1402-6090 Innehåll Sammanfattning ............................................................................4 Inledning ..................................................................................5 Avgränsning ...............................................................................6 Sötvattensstränder som livsmiljö ..............................................................7 Vattnets dynamik ....................................................................................7 Hydrologi...........................................................................................7 Substrat ...........................................................................................7 Ljus och exponering .................................................................................7 Hävd - bete och slåtter ...............................................................................8 Vegetation..........................................................................................8 Hot mot stranden som livsmiljö . .9 Kanalisering och avvattning ...........................................................................9 Upphört bete och slåtter ............................................................................12 Ovarsamt skogsbruk ................................................................................14 Invasiva arter på sötvattensstränder ...................................................................14 Rödlistade arter och biologisk mångfald på sötvattensstränder ...................................18 Påverkansfaktorer ..................................................................................19 Kärlväxter .........................................................................................20 Mossor ...........................................................................................23 Lavar .............................................................................................24 Svampar ..........................................................................................25 Skalbaggar .......................................................................................26 Sländor ...........................................................................................27 Tvåvingar ..........................................................................................28 Halvvingar.........................................................................................29 Fjärilar ............................................................................................30 Steklar ............................................................................................30 Spindlar...........................................................................................32 Blötdjur ...........................................................................................32 Fåglar.............................................................................................33 Grod- och kräldjur ..................................................................................34 Däggdjur ..........................................................................................35 Naturvård på sötvattensstränder .............................................................36 Viktiga åtgärder för sötvattensarter på stränder . .36 EU:s direktiv och åtgärdsprogram för hotade arter.......................................................37 Slutord.................................................................................. 38 Tack .....................................................................................39 Lästips och referenser .....................................................................40 Bilaga 1. Tre fallstudier: Klarälven, Vänerns stränder och Kristianstads Vattenrike . 43 Klarälven – strandarter, vattenreglering och utdöendeskuld ...............................................43 Vänerns stränder – konflikt mellan klimatanpassning och viktiga naturvärden ................................46 Mångfalden på strandängar i Kristianstads Vattenrike – förbättrade förutsättningar och oförutsägbara händelser . 47 Bilaga 2. Artlista över 275 rödlistade sötvattensstrandarter.......................................50 Bilaga 3. Förenklad översikt av IUCN:s rödlistningskriterier.......................................57 4 Sammanfattning Naturvårdsarbetet i sötvattenmiljöer fokuseras oftast på arter växter, t.ex. jättebalsamin, jätteloka och parkslide, vilka kan och biotoper i vattnet, mera sällan på den artrikedom som dominera och tränga undan svaga konkurrenter. Än så länge kan finnas på landdelen av stränderna. För ett genomsnittligt är invasiva arter främst ett lokalt problem men flera växtarter svenskt vattendrag eller en sjö är dock sannolikheten större att expanderar snabbt. det förekommer rödlistade arter på landstranden jämfört med Byggande längs stränderna, vilket riskerar att öka ytterligare i själva vattnet. I denna rapport sammanställer vi strandlevande om strandskyddsreglerna uppluckras, kan minska acceptan- arters habitatpreferenser, med fokus på de som är rödlistade, sen för naturliga vattenflödesvariationer, leda till höjda krav och de viktigaste hoten mot arterna. Vi belyser viktiga natur- på översvämningsskydd och till ökade problem med invasiva vårdsaspekter, exempelvis naturlig vattenstånds- och flödesdy- trädgårdsväxter. namik, hävd och artspecifika åtgärder. Idag genomförs flera nya regleringsföretag i syfte att Drygt 270 rödlistade arter är knutna till landdelen av hantera en prognosticerad ökad översvämningsrisk till följd svenska sötvattensstränder. De hör hemma bland kärlväxter, av klimatförändringar. Exempelvis har man i Vänern minskat mossor, lavar, fåglar och groddjur samt flera grupper av rygg- vattenståndets amplitud för att ha marginaler vid mycket stor radslösa djur. Strandlevande arter är ofta svaga konkurrenter nederbörd, något som under 2000-talet lett till en snabb igen- som är gynnade av den störning som orsakas av naturliga vat- växning av sjöns stränder. Sådana klimatrelaterade regleringsåt- tenståndsvariationer eller hävd. Vattenreglering och upphörd gärder försämrar överlevnadsmöjligheterna ytterligare för arter hävd är idag de främsta hoten mot dessa arter och orsakar ofta som redan är hotade. en igenväxning av strandmiljöerna. Därutöver är skogsbruk en Orsaken till det stora antalet rödlistade arter knutna till verksamhet som påverkar många kontinuitetsstränder och de stränder behöver uppmärksammas. Anpassningar och åtgärder arter som förekommer där. inom vattenverksamhet och markanvändning bör inriktas inte Syftet med reglering är idag främst vattenkraft eller över- bara mot den biologiska mångfalden i själva vattendraget eller svämningsskydd. Tidigare var syftet också ofta markavvattning i skogs- och odlingslandskapet, utan även specifikt mot över- eller flottning. Stränderna påverkas av reglering oavsett syfte. gångszonen mellan land och vatten där strandlevande arter I det äldre jordbrukslandskapet var stränderna livsviktiga har sin livsmiljö. Det finns lovande exempel på åtgärder där fodermarker, där bete och slåtter gynnade en hög biologisk man genom återgång till mer naturliga, anpassade flöden och mångfald. Idag hävdas bara en bråkdel av stränderna, samtidigt vattenståndsvariationer, rivning av dammar eller med rationell som kvaliteten på hävden är starkt skiftande. Detta har, ofta i maskinell slåtter av strandängar har åstadkommit reella förbätt- kombination med minskade vattenståndsvariationer, ytterligare ringar för strändernas biologiska mångfald. förstärkt igenväxning och utarmning. Vår förhoppning är att tillämpningen av EU:s vattendirek- Främmande invasiva arter är ett relativt nytt men ökande tiv, art- och habitatdirektivet, samt översynen av svensk lag- naturvårdsproblem. De mest problematiska främmande arterna stiftning
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