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Wykaz Skrótów SDSD Wykaz skrótów AB – Anchor Bible ABD – The Anchor Bible Dictionary, red. D. Freedman, vol. I-VI, New York 1992 ABL – R.F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kouyunjik Collections of the British Museum, vol. I-V, Chicago 19772 AfO – „Archiv für Orientforschung” AJBA – „Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology” AJSL – „The American Journal of Semitic Languages” ANET – The Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, red. J.B. Pritchard, Princeton 19693 ANRW – Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, red. J. Vogt, H. Tem- porini, W. Haase, vol. I-, Berlin–New York 1972- ARM – Archives royales de Mari ARW – „Archiv für Religionswissenschaft” AT – ATS – BA – „Biblical Archaeologist” BagM – „Baghdader Mitteilungen” BASOR – „Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research” BDB – F. Brown (red.), The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Le- xicon, Boston 1996 BE – Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts Bib – „Biblica” BiOr – „Bibliotheca Orientalis” BKAT – Biblischer Kommentar. Altes Testament, red. M. Noth, S. Herrmann, vol. I-, Neukirchen 1960- BM – British Museum Wykaz skrótów 6 BO – BSc – „Bibliotheca Sacra” BT – Biblia Tysiąclecia BV – BWANT – Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen Testament BZAW – Beihefte zur „Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche”, Giessen 1923-1934, Berlin 1936- CAD – The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, red. I.J. Gelb [i in.], vol. A-, Chicago 1956- CBQ – „Catholic Biblical Quarterly” CT – Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets DACL – Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et liturgie, vol. I-XV, red. F. Cabrol, H. Leclerq, Paris 1903-1953. DDD – Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, red. K. van der To- ron, B. Becking, P. van der Horst, Leiden 19992 EA – W.L. Moran, The Amarna Letters, Baltimore 1992 EAEHL – Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, red. M. Avi-Yonah, vol. I-IV, Jerusalem 1975 ExT – „The Expository Times” HALAT – L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, t. I-VI, Leiden 1967-19953 HUCA – „Hebrew Union College Annual” ICC – International Critical Commentary IDB – The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, red. G. Buttrick, vol. I-IV, Nashville–New York 1991 ILB.PT – JANER – „Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions” JANES – „Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society” JAOS – „Journal of the American Oriental Society” JBL – „Journal of Biblical Literature” JHS – „Journal of Hellenic Studies” JNES – „Journal of Near Eastern Studies” JQR – „Jewish Quarterly Review” JRA Suppl. – JRS – „Journal of Roman Studies” JSJ – „Journal of Study of Judaism” JSNT – „Journal for the Study of the New Testament” JSOT – „Journal for the Study of the Old Testament” JSOTSup – „Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series” JSS – „Journal of Semitic Studies” KAT – Kommentar zum Alten Testament KB – L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon on the Old Testament, vol. I-III, Leiden 1994 STAROŻYTNA PALESTYNA Wykaz skrótów KTU – M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, J. Sanmartín, The Cuneiform Alphabetic 7 Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places. (KTU: second, enlarged edition), (Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palästinas und Mesopotamiens 8), Münster 1995 KZ – LHB/OTS – LSJ – H.G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. With a Revised Supplement, Oxford 1996 MC – MDAI(Athen) – MSS – „Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft” NAC – NBD – New Bible Dictionary, red. J. Douglas, Leicester 19872 NCBC – NEAEHL – The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, red. E. Stern, A. Lewinson-Gilboa, J. Aviram, vol. I-IV, Jeru- salem–New York 1993 OBO – Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis OIP – Oriental Institute Publications OLA – Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta OrNS – Orientalia New Series OTL – Old Testament Library PEFQS – Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement PEQ – „Palestine Exploration Quarterly” PG – Patrologia Graeca PŚST – Pismo Święte Starego Testamentu, t. I-III, Poznań 1991-1993 RB – „Revue Biblique” RE – Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, red. J.J. Herzog, A. Hauck, Bd. I-XXIV, Graz 1969-19713 RÉS – Répertoire d’épigraphie sémitique, vol. I-VIII, Paris 1900-1968 RIMA 2 – A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC (1114-859 BC), (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods 2), Toronto 1991 RIMA 3 – A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC), (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods 3), Toronto 1996 RIMB 2 – G. Frame, Rulers of Babylonia From the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of Assyrian Domination (1157-612 BC), (The Royal Inscrip- tions of Mesopotamia. Babylonian Periods 2), Toronto 1995 RLA – Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, red. E. Ebeling, B. Meissner [i in.], Bd. I-, Berlin 1932- RT – „Roczniki Teologiczne” RTChAT – „Rocznik Teologiczny Chrześcijańskiej Akademii Teologicznej” MIĘDZY WSCHODEM A ZACHODEM Wykaz skrótów 8 SAA I – S. Parpola, The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part I. Letters from Assyria and the West, (State Archives of Assyria I), Helsinki 1987 SB – Brescia ScE – SJOT – „Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament” SOTSMS – Society for Old Testament Study. Monograph Series SubB – TAPA – THAT – Theologisches Handwörterbuch zum Alten Testament, red. E. Jenni, C. Westermann, Bd. I-II, München–Zürich 1971-1976 TOTC – TWAT – Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament, red. G.J. Botter- weck, H. Ringgren, Bd. I-X, Stuttgart 1970-2000 UF – Ugarit-Forschungen VAB – Vorderasiatische Bibliothek VT – „Vetus Testamentum” VTSupp – „Vetus Testamentum Supplements” WBC – Word Biblical Commentary ZAW – „Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft” ZDPV – „Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins” STAROŻYTNA PALESTYNA EEWE Wprowadzenie PRZED CZYTELNIKIEM leży wybór referatów wygłoszonych pod koniec września 2007 roku w jakże uroczych i gościnnych wnętrzach pałacu niebo- rowskiego. Jako organizatorzy poprosiliśmy uczestników o powiązanie ich wykładów ze specyficznym położeniem Palestyny, leżącej na skrzyżowaniu starożytnych szlaków ze Wschodu na Zachód. Nie chodzi tu przy tym tyl- ko o te fizyczne szlaki, którymi transportowano towary czy zwierzęta, ale też o drogi, którymi wędrowała ludzka myśl, utwory literackie czy inspiracje w sztuce. Wszak to przez Syro-Palestynę stykała się z Grecją, a później z Rzy- mem, reszta Orientu. Stąd wypływały statki z towarami na Zachód. Przez te tereny przechodziły także karawany podążające na Wschód. Jednak w przy- padku Palestyny istnieje również inny, oczywisty powód, dla którego teren ten stał się punktem łączącym Wschód z Zachodem. Jest to przecież obszar, na którym powstał judaizm, przy całej swej wyjątkowości, bez wątpienia bar- dzo głęboko zakorzeniony w kulturze Wschodu. Zarazem jest to także teren, gdzie narodziło się chrześcijaństwo – religia, która z biegiem czasu zdomi- nowała Zachód. Nie sposób więc nie zauważyć, że Palestyna łączy Wschód z Zachodem również w sferze religii. Należy tu jednak zaznaczyć, że same pojęcia Wschodu i Zachodu mogą być nader wieloznaczne. Współcześnie Zachód wiąże się zwykle z Europą Zachodnią bądź z Ameryką, jednak w sta- rożytności znaczenie takiego określenia było zmienne i zależało od kultury, która go używała. Dla Rzymian Zachodem była Hiszpania i to wszystko, co znajdowało się za Słupami Herkulesa. Z kolei dla Greków już sama Italia była Zachodem. Dla mieszkańców Syrii Zachodem były tereny zamieszkałe przez Greków, a dla Mezopotamii termin „Zachód” łączył się z Syro-Kanaanem. Oczywiście, tę podróż możemy odbyć także w drugą stronę, przypatrując się terminowi „Wschód”. Jednak dla naszych potrzeb przyjmijmy perspektywę tytułowej Palestyny i, biorąc ją za punkt odniesienia (niczym na dawnych Wprowadzenie 10 mapach, gdzie Jerozolima jest w centrum świata), rozpatrujmy to, co leży na Wschodzie, i to, co na Zachodzie. Z powyższych uwag wynika różnorodność przedstawianych referatów. Inne bowiem elementy będą istotne dla scharakteryzowania Palestyny – owe- go „skrzyżowania cywilizacji” – dla archeologów, inne dla filologów, na jesz- cze inne położą nacisk historycy, a co innego z kolei wyda się istotne bibli- stom. Ta wielość spojrzeń przypomina nieco układanie mozaiki. Można by rzec, że każdy z nas ma swoją specjalność, swój rodzaj kamieni i wie, w któ- rym miejscu przyszłego obrazu winny one leżeć. Jednak, pracując samotnie, choćby najsumienniej, nigdy nie zobaczymy całej mozaiki. Dopiero zerkając przez ramię kolegów, układających ich własne kamienie, i biorąc pod uwagę także cudzy dorobek, możemy dostrzec piękno całego obrazu. Aby ów obraz był bardziej czytelny, referaty zostały podzielone na dwie grupy. Pierwsza z nich dotyczy kontaktów Palestyny ze Wschodem, druga zaś z Zachodem. Wschód Pierwszym z kamieni tworzących mozaikę jest referat prof. Stefana Za- wadzkiego. Można by rzec, że jest to rama dla przyszłego obrazu Palestyny, gdyż prof. Zawadzki zabiera nas w podróż do środkowej Mezopotamii, uka- zując ten teren jako łącznik pomiędzy Międzyrzeczem a Zachodem. Otrzy- mujemy więc obraz nie samej Palestyny, lecz terenów, które pełniły nieco podobną funkcję dla kontaktów między Babilonią i Asyrią a zachodnią częś- cią Bliskiego Wschodu. Daje to nam materiał porównawczy, z którym będzie można zestawić dane dotyczące Palestyny. Następny artykuł, autorstwa
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