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Herpetólogos Españoles Por El Mundo (I): América, Eurasia Y Pacífico Ignacio J

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Herpetólogos Españoles Por El Mundo (I): América, Eurasia Y Pacífico Ignacio J Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2018) 29(1) 3 Herpetólogos españoles por el mundo (I): América, Eurasia y Pacífico Ignacio J. De la Riva1, José A. Mateo2 & Juan M. Pleguezuelos3 1 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. Cl. José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid. España. C.e.: [email protected] 2 Black Market. Carrer dels Paraires, 23. 07001 Palma de Mallorca. España. 3 Departamento de Zoología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Granada. 18071 Granada. España. Fecha de aceptación: 12 de junio de 2017. Key words: History of Herpetology, Nearctic Herpetology, Neotropical Herpetology, Palearctic Herpetology, Spanish herpetologists. La actividad investigadora de zoólogos luego, el legado de naturalistas expatriados y botánicos fuera de nuestro país se carac- como Félix de Azara o José Celestino Mu- teriza, a lo largo de su historia, por su es- tis, que dejaron una obra impresionante en casez en términos relativos. España fue en Sudamérica. Pero son estrellas que brilla- su día, durante el llamado Siglo de Oro, ron en un cielo mayormente oscuro. la mayor potencia global, pero su poderosa A finales del siglo XIX y principios del presencia colonial se fue diluyendo poco a XX, a pesar de las corrientes liberales y la re- poco para casi extinguirse del todo en los lativa ilustración de la Belle Époque, España años 70 del pasado siglo. Si la ciencia y el seguía arrastrando su secular desinterés por conocimiento hubieran estado entre los la ciencia, del que ya se lamentara Ramón mayores intereses de gobernantes, conquis- y Cajal (1920). De todos modos, en aquella tadores, emprendedores y aventureros, qui- época contamos en herpetología con figuras zá todo ello habría dejado un mayor poso y de la talla de Eduardo Boscá y Víctor López tradición de curiosidad e interés académi- Seoane; pero, si bien su herencia permanece, co por lo exótico. Valgan como ejemplo de su impulso duraría poco. La Guerra Civil y lo dicho los lamentos de José Gogorza en la posterior dictadura acabaron con toda es- 1888, recogidos por González-Fernández peranza de un verdadero renacer científico, (2002), a propósito de la escasa investiga- aunque en ciertos campos como la entomo- ción promovida oficialmente en Filipinas. logía, la actividad interna más o menos se A este territorio asiático, bajo dominio es- mantuvo (Martín-Albaladejo & Sanchiz, 2017). pañol durante más de tres siglos, ningún El consabido atraso, ensimismamiento en científico llegó comisionado por la máxima lo patrio y poca apertura hacia lo exterior, institución española de Historia Natural, todo ello acompañado de escasas oportuni- el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. dades económicas, hicieron que las décadas No obstante, en los siglos XVIII y XIX centrales del siglo XX no destacasen por la hubo épicas campañas científicas a tierras exportación de naturalistas españoles hacia lejanas, como la Expedición Malaspina o otros continentes. Además, la naturaleza la Comisión Científica del Pacífico, por ci- ibérica estaba aún muy mal conocida. Ha- tar dos de las más conocidas. Éstos fueron bía bastante tarea por hacer aquí, tanta que auténticos hitos históricos que rindieron en muchos casos la península se convirtió resultados palpables. Destacable es desde en el área favorita de estudio de científicos 4 Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2018) 29(1) europeos, fascinados por la biodiversidad de ras, el resultado es claramente desfavorable nuestro país, una auténtica mina de oportu- al compararlo con el volumen de las colec- nidades de estudio todavía por explotar. Sin ciones de otras naciones europeas. E incluso ir más lejos, centrándonos en nuestra disci- un país con tan corta historia como Estados plina, mucho de lo que se estudiaba y publi- Unidos levantó instituciones académicas y caba entonces sobre los anfibios y reptiles de museos con gigantescas colecciones, alimen- la península ibérica, Baleares y Canarias, fue tadas por campañas científicas en todos los obra de herpetólogos alemanes. rincones del mundo (véase, por ejemplo, en lo El siglo XX ahondó, pues, con honrosas referente a herpetología, Myers (2000), Rodríguez-Ro- excepciones, en el mismo estado de cosas bles et al. (2003) y Duellman (2015)). de los siglos anteriores, tal como ilustran Todo este caldo de cultivo sirve para que, los comentarios del fallecido exdirector en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, cuando las del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales cosas empiezan a cambiar, no lo hagan con la (MNCN), Pere Alberch, en su prólogo al fuerza deseable. Las iniciativas para marchar- libro del padre Barreiro sobre la historia de se a investigar “cosas de fuera” son bastante dicha institución (Barreiro, 1992: 11), cuando puntuales y, a menudo, puramente persona- se refiere a ella como “… un relato tris- les. Apenas hay apoyo oficial para fomentar te, como lo es también la historia de toda investigaciones en el extranjero, y los tímidos la ciencia española. Una crónica de lo que intentos de establecer bases permanentes o pudo ser y no fue. (…). Al mismo tiempo estaciones biológicas suelen fracasar por falta es sorprendente que tras tan azarosa his- de adecuado financiamiento, soporte insti- toria de expolio y abandono la institución tucional y continuidad de gestión. La proxi- haya sobrevivido, que todavía conserve las midad geográfica y la todavía reciente histo- mejores colecciones de historia natural del ria colonial en el norte de África y Guinea país, y que actualmente esté experimentan- Ecuatorial producen cierto interés de algunos do un esperanzador renacimiento”. zoólogos en estas regiones, a veces con apoyo Efectivamente, a pesar de todo lo dicho, más o menos oficial. Tenemos aquí el deber las colecciones del MNCN albergan bastan- de nombrar la labor realizada por el insigne tes ejemplares de otros continentes, singu- José Antonio Valverde. Con América, sin em- larmente de Latinoamérica, norte de África, bargo, los lazos coloniales, aunque no los cul- Guinea Ecuatorial y Filipinas. De hecho, en turales, se habían perdido mucho antes, y los el siglo XVIII las colecciones americanas del lazos científicos nunca fueron fuertes. A nivel “criollo ilustrado” don Pedro Franco Dávi- académico, los escasos herpetólogos españoles la constituyeron la mismísima raíz del Real seguían manteniendo poco contacto con el Gabinete de Historia Natural, precursor de resto del planeta. lo que luego sería el Museo (Sánchez-Alma- Sin embargo, las palabras esperanzadoras zán, 2009). Pero si el material extranjero del de Pere Alberch respecto al Museo Nacional MNCN, con todo su indudable valor histó- de Ciencias Naturales también se pueden rico y científico, es lo que ha de servir como aplicar a la ciencia española en general. La forma cuantificable de evaluar la actividad producción y calidad científica de nuestro científica de nuestro país allende sus fronte- país en las postrimerías del siglo XX y en el Bol. Asoc. Herpetol. Esp. (2018) 29(1) 5 XXI, poco tienen que ver ya con aquel pa- HERPETÓLOGOS ESPAÑOLES EN AMÉRICA sado oscuro, en que quienes despuntaban lo hacían casi siempre “a pesar de”, y no La presencia y contribución científica de “gracias a”, aunque sobre nuestra ciencia no zoólogos españoles en América, aunque no- hayan dejado de planear todavía muchos table en algunos casos puntuales, ha estado fantasmas amenazantes. El cambio positivo siempre muy por debajo de lo que debería ha- producido durante este periodo se traduce ber correspondido a un país como el nuestro, también en un impulso de los naturalistas de tan intensos lazos históricos y culturales españoles hacia la exploración de lo exterior, con el continente americano. Al margen de que hoy son ya legión. las aportaciones épicas y notables de Marcos Esta revisión, aunque menos exhaustiva- Jiménez de la Espada sobre anfibios en el si- mente, pretende ir en la línea de las muchas glo XIX (véase De la Riva, 2000), en los siglos publicaciones que han aparecido en los úl- XX y XXI, que son los que nos ocupan, una timos años sobre historia de la herpetología parte importante de las contribuciones de de centros de investigación o países diversos herpetólogos españoles al conocimiento de (Myers, 2000; Rodríguez-Robles et al., 2003; Lovich et la herpetofauna americana ha sido realizada al., 2012). En este primer capítulo sobre la pre- por expatriados que se asentaron al otro lado sencia y el trabajo de herpetólogos españoles del Atlántico. La lista de los compatriotas que en otras regiones del mundo durante los si- han contribuido con una o dos publicaciones glos XX y XXI, nos centraremos en América, puntuales a la herpetología americana es, se- Europa, Asia y la región del Pacífico, para de- guramente, extensa, pero es imposible en un dicarnos a África en un segundo capítulo que artículo de estas dimensiones mencionar a to- se publicará en el primer número del Boletín dos, y destacaremos por tanto sólo aquellos de de la AHE del próximo año. Queda pendien- contribución más relevante (tener varias pu- te la necesaria tarea de escribir la historia de la blicaciones sobre herpetos de América, libros, herpetología española, tanto por autores loca- o haber hecho sobre ellos su tesis doctoral). les como foráneos. En Norteamérica ha sido escaso el núme- Siguiendo las recomendaciones de Lovich ro de contribuciones de españoles, ya que, et al. (2012), sólo hemos incluido a los in- lógicamente, hubo siempre muchos cientí- vestigadores que se han dedicado de manera ficos locales dedicados a la herpetología de más o menos profesional a la herpetología, la Región Neártica. La mayor parte de las usualmente
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