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Thesis Title BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN FIVE- STAR HOTELS IN AMMAN, JORDAN Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy - Business By Haitham Abdelrazaq 2017 Western Sydney University Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my professional supervisory panel, Dr Pheroza Daruwalla, Dr Gregory Teal and Dr Valentine Mukuria for the continuous support of my PhD study and related research, for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me in the research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having better advisors and mentors for my PhD journey. I would sincerely thank Dr Terry Sloan for his comments and suggestions with the NEAF application, and many thanks go to WSU School of Business Administrative staff who assisted me. Special thanks and honest appreciation to my beautiful wife Taghreed, for the endless support, understanding, and help that she offered me to achieve this mission. Without her unlimited assistance, I would not have been able to undertake my studies and complete this doctoral journey. She was always inspiring, encouraging and full of hope especially at times when I struggled with my work. I would also like to acknowledge my brothers Raed and Assim as well as my dearest father for their confidence and belief in my abilities. This thesis is dedicated to my gorgeous children Zina and Amir for their long happy lives, moral values, and education. i Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. ................................................................................... (Signature) Date: April /2017 i Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................. viii Abstract ...................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of Purpose ..................................................................................... 5 1.3 Definitions of Terms ..................................................................................... 5 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 9 1.6 Significance of the Topic .............................................................................. 9 1.7 Contribution of This Research..................................................................... 12 1.8 Outline of the Thesis ................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................. 16 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 18 2.2 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ............................................................. 19 2.2.1 The Kingdom’s Water problem ................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Jordan-Israel peace treaty ........................................................................................... 25 2.3 The Impact of Refugees Influxes to Jordan ................................................. 26 2.4 Importance of Tourism to Jordan ................................................................ 27 2.4.1 Jordan’s Main Types of Tourists................................................................................ 30 2.4.2 Jordan’s Tourism Attraction Sites .............................................................................. 31 2.5 Sustainability Development ........................................................................ 36 2.6 Ownership Structures of Five Star Hotels in Jordan ................................... 39 2.7 Concept of Sustainability in Hotels ............................................................. 41 2.8 The Need for Achieving Sustainable Performance in the Hotel Industry ... 43 2.9 Sustainable Measures Adopted by Hotels in their Operations .................... 48 2.10 The Impact of Sustainable Practices on Hotel Performance .................... 50 2.11 Sustainability Initiatives in Jordan ........................................................... 52 2.11.1 National Environment Strategy for Jordan................................................................. 53 2.11.2 UNEP Green Economy Advisory Services ................................................................ 53 2.11.3 Tafila Wind Farm ....................................................................................................... 55 2.11.4 National Agenda for Jordan 2007-2017 ..................................................................... 56 ii 2.11.5 The National Climate Change Policy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 2013-2020 56 2.11.6 Jordan’s Water Strategy 2008-2022 ........................................................................... 57 2.11.7 IRENA “Jordan Profile” ............................................................................................ 57 2.12 Theoretical Orientation ............................................................................ 58 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 64 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 64 3.2 Research Approach and Design................................................................... 66 3.3 The Qualitative Method Approach .............................................................. 72 3.4 Data Sources ................................................................................................ 73 3.4.1 Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................................................................ 73 3.4.2 Quantitative Data (Surveys) ....................................................................................... 76 3.4.3 Non-Participatory Observation (Field Visit) .............................................................. 78 3.4.4 Secondary Sources ..................................................................................................... 79 3.5 Research Tools ............................................................................................ 81 3.6 Piloting the Research Methods .................................................................... 85 3.7 Sampling ...................................................................................................... 87 3.8 Data Collection ............................................................................................ 87 3.9 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 90 3.9.1 Qualitative Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 90 3.9.2 Quantitative Data Analysis ........................................................................................ 91 3.10 Research Validity and Reliability ............................................................ 92 3.11 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................. 93 3.12 Limitations of the study ........................................................................... 94 3.13 Summary .................................................................................................. 95 Chapter 4 EMPIRICAL DATA FINDINGS ..................................................... 97 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 97 4.2 Demographic Characteristics ...................................................................... 98 4.3 Maintenance and Security Department (MS) .............................................. 98 4.3.1 MS participant’s demographics characteristics .......................................................... 98 4.3.2 Environmental Sustainability within Maintenance and Security Department ............ 99 4.4 Food and Beverage Department (F&B) .................................................... 107 4.4.1 (F&B) participant’s demographics characteristics ................................................... 107 4.4.2 Environmental Sustainability within Food and Beverage (F&B) ............................ 109 4.5 Housekeeping Department (HK) ............................................................... 115 4.5.1 HK Participant’s Demographics Characteristics ...................................................... 116 iii 4.5.2 Environmental Sustainability within Housekeeping (HK) ...................................... 117 4.6 Purchasing Department
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