2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications IPCBEE vol.17 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore

Comparative study on Sanitation of Swimming pools in Nagpur Region in winter season using Gas and Trichloro Iso

Lanjewar Prashant S1，Parbat D. K. Dr2，Kosankar P.T Dr 3 1Smt. Radhikatai Pandav College of Engineering, Nagpur 2Govt. Polytechnic, Sadar Nagpur 3Yashwantrao Chavhan College of Engineering, Nagpur ABSTACT: This research paper explains disinfection studies on swimming pools in Nagpur based on several experiments carried out in different swimming pools including water parks. It also suggests practical and effective methods of pool sanitation using TCCA in lieu of existing chlorine sources. Once implemented, the pool management could have savings potential up to Rs 4,000/ month for ONE Lakh litre capacity pool Keywords: , Sanitation Engineering, disinfection, health hazards

1. THE OBJECTIVES Swimming pools and water parks in Central India are on the rise. The region’s farness from the sea is responsible for its dry and humid climatic conditions that remain for most part of the year. It experiences primarily three main seasons-summer, winter and monsoon with wide fluctuations in temperature. Almost throughout the summer, starting early February; the temperature remains beyond 40 degree Celsius. Water in the pool is an ever-changing environment that calls for constant and careful monitoring. Water can become aggressive and destroy pools with corrosion, or it can become scaling and damage the pool with deposits. The pool operator expected to provide safe, clean water for bathers ; must learn about the use of chemical agents for sanitation and for control of pH, total alkalinity and calcium hardness ( 1 ) . The objective of these experiments is to carry out “comparative studies on chlorinating agents – Chlorine gas and TCCA 90 ; to be more specific in winter season in swimming pools and water parks in Nagpur region” and recommend necessary dosage levels. Free Available Chlorine should be maintained at 1 to 3 ppm - preferably 2 ppm but not less than 1 ppm While Chlorine Gas has the advantage of being the lowest / cheapest possible source of Chlorine, it has several disadvantages including its settleability characteristics that create health hazards to the locality. The residents had been complaining about eye / skin irritations in the morning hours. Chlorine is extremely susceptible to and needs to be regularly monitored. But just as we use sunscreen to protect our skin from the sun, chlorine uses a sunscreen of Cyanuric acid ( 2 ) . Used this way, Cyanuric acid is also commonly called a stabilizer or conditioner. Cyanuric acid is used in outdoor pools with the inorganic chlorines such as calcium hypochlorite, , lithium hypochlorite and chlorine gas (3 ) for effective sanitations. 2. RECCOMENDED WATER SATURATION SUMMARY IN POOLS • Properly balanced or saturated water to standard suggested below prevents damage to the pool and equipment. Unsaturated water corrodes plaster walls, fixtures, plumbing, etc., and causes staining. Oversaturated water deposits scale or becomes cloudy. The operator needs to test and control FAC, pH, total alkalinity, TDS, & hardness to maintain balanced water. • Free Available Chlorine should be maintained at 1 to 3 ppm - preferably 2 ppm

183 • Proper pH control (7.2 to 7.6) preferably 7.4 that ensures: (1) the proper form of carbonate alkalinity for saturation, and (2) the proper form of HOCI for sanitizer efficacy. Soda ash is used to raise pH. Acids are used to reduce pH & total alkalinity. • Total Alkalinity of 90-120 ppm is preferred for pH buffering & calcium carbonate saturation. Sodium bicarbonate is used to raise total alkalinity. • Calcium hardness of 270 to 360 ppm is preferred for proper calcium carbonate saturation and for avoiding soft-water scale found in pools . Calcium chloride is used to raise calcium hardness. • TDS below 1200 ppm is recommended for pools and water parks • Total Microbial load should not exceed 100 CFU / ml of water

3. METHODOLOGY Sanitation destroys referred to as , include , fungi, , etc. and also controls (which are not usually harmful themselves, but may harbor pathogenic organisms). The proposed studies are carried out in various swimming pools and water parks in and around Nagpur in winter to study the effectiveness. During these studies pools traditionally being operated with Chlorine Gas are evaluated. The details of the pools under study are given in Table # 1. As could be seen from Table No1, there are five pools coded as AB 01, AB 02, AB 03, AB 04 and KR 15 using Gas. Table No 1: Pool details

Sr No Pool Description Pool Code Pool Capacity Liters Remarks 01 Water Park Pools AB 01 350,000 Liters Chlorine Gas Operated 02 AB 02 300,000 Liters Chlorine Gas Operated 03 AB 03 500,000 Liters Chlorine Gas Operated 04 AB 04 400,000 Liters Chlorine Gas Operated 05 Public Swimming Pools KR 15 600,000 Liters Chlorine Gas Operated

The water park pools under this study were shut down for maintenance in winter and were to be opened up to public from 26th January 2009 onwards. Similarly the Public swimming pool was to be offered to public from 26th January 2009 onwards. The authors took it up as an opportunity to study efficacies of chlorine gas and TCCA in these pools. 2.1 FAC Analysis (4): Free Available Chlorine ( FAC ) has to be analyzed immediately after sampling. The numbers of samples are large; moreover the proximity of analysis center for FAC does not make it feasible to carry samples for analysis. Hence standard method used for commercial estimation of FAC using Ortho Toludiene reagent was used for estimation of FAC. During the process 10 ml pool water is taken in a test tube to which 10 ml Ortho Toludiene solution is added. The contents are shaken and sample is compared in Chloroscope for getting FAC Value. The climatic condition details are reproduced from the Climatological unit of India Meteorological Department, Nagpur center. Chlorinating agent is added in the evening at 7 PM and FAC readings are taken the subsequent days at 8 AM, 12 Noon, 2 PM, 4 PM and 6 PM. Water park pools AB 1 to AB 4 are initially evaluated with Gas. However the public pool KR 15 is tried pout with TCCA. The observations for Pool AB 1 are reproduced in Table No 2 , and KR 15 observations in Table No 3 respectively.

Table No 2. Monitoring of FAC in Park Pool : AB 1 ( GAS Operated )

Pool Capacity KL 350 Run No R # 1 R # 2 R # 3 R # 4 R # 5 R # 6 R # 7 R # 8 R # 9 Run Date ( Year 2009 ) Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25 Jan-26 Jan-27 Maximum Temp Deg C 32.1 31.6 32.0 33.0 33.2 34.5 35.7 35.7 35.9 Minimum Temp Deg C 15.0 14.6 12.6 12.1 13.4 14.2 16.0 16.1 16.5 Relative Humidity % 43 38 37 35 29 27 30 26 32 184 Wind Velocity Km/Hr 6.0 0.0 8.0 6.0 0.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 0.0 if any / Remarks Cloudy Cloudy Time of Gas addition , hrs 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 Quantity Added Kg 5 5 5 44 3 3 3 3 Theoretical Cl2 ppm 14.3 14.3 14.3 11.4 11.4 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 Measured Cl2 @ 8 AM Next day 1.2 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.8 3 3 Measured Cl2 @ 12 Noon 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 Measured Cl2 @ 2 PM 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.8 21.8 Measured Cl2 @ 4 PM 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.6 Measured Cl2 @ 6 PM 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2

Table No 3: Monitoring of FAC in Public Pool: KR 15 (GAS Operated)

Pool Capacity KL 600

Chlorinating Agent TCCA 90 ( 90- % Available Chlorine ) Run No R # 37 R # 38 R # 39 R # 40 R # 41 R # 42 R # 43 R # 44 R # 45 Run Date ( Year 2009 ) Jan-19 Jan-20 Jan-21 Jan-22 Jan-23 Jan-24 Jan-25 Jan-26 Jan-27 Maximum Temp Deg C 32.1 31.6 32.0 33.0 33.2 34.5 35.7 35.7 35.9 Minimum Temp Deg C 15.0 14.6 12.6 12.1 13.4 14.2 16.0 16.1 16.5 Relative Humidity % 43 38 37 35 29 27 30 26 32 Wind Velocity Km/Hr 6.0 0.0 8.0 6.0 0.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 0.0 Rains if any / Remarks Cloudy Cloudy Time of Gas addition , hrs 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 Quantity Added Kg 3 2 2 11.5 2 1.5 2 2 Theoretical Cl2 ppm 4.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 2.3 3.0 2.3 3.0 3.0 Measured Cl2 @ 8 AM Next day 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.6 Measured Cl2 @ 12 Noon 1.2 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.6 2.0 Measured Cl2 @ 2 PM 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.6 Measured Cl2 @ 4 PM 0.6 1.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.4 Measured Cl2 @ 6 PM 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2

4. STABILISED CONDITION IN THE POOL As could be seen from the above tables, the Gas operated pool takes 5 to 6 days to stabilize, where as the TCCA operated pool takes 2 to 3 days to stabilize the FAC requirement of minimum 1 ppm in pool water. The observations are graphically represented in Fig # 1 to Fig # 5 for Pools AB 01 ( Fig No 1 ) , AB 02 ( Fig No 2 ), AB 03 ( Fig No 3 ), AB 04 ( Fig No 4 ) and KR 15 ( Fig No 5 )

FAC Values Measured on Day # 2 FAC Values Measured on Day # 7 ( Stabilized )

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Figure No 1 : Measured FAC values in Pool: AB # 1 (GAS Operated )

FAC Values Measured on Day # 2 FAC Values Measured on Day # 7 ( Stabilized )

Figure No 2 : Measured FAC values in Pool: AB # 2 (GAS Operated )

FAC Values Measured on Day # 2 FAC Values Measured on Day # 7 ( Stabilized )

Figure No 3 : Measured FAC values in Pool: AB # 3 (GAS Operated )

FAC Values Measured on Day # 2 FAC Values Measured on Day # 7 ( Stabilized )

Figure No 4 : Measured FAC values in Pool: AB # 4 (GAS Operated )

FAC Values Measured on Day # 2 FAC Values Measured on Day # 4 ( Stabilized ) Figure No 5: Measured FAC values in Pool: KR # 15 (TCCA Operated)

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5. BREAK POINT CHLORINATION Prior to operation start ups , the pools were treated with the sanitization agent, the actual ppm of chlorine added to FAC was monitored to establish the Break point chlorination as represented in Fig No 6 to 9 , AB 01 ( Fig No 6 ) , AB 02 ( Fig No 7 ), AB 03 ( Fig No 8 ), and KR 15 ( Fig No 9 ) FAC 4 2 FAC y = 0.140x2 - 0.445x + 0.682 0 多项式 (FAC) 0123456

Figure No 6 : Break Point Chlorination – AB 1: 350 KL Gas

FAC

2 1 FAC y = 0.116x2 - 0.333x + 0.578 0 多项式 (FAC) 0123456

Figure No 7 : Break Point Chlorination – AB 2: 300 KL Gas

FAC 2 1 y = 0.085x2 - 0.134x + 0.284 FAC 0 多项式 (FAC) 0123456

Figure No 8 : Break Point Chlorination – AB 3: 500 KL Gas

3 y = 0.074x2 + 0.179x - 0.024 2 系列1 1 多项式 (系列1) 0 0123456

Figure No 9: Break Point Chlorination – KR 15: 600 KL TCCA 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS It was observed that the pool with TCCA got stabilized in day 3 itself, and hence all the gas operated pools were treated with TCCA and as could be seen from Tables 4 and 5, the pools got stabilized sooner. 187 TCCA Chlorinating agent is added in the evening at 7 PM and FAC readings are taken the subsequent day at 8 AM, 12 Noon, 2 PM, 4 PM and 6 PM. The observations for Pool AB 1 are reproduced in Table No 4 , AB 2 observations in Table No 5,

Table No 4 : FAC Monitoring in Stabilised Pools ( AB 01) using TCCA

Run No R # 46 R # 47 R # 48 R # 49 R # 50 R # 51 R # 52 Run Date ( Year 2009 ) Feb-01 Feb-02 Feb-03 Feb-04 Feb-05 Feb-06 Feb-07 Maximum Temp Deg C 36.0 33.3 33.6 34.2 34.0 34.0 34.8 Minimum Temp Deg C 17.5 14.7 14.4 15.2 18.0 18.6 15.8 Relative Humudity % Evening 36 32 32 32 31 32 26 Wind Velocity Km/Hr Evening 4.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 Rains if any / Remarks NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL Quantity of TCCA Added Kg 2 1.5 1 1 1 1 1 Theoritical Cl2 ppm 5.1 3.9 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 Measured Cl2 @ 8 AM Next day 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.4 Measured Cl2 @ 12 Noon 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 Measured Cl2 @ 2 PM 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 Measured Cl2 @ 4 PM 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Measured Cl2 @ 6 PM 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 Table No 5 : FAC Monitoring in Stabilised Pools ( AB 02) using TCCA

Run No R # 053 R # 054 R # 055 R # 056 R # 057 R # 058 R # 059 Run Date ( Year 2009 ) Feb-01 Feb-02 Feb-03 Feb-04 Feb-05 Feb-06 Feb-07 Maximum Temp Deg C 36.0 33.3 33.6 34.2 34.0 34.0 34.8 Minimum Temp Deg C 17.5 14.7 14.4 15.2 18.0 18.6 15.8 Relative Humudity % Evening 36 32 32 32 31 32 26 Wind Velocity Km/Hr Evening 4.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 Rains if any / Remarks NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL Quantity of TCCA Added Kg 2 1.5 1 1.2 1 0.8 1 Theoritical Cl2 ppm 6.0 4.5 3.0 3.6 3.0 2.4 3.0 Measured Cl2 @ 8 AM Next day 3.2 2.4 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.22.4 Measured Cl2 @ 12 Noon 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 Measured Cl2 @ 2 PM 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4 Measured Cl2 @ 4 PM 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0 Measured Cl2 @ 6 PM 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 7. SUMMARY The following observations are concluded from the experiments Gas operated pool AB 1 of 350 KL capacity was stabilised with 3 Kg Chlorine Gas on the 7th day from start up. With a theoretical Chlorine level of 8.6 ppm , the observed values in early next day was around 2.8 ppm- making close to two third loss of the gas Similarly Gas operated pool AB 2 of 300 KL capacity was stabilised with 3 Kg Chlorine Gas on the 7th day from start up. With a theoretical Chlorine level of 10 ppm , the observed values in early next day was around 2.4 ppm- making close to 75 % loss of the gas. Gas operated pool AB 3 of 500 KL capacity was stabilised with 5 Kg Chlorine Gas on the 7th day from start up. With a theoretical Chlorine level of 10 ppm , the observed values in early next day was around 2.8 ppm- making close to 75 % loss 188 Similarly Gas operated pool AB 4 of 400 KL capacity was stabilised with 4 Kg Chlorine Gas on the 7th day from start up. With a theoretical Chlorine level of 10 ppm , the observed values in early next day was around 2.8 ppm- making close to 75 % loss Whereas the TCCA operated pool KR 15 of 600 KL capacity was stabilised with 2 Kg Chlorine Gas on the 2nd day from start up. With a theoretical Chlorine level of 3 ppm , the observed values in early next day was around 2.6 ppm- making close to 13 % loss There is apparently lower loss of Chlorine gas on 24th January due to cloudy atmosphere During the break point analysis it was seen that while with Gas for 3 to 4 ppm added chlorine, the available was 1 ppm FAC, with TCCA it was less than 2 ppm added chlorine top get 1 ppm FAC. Moreover with Gas the pool struggles to stabilise where as with TCCA it is much easier After converting the gas operated pool to TCCA, the pool management had savings potential up to Rs 4,000/ month for ONE Lakh litre capacity pool 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Matter Doug De La : Swimming Pool Chemistry , classroom notes of Canada University, ( 2000 ) [2] Canelli Edmondo: Chemical, bacteriological … properties of Cyanuric acid as applied to Swimming Pool disinfection: APHJ, USA Vol 64 , No 2 , February (1974) [3] Naraporn H , Nisakorn T Et5 al , Effect of TCCA in swimming pool water ; The Joint International conference on Sustainable energy and environment December 1 – 3 , Thailand ( 2004 ) [4] Laboratory Manual, a publication of National Environmental Research Institute Nagpur

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