(Puma Concolor) to Migration of Their Primary Prey in Patagonia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

(Puma Concolor) to Migration of Their Primary Prey in Patagonia RESEARCH ARTICLE Response of pumas (Puma concolor) to migration of their primary prey in Patagonia Maria L. Gelin1, Lyn C. Branch1*, Daniel H. Thornton2, AndreÂs J. Novaro3, Matthew J. Gould4, Anthony Caragiulo5 1 Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, and School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 2 School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America, 3 Programa Estepa PatagoÂnica y Andina, INIBIOMA-Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, Wildlife Conservation Society, JunõÂn de los Andes, NeuqueÂn, Argentina, 4 Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, a1111111111 Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America, 5 Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American a1111111111 Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract Large-scale ungulate migrations result in changes in prey availability for top predators and, OPEN ACCESS as a consequence, can alter predator behavior. Migration may include entire populations of Citation: Gelin ML, Branch LC, Thornton DH, prey species, but often prey populations exhibit partial migration with some individuals Novaro AJ, Gould MJ, Caragiulo A (2017) remaining resident and others migrating. Interactions of migratory prey and predators have Response of pumas (Puma concolor) to migration been documented in North America and some other parts of the world, but are poorly stud- of their primary prey in Patagonia. PLoS ONE 12 (12): e0188877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ied in South America. We examined the response of pumas (Puma concolor) to seasonal pone.0188877 migration of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in La Payunia Reserve in northern Patagonia Editor: John Goodrich, Panthera, UNITED STATES Argentina, which is the site of the longest known ungulate migration in South America. More than 15,000 guanacos migrate seasonally in this landscape, and some guanacos also are Received: April 27, 2017 resident year-round. We hypothesized that pumas would respond to the guanaco migration Accepted: November 14, 2017 by consuming more alternative prey rather than migrating with guanacos because of the Published: December 6, 2017 territoriality of pumas and availability of alternative prey throughout the year at this site. To Copyright: © 2017 Gelin et al. This is an open determine whether pumas moved seasonally with the guanacos, we conducted camera access article distributed under the terms of the trapping in the summer and winter range of guanacos across both seasons and estimated Creative Commons Attribution License, which density of pumas with spatial mark±resight (SMR) models. Also, we analyzed puma scats to permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original assess changes in prey consumption in response to guanaco migration. Density estimates author and source are credited. of pumas did not change significantly in the winter and summer range of guanacos when Data Availability Statement: Data are available guanacos migrated to and from these areas, indicating that pumas do not follow the migra- from the Dryad database DOI 10.5061/dryad.7fb7r. tion of guanacos. Pumas also did not consume more alternative native prey or livestock Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge when guanaco availability was lower, but rather fed primarily on guanacos and some alter- financial support and equipment from the native prey during all seasons. Alternative prey were most common in the diet during sum- Conservation Food and Health Foundation, mer when guanacos also were abundant on the summer range. The response of pumas to Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium's PPG Conservation and Sustainability Fund, Rufford the migration of guanacos differs from sites in the western North America where entire prey Small Grants for Nature Conservation, IdeaWild, populations migrate and pumas migrate with their prey or switch to more abundant prey and the Tropical Conservation and Development when their primary prey migrates. Program, University of Florida. During this work, M. L. Gelin was supported by scholarships from BEC.AR Argentina and the School of Natural PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188877 December 6, 2017 1 / 16 Response of pumas to prey migration Resources and the Environment, University of Introduction Florida. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or Large-scale ungulate migrations associated with changes in availability of resources and risk of preparation of the manuscript. predation are widespread phenomena that influence mammal community composition, prey abundance for top predators, and fitness of predators [1±3]. In many systems with ungulate Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. migrations, not all individuals migrate, but even partial migrations can result in large spatial changes in prey biomass [4±7]. Predators track prey movements by undertaking migrations with them, or they can modify their foraging behavior (e.g., exhibit prey switching or incorpo- rate additional prey in the diet when large numbers of their prey migrate [3,8±10]). Some predators also hold territories throughout the year near den sites and then make long distance foraging trips to areas with migratory herbivores once these herbivores have moved away from the territory [11,12]. Predator responses to prey migration have diverse effects at the commu- nity level. For example, if predators move with prey, the distribution of carcasses for scaven- gers and decomposers also shifts [13,14]. On the other hand, if predators remain relatively stationary and switch prey or broaden their diet in response to migration, they may have sig- nificant impacts on populations of alternative prey [15,16]. Migration of native prey also may affect frequency of predation on livestock and increase human-predator conflict if livestock serve as alternative prey sources for predators [10,12,17]. Behavioral responses of carnivores to prey migration have been documented for a variety of species and ecosystems in North America (e.g., [9,12,18]), but both herbivore migrations and predator responses to these migrations are poorly studied in South America. One predator that spans both of these continents is the puma (Puma concolor), which has the largest geo- graphic range of any mammal in the western hemisphere and is a top predator from Canada to southern South America. Although pumas rely on non-migratory prey in much of their range, studies in North America have reported migration by pumas [18] and prey switching [9] in systems where their primary prey, large ungulates, migrate. In Patagonia in southern South America, pumas prey heavily on the largest native ungulate, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), in areas where this species is still common [19±21]. Although guanaco populations have declined throughout their range and movement patterns likely have been altered, the longest known terrestrial migration for mammals in South America is sea- sonal migration of guanacos in northern Patagonia, Argentina [22,23]. The ecological impacts of this migration are unknown. In this study, we examined the response of pumas to this gua- naco migration, which occurs in La Payunia Reserve, the protected area with the largest popu- lation of guanacos (> 25,000 individuals) across the entire range of the species. Approximately two-thirds of the population is migratory; other individuals are resident in the summer or win- ter range throughout the year [23±25]. Although La Payunia Reserve is one of the few sites in South America where long-distance ungulate migrations are well documented, shorter migra- tions and other seasonal movements of guanacos are known to occur in other areas and likely were more common in the past when guanaco populations were large and barriers to move- ment were less common [22,26,27]. We hypothesized that pumas respond to migration of large numbers of guanacos by switch- ing to alternative prey, or by consuming more alternative prey along with resident guanacos, rather than migrating with guanacos because pumas generally are territorial, have broad food habits [28,29], and alternative prey are common in La Payunia and available throughout the year. We expected pumas to include more livestock as well as native prey in their diet when guanacos migrated. Ranching of goats and cattle occurred within the reserve and on neighbor- ing lands, and puma predation on livestock was a significant source of conflict. Local herders reported a higher frequency of puma attacks on livestock in areas where guanaco abundance was low, but this predation has not been explicitly linked to the guanaco migration [24]. PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188877 December 6, 2017 2 / 16 Response of pumas to prey migration To test our hypothesis, we examined puma density in summer and winter ranges of guana- cos and analyzed diet of pumas from scats to determine whether pumas shift their diet when guanacos migrate. If, in contrast to our hypothesis, pumas move with guanacos, we expected to see changes in puma density that paralleled guanaco migration. We estimated puma density from camera-trapping data with spatial mark-resight models. Spatial mark-resight models are a new tool developed to overcome important limitations of capture-recapture models related to the need to better define effective
Recommended publications
  • Northwest Argentina (Custom Tour) 13 – 24 November, 2015 Tour Leader: Andrés Vásquez Co-Guided by Sam Woods
    Northwest Argentina (custom tour) 13 – 24 November, 2015 Tour leader: Andrés Vásquez Co-guided by Sam Woods Trip Report by Andrés Vásquez; most photos by Sam Woods, a few by Andrés V. Elegant Crested-Tinamou at Los Cardones NP near Cachi; photo by Sam Woods Introduction: Northwest Argentina is an incredible place and a wonderful birding destination. It is one of those locations you feel like you are crossing through Wonderland when you drive along some of the most beautiful landscapes in South America adorned by dramatic rock formations and deep-blue lakes. So you want to stop every few kilometers to take pictures and when you look at those shots in your camera you know it will never capture the incredible landscape and the breathtaking feeling that you had during that moment. Then you realize it will be impossible to explain to your relatives once at home how sensational the trip was, so you breathe deeply and just enjoy the moment without caring about any other thing in life. This trip combines a large amount of quite contrasting environments and ecosystems, from the lush humid Yungas cloud forest to dry high Altiplano and Puna, stopping at various lakes and wetlands on various altitudes and ending on the drier upper Chaco forest. Tropical Birding Tours Northwest Argentina, Nov.2015 p.1 Sam recording memories near Tres Cruces, Jujuy; photo by Andrés V. All this is combined with some very special birds, several endemic to Argentina and many restricted to the high Andes of central South America. Highlights for this trip included Red-throated
    [Show full text]
  • Researchers Document Aviary Eggshell with Iridescence for the First Time 10 December 2014, by Bob Yirka
    Researchers document aviary eggshell with iridescence for the first time 10 December 2014, by Bob Yirka they found to be made of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and some other yet to be identified organic compounds) which gave the egg its glossy sheen. When they removed the cuticle from a portion of an egg sample—they found that it was blue underneath, but that the iridescence was gone. Thus, they concluded that the iridescent blue was due to a combination of the pigment and Photographs (a–c) of T. major, E. elegans and N. cuticle. maculosa nests. Average length breadth of eggs (a–c): 58 48 mm, 53 39 mm and 40 29 mm. Photo credits: The researchers can't say for sure why the bird Karsten Thomsen, Sam Houston and Shirley eggs have such features as they would appear to Sekarajasingham. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, draw attention to them, rather than help keep them Published 10 December 2014 . DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1210 hidden. It seems possible that the iridescence actually causes the eggs to be more difficult to see in their particular environment to a particular type of prey. More likely, the researchers suggest is that (Phys.org)—A team of researchers with members eggs that stand out can be more easily spotted or from New Zealand, Czech Republic and the U.S. differentiated from other eggs from birds of the has documented for the first time an example of an same species, which could serve as a means of aviary egg that has iridescence. In their paper encouraging males to assist with incubation.
    [Show full text]
  • Richness of Plants, Birds and Mammals Under the Canopy of Ramorinoa Girolae, an Endemic and Vulnerable Desert Tree Species
    BOSQUE 38(2): 307-316, 2017 DOI: 10.4067/S0717-92002017000200008 Richness of plants, birds and mammals under the canopy of Ramorinoa girolae, an endemic and vulnerable desert tree species Riqueza de plantas, aves y mamíferos bajo el dosel de Ramorinoa girolae, una especie arbórea endémica y vulnerable del desierto Valeria E Campos a,b*, Viviana Fernández Maldonado a,b*, Patricia Balmaceda a, Stella Giannoni a,b,c a Interacciones Biológicas del Desierto (INTERBIODES), Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina. *Corresponding author: b CIGEOBIO, UNSJ CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- CUIM, Av. I. de la Roza 590 (O), J5402DCS Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina, phone 0054-0264-4260353 int. 402, [email protected], [email protected] c IMCN, FCEFN, Universidad Nacional de San Juan- España 400 (N), 5400 Capital, San Juan, Argentina. SUMMARY Dominant woody vegetation in arid ecosystems supports different species of plants and animals largely dependent on the existence of these habitats for their survival. The chica (Ramorinoa girolae) is a woody leguminous tree endemic to central-western Argentina and categorized as vulnerable. We evaluated 1) richness of plants, birds and mammals associated with the habitat under its canopy, 2) whether richness is related to the morphological attributes and to the features of the habitat under its canopy, and 3) behavior displayed by birds and mammals. We recorded presence/absence of plants under the canopy of 19 trees in Ischigualasto Provincial Park. Moreover, we recorded abundance of birds and mammals and signs of mammal activity using camera traps.
    [Show full text]
  • Ratite Molecular Evolution, Phylogeny and Biogeography Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genomes
    RATITE MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY INFERRED FROM COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES by Oliver Haddrath A thesis submitted in confonnity with the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science Graduate Department of Zoology University of Toronto O Copyright by Oliver Haddrath 2000 National Library Biblioth&que nationale 191 .,,da du Canada uisitions and Acquisitions et Services services bibliographiques 395 Welington Street 395. rue WdKngton Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Otîâwâ ON K1A ûN4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une iicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant A la National Library of Canada to Bihliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, @ter, distribuer ou copies of diis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïîm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format 61ectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette tbése. thesis nor substantial exûacts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be priated or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Ratite Molecular Evolution, Phylogeny and Biogeography Inferred fiom Complete Mitochoncîrial Genomes. Masters of Science. 2000. Oliver Haddrath Department of Zoology, University of Toronto. The relationships within the ratite birds and their biogeographic history has been debated for over a century. While the monophyly of the ratites has been established, consensus on the branching pattern within the ratite tree has not yet been reached.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Roles and Conservation Challenges of Social, Burrowing
    REVIEWS REVIEWS REVIEWS Ecological roles and conservation challenges 477 of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world’s grasslands Ana D Davidson1,2*, James K Detling3, and James H Brown1 The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. However, these burrowing mammals are facing myriad threats, which have caused marked decreases in populations of the best-studied species, as well as cascading declines in dependent species and in grassland habitat. To prevent or mitigate such losses, we recommend that grasslands be managed to promote the compatibility of burrowing mammals with human activities. Here, we highlight the important and often overlooked ecological roles of these burrowing mammals, the threats they face, and future management efforts needed to enhance their populations and grass- land ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2012; 10(9): 477–486, doi:10.1890/110054 (published online 28 Sep 2012) rassland ecosystems worldwide are fundamentally Australia (Figure 1). Often living in colonies ranging Gshaped by an underappreciated but key functional from tens to thousands of individuals, these mammals col- group of social, semi-fossorial (adapted to burrowing and lectively transform grassland landscapes through their bur- living underground), herbivorous mammals (hereafter, rowing and feeding activity. By grouping together socially, burrowing mammals). Examples include not only the phy- they also create distinctive habitat patches that serve as logenetically similar species of prairie dogs of North areas of concentrated prey for many predators.
    [Show full text]
  • Patagonian Cavy (Patagonian Mara) Dolichotis Patagonum
    Patagonian Cavy (Patagonian Mara) Dolichotis patagonum Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Caviidae Characteristics: The Patagonian mara is a distinctly unusual looking rodent that is about the size of a small dog. They have long ears with a body resembling a small deer. The snout and large dark eyes are also unusual for a rodent. The back and upper sides are brownish grey with a darker patch near the rump. There is one white patch on either side of the rump and down the haunches. Most of the body is a light brown or tan color. They have long, powerful back legs which make them excellent runners. The back feet are a hoof like claw with three digits, while the front feet have four sharp claws to aid in burrowing (Encyclopedia of Life). Behavior: The Patagonian mara is just as unusual in behavior as it is in appearance. These rodents are active during the day and spend a large portion of their time sunbathing. If threatened by a predator, they will escape quickly by galloping or stotting away at speeds over 25 mph. The cavy can be found in breeding pairs that rarely interact with other pairs (Arkive). During breeding season, maras form large groups called settlements, consisting of many individuals sharing the same communal dens. Some large dens are shared by 29-70 maras (Animal Diversity). Reproduction: This species is strictly monogamous and usually bonded for life (BBC Nature). The female has an extremely short estrous, only 30 minutes every 3-4 months. The gestation period is around 100 days in the wild.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding the Eggshell Colour Gamut: Uroerythrin and Bilirubin from Tinamou (Tinamidae) Eggshells Randy Hamchand1, Daniel Hanley2, Richard O
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Expanding the eggshell colour gamut: uroerythrin and bilirubin from tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells Randy Hamchand1, Daniel Hanley2, Richard O. Prum3 & Christian Brückner1* To date, only two pigments have been identifed in avian eggshells: rusty-brown protoporphyrin IX and blue-green biliverdin IXα. Most avian eggshell colours can be produced by a mixture of these two tetrapyrrolic pigments. However, tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells display colours not easily rationalised by combination of these two pigments alone, suggesting the presence of other pigments. Here, through extraction, derivatization, spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we identify two novel eggshell pigments: yellow–brown tetrapyrrolic bilirubin from the guacamole- green eggshells of Eudromia elegans, and red–orange tripyrrolic uroerythrin from the purplish-brown eggshells of Nothura maculosa. Both pigments are known porphyrin catabolites and are found in the eggshells in conjunction with biliverdin IXα. A colour mixing model using the new pigments and biliverdin reproduces the respective eggshell colours. These discoveries expand our understanding of how eggshell colour diversity is achieved. We suggest that the ability of these pigments to photo- degrade may have an adaptive value for the tinamous. Birds’ eggs are found in an expansive variety of shapes, sizes, and colourings 1. Te diverse array of appearances found across Aves is achieved—in large part—through a combination of structural features, solid or patterned colorations, the use of two diferent dyes, and diferential pigment deposition. Eggshell pigments are embedded within the white calcium carbonate matrix of the egg and within a thin outer proteinaceous layer called the cuticle2–4. Tese pigments are believed to play a key role in crypsis5,6, although other, possibly dynamic 7,8, roles in inter- and intra-species signalling5,9–12 are also possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Elegantcrested Tinamous Eudromia Elegans Do Not Synchronize Head
    Ibis (2014), 156, 198–208 Elegant-crested Tinamous Eudromia elegans do not synchronize head and leg movements during head-bobbing JENNIFER A. HANCOCK,1* NANCY J. STEVENS2 & AUDRONE R. BIKNEVICIUS2 1Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Marietta College, Marietta, OH, USA 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA Head-bobbing is the fore–aft movement of the head relative to the body during terres- trial locomotion in birds. It is considered to be a behaviour that helps to stabilize images on the retina during locomotion, yet some studies have suggested biomechanical links between the movements of the head and legs. This study analysed terrestrial locomotion and head-bobbing in the Elegant-crested Tinamou Eudromia elegans at a range of speeds by synchronously recording high-speed video and ground reaction forces in a laboratory setting. The results indicate that the timing of head and leg movements are dissociated from one another. Nonetheless, head and neck movements do affect stance duration, ground reaction forces and body pitch and, as a result, the movement of the centre of mass in head-bobbing birds. This study does not support the hypothesis that head-bob- bing is itself constrained by terrestrial locomotion. Instead, it suggests that visual cues are the primary trigger for head-bobbing in birds, and locomotion is, in turn, constrained by a need for image stabilization and depth perception. Keywords: biomechanics, bird, locomotion, pitch. Head-bobbing, the fore–aft movement of the head suggested that head movements during walking during terrestrial locomotion in some birds, is an may reflect patterns observed during jumping and optomotor response (Friedman 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History Observations on the Poorly-STUDIED Quebracho Crested Tinamou Eudromia Formosa (Aves, TINAMIFORMES, Tinamidae)
    ISSN 0326-1778 y ISSN 1853-6581 HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 4 (1) 2014/39-44 Natural History Observations ON THE Poorly-STUDIED Quebracho Crested Tinamou Eudromia formosa (Aves, TINAMIFORMES, Tinamidae) Observaciones sobre la historia natural de la pobremente conocida Martineta chaqueña Eudromia formosa (Aves, Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) Paul Smith Fauna Paraguay, Encarnación, Paraguay, www.faunaparaguay.com, [email protected]. Para La Tierra, Reserva Natural Laguna Blanca, Santa Rosa del Aguaray, San Pedro, Paraguay. www.paralatierra.org HISTORIA NATURAL Tercera Serie Volumen 4 (1) 2014/31-38 39 Smith P. Abstract. Field observations that add to our scant knowledge of the natural history of the Chaco endemic Quebracho Crested-Tinamou Eudromia formosa are provided, including the descriptions of a hitherto unreported call and distraction display. The first data on feeding are reported, as well as a record of a predation event by Geoffroy´s cat Leopardus geoffroyi. Further evidence of aseasonal breeding in the Paraguayan Chaco is presented, and similarities in behaviour between this species and the more widespread Elegant Crested-Tinamou Eudromia elegans are suggested. Key words. Chaco, distraction display, feeding, Paraguay, predation. Resumen. Se conoce poco de la historia natural de la especie endémica al Chaco, la Martineta Chaqueña Eudromia formosa y aquí se proveen algunos datos novedosos sobre la alimentación, y de una vocalización y una despliegue de distracción no anteriormente descritas. También se documenta depredación por el félido Leopardus geoffroyi.Más evidencia sobre reproducción durante todo el año en el Chaco Paraguayo esta proveído y se discuten algunas similitudes en el comportamiento de esta especie con el de la Martineta Común Eudromia elegans.
    [Show full text]
  • Docent Manual
    2018 Docent Manual Suzi Fontaine, Education Curator Montgomery Zoo and Mann Wildlife Learning Museum 7/24/2018 Table of Contents Docent Information ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Dress Code................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Feeding and Cleaning Procedures ........................................................................................................................... 10 Docent Self-Evaluation ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Mission Statement .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Education Program Evaluation Form ...................................................................................................................... 22 Education Master Plan ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Animal Diets ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Mammals ....................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • New Avian Hepadnavirus in Palaeognathous Bird, Germany
    RESEARCH LETTERS New Avian Hepadnavirus includes emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and ostrich- es (Struthio spp.). in Palaeognathous Bird, In 2015, a deceased adult elegant-crested tinamou Germany kept at Wuppertal Zoo (Wuppertal, Germany) underwent necropsy at the University of Veterinary Medicine Han- 1 1 nover, Foundation (Hannover, Germany). Initial histologic Wendy K. Jo, Vanessa M. Pfankuche, examination revealed moderate, necrotizing hepatitis and Henning Petersen, Samuel Frei, Maya Kummrow, inclusion body–like structures within the hepatocytes. To Stephan Lorenzen, Martin Ludlow, Julia Metzger, identify a putative causative agent, we isolated nucleic ac- Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Albert Osterhaus, ids from the liver and prepared them for sequencing on an Erhard van der Vries Illumina MiSeq system (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) Author affiliations: University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, (online Technical Appendix, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ Foundation, Hannover, Germany (W.K. Jo, V.M. Pfankuche, article/23/12/16-1634-Techapp1.pdf). We compared ob- H. Petersen, M. Ludlow, J. Metzger, W. Baumgärtner, tained reads with sequences in GenBank using an in-house A. Osterhaus, E. van der Vries); Center for Systems metagenomics pipeline. Approximately 78% of the reads Neuroscience, Hannover (W.K. Jo, V.M. Pfankuche, aligned to existing avihepadnavirus sequences. A full ge- W. Baumgärtner, A. Osterhaus); Wuppertal Zoo, Wuppertal, nome (3,024 bp) of the putative elegant-crested tinamou Germany (S. Frei, M. Kummrow); Bernhard Nocht Institute for HBV (ETHBV) was subsequently constructed by de novo Tropical Medicine, Hamburg (S. Lorenzen); Artemis One Health, assembly mapping >2 million reads (88.6%) to the virus Utrecht, the Netherlands (A. Osterhaus) genome (GenBank accession no.
    [Show full text]
  • List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
    What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34.
    [Show full text]