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La Bible, Aieul Du Judaïsme Et Du Christianisme, Et Un Des Cinq Grands Prophètes De L'islam, Fondateur Des Peuples Hébreu Et Arabe Et Père Du Monothéisme

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La Bible, Aieul Du Judaïsme Et Du Christianisme, Et Un Des Cinq Grands Prophètes De L'islam, Fondateur Des Peuples Hébreu Et Arabe Et Père Du Monothéisme Abraham 3 إﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻢ : arabe /ab.ra.'ham/, : guèze nations', multiples de 'père signifie av.ra.'ham/,/ אְַבָרָהם : (hébreu Abraham /ib.ra.'him/) est le principal patriarche des religions juive, chrétienne et musulmane, et figure centrale du livre de la 4 Abraham Genèse, nommé Ibrahim dans le Coran. Au sens strict du terme, il fait partie des premiers patriarches postdiluviens 5, 6 de la Bible, aieul du judaïsme et du christianisme, et un des cinq grands prophètes de l'Islam, fondateur des peuples hébreu et arabe et père du monothéisme. Généalogie de Noé à Abraham : Noé Shem Arphachad Sélah Éber (Hébert) Péleg Réhu Sérug Nachor Térah Abraham Isaac Jacob Abraham et le sacrifice d'Isaac 12 tribus peint par Le Dominiquin (1628-29) אַבְ ָר ָהם 7 Deux passages bibliques mentionnent qu'Abraham est enterré à Hébron et la tradition juive situe la tombe dans des 1 grottes au pied du monument connu comme le Tombeau des Patriarches. Naissance Mésopotamie 2 Décès Pays de Canaan Diverses études pointent des incohérences entre le récit biblique sur Abraham et les données archéologiques. Elles 8 en déduisent que ce récit biblique est légendaire . Si la recherche actuelle conclut à la non-historicité d'Abraham, elle Nationalité Hébreu rappelle que l'importance de ce personnage biblique dépend nullement de son historicité mais de sa charge Activité Patriarche du judaïsme, du 9 symbolique . principale christianisme et de l'islam Ascendants Terah (père) Conjoint Sara (épouse) Sommaire Agar (servante de Sara) Ketourah 1 Étymologie Descendants Ismaël 2 Récit biblique Isaac 2.1 Introduction généalogique et départ d'Abraham Zimran 2.2 Vocation d'Abram 2.3 Premier récit de la tricherie d'Abram Yokshan 2.4 Premier récit d'Abram et Lot Medan 2.5 Abram guerrier Madian 2.6 Premier récit de l'alliance Ishbak 2.7 Naissance d'Ismaël Shouah 2.8 Second récit de l'alliance Famille Nahor 2.9 Second récit d'Abraham et Lot Haran 2.10 Sodome et Gomorrhe 2.11 Second récit de la tricherie d'Abraham 2.12 Naissance et sacrifice d'Isaac 2.13 Sépulture de Sarah et mariage d'Isaac 2.14 Recherche d'une femme pour Isaac 2.15 Autre descendance et mort d'Abraham 3 Exégèse biblique d'Abraham 3.1 Genres littéraires 3.1.1 Thématique de la transmigration 3.1.2 Thématique de l'Exode 3.2 Thèses sur la signification du sacrifice demandé 3.2.1 Sacrifice d'Isaac contesté par une partie des musulmans 4 Abraham dans les religions monothéistes 4.1 Abraham dans la tradition juive 4.2 Abraham dans la tradition chrétienne 4.3 Abraham dans la tradition musulmane 5 Travaux des historiens sur l’historicité d'Abraham 6 Abraham dans les arts 6.1 Iconographie 6.2 Musique 6.3 Littérature 6.4 Filmographie 6.4.1 Cinéma 6.4.2 Télévision 7 Notes et références 8 Annexes 8.1 Bibliographie 8.1.1 Historiens et chercheurs 8.1.2 Essais 8.2 Vidéographie 8.3 Liens vers le récit biblique 8.4 Liens vers les parachiot 8.5 Articles connexes 9 Liens externes Étymologie L'onomastique propose plusieurs pistes concernant l'étymologie du nom d'Abraham. 10 11 largement reste qui populaire étymologique explication une (אְַבָרָהם : hébreu (en » Abraham d'« nom le concernant offre (17:5) Genèse la de récit Le 12 13 répandue , selon laquelle il signifie « père d’une multitude [de nations] » mais qui n'en est pas moins inexacte même s'il contient effectivement un jeu de mot 14 une (אב: -av ou (ab- partie première sa pour est, ,(אְַָברם) « Abram « biblique, patriarche du nom premier du L'origine » . foule la « signifiant hébreu terme un avec rwm occidental sémitique du ou ») aimer (« ra’âmu l'akkadien de dérivée soit ,(רם : (-ram seconde sa pour et, » père « signifiant établie bien sémitique racine 11 (« être élevé ») . Ce nom théophore (ab- ou av- le père pouvant être le Dieu ou l'ancêtre divinisé) est d'ailleurs courant au premier et deuxième millénaire chez 15 les Araméens et les Sémites du Sud . Le nom peut dès lors avoir signifié, suivant la première possibilité, « Il aimait le père » ou « le père aime » ou, suivant la seconde, peut-être plus convaincante, 11 16 « il s'est élevé par rapport au père » marquant un lignage distingué . Un autre sens proposé habituellement par les exégètes est le « père est élevé » , et 11 « père exalté [ou haut] » ou « exalté par le père » sont également possibles ; le terme de « père » réfère probablement alors à la divinité vénérée par le 14 11 porteur du nom . Quoi qu'il en soit, le nom « Abram », s'il n'est présent qu'à quatre reprises dans la Torah - dans la Genèse 11:26 et 17:5, le Livre de Néhémie 9:7 et le Premier livre des Chroniques 1:26 -, semble avoir été relativement populaire dans le Proche-Orient antique depuis le deuxième millénaire avant l'ère 16 chrétienne . A contrario, on rencontre le nom « Abraham » - dont on ne connait pas de dérivatif en hébreu - à d'innombrables reprises dans la Bible, concernant 11 exclusivement le patriarche , et une partie de la recherche s'accorde pour considérer qu'il soit en fait une simple variante dialectale d'« Abram » par ajout du h 11 aient différents ancêtres deux de noms les que possible également est Il langues . d'autres dans et araméen en connu phénomène un verbales, racines aux (ה) été fusionnés par les rédacteurs bibliques et que le nom « Abraham » ait été privilégié pour précisément distinguer le patriarche hébreu d'avec les multiples 17 « Abram » . Certains spécialistes ont essayé de mettre Abraham en relation avec une tribu « R(w)hm » mentionnée dans une stèle égyptienne de Séthi Ier 18 datant de 1289 av. J.-C. et découverte à Beït Shéan . Selon Mario Liverani, les membres de cette tribu se définissaient comme les « fils de Raham » (Banu 19 Raham) et ils avaient pour ancêtre éponyme un « père de Raham » (Abu-Raham), c'est-à-dire Abraham . Ainsi, une hypothèse est qu'« Abraham est à l'origine [...] l'éponyme d'une tribu de Banu Raham attestée en Palestine centrale au XIIIe siècle pour disparaitre ensuite en tant que telle, mais en laissant des traces 20 dans les généalogies tribales ». Une autre stèle de victoire dans le temple d'Amon à Karnak fait peut-être référence au « champ d’Abraham » ou « fort 21 d’Abraham » situé dans le Néguev . Une autre conjecture onomastique identifie ce nom au lexème rhn apparaissant dans des textes d’exécration (fin IIIe, début 22 IIe millénaire), rapprochant Abraham d'un dénommé Aburahana, prince de Samhuna, en Galilée. Abraham signifierait alors « Père de la tribu rhn » . Toutes ces conjectures sont cependant hasardeuses, le récit de la Genèse (17:5) étant un énoncé performatif par lequel Dieu fait d'Abraham la figure par excellence de 23 l'ancêtre . Récit biblique La composition littéraire de ce récit narratif non continu est constituée d'une série d'épisodes souvent dramatiques et fait apparaître un double encadrement : mise en parallèle de la naissance et de la mort du patriarche (Gn 11,27 et Gn 25, 11), d'impératifs divins (Gn 12,1-3 et Gn 22, 1-4). Le plan comporte également 24 de nombreux doublets (Gn 12,10-20//20 ; 15//17 ; 16//21) . Introduction généalogique et départ d'Abraham 25 Terah de fils est Il Noé . de fils Sem, de descendant un est ābram), ,אְַבָרם : hébreu (en » Abram « nommé d'abord est qui Abraham, et a deux frères, Nahor et Haran. Haran meurt en laissant un fils, Loth. Abram épouse sa demi-sœur Saraï (Sarah), qui est 26 stérile . 27 Un jour, Abram quitte Ur (appelée dans la Bible Ur-Casdim) avec Terah, Saraï et Loth, son neveu . Ils s'installent à Harran, où 28 Terah meurt . Vocation d'Abram 29 À l’âge de 75 ans, sur ordre de Dieu, Abram quitte Harran avec Saraï, Loth, ses bergers et ses troupeaux , et va dans le pays de 30 Canaan, à Sichem puis au chêne de Mambré, où Dieu lui promet de donner ce pays à sa descendance. Abram y construit un autel, construit un autre autel entre Béthel et Aï où il fait une invocation, puis atteint le Néguev d’où une famine le chasse vers 31 Départ d'Abraham. l’Égypte . Premier récit de la tricherie d'Abram Sur la route, Abram demande à Saraï de déclarer aux Égyptiens qu'elle est sa sœur, car il pense être tué s'il se présente comme mari d'une si belle femme, 32 tandis qu'avoir une belle sœur lui vaudra d'être bien traité. À leur arrivée, le Pharaon s'attribue Saraï pour femme qui est prise dans son palais, et Abram 33 reçoit de nombreux cadeaux. Mais Dieu inflige de grands maux au Pharaon, qui après avoir reproché son mensonge à Abram, les congédie . Premier récit d'Abram et Lot Abram passe par le Néguev pour refaire une invocation à l'autel qu'il avait construit entre Béthel et Aï. Abram et Loth sont devenus si riches en troupeaux que le pays ne subvient plus à l'ensemble de leurs besoins. Une querelle éclate entre leurs bergers, et Abram recommande à Loth de se séparer de lui pour préserver leur fraternité. Loth s’installe à Sodome ; Dieu redit à Abram qu'il lui donne le pays de Canaan et l'incite à le parcourir, puis Abram s'établit au chêne 34 de Mambré, près d'Hébron, et y construit un autel . Abram guerrier Un jour, Abram apprend la capture de Loth lors d'un sac de Sodome mené par Kedorlaomer, roi d'Élam et maître de cette ville qui se rebellait.
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