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Rural Water Supply in Africa: Building Blocks for Handpump Sustainability WEDC, Loughborough University, UK Rural Water Supply in Africa Rural Water Supply in Africa Building Blocks for Handpump Sustainability Peter Harvey & Bob Reed Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University 2004 Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK © WEDC, Loughborough University, 2004 Any part of this publication, including the illustrations (except items taken from other publications where the authors do not hold copyright) may be copied, reproduced or adapted to meet local needs, without permission from the author/s or publisher, provided the parts reproduced are distributed free, or at cost and not for commercial ends, and the source is fully acknowledged as given below. Please send copies of any materials in which text or illustrations have been used to WEDC Publications at the address given above. Harvey, P. A.and Reed, R. A. (2004) Rural Water Supply in Africa: Building Blocks for Handpump Sustainability WEDC, Loughborough University, UK. A reference copy of this publication is also available online from: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/wedc/ ISBN Paperback 1 84380 067 5 This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of low-income countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. Designed and produced at WEDC by Sue Plummer About the authors Peter Harvey is an Assistant Programme Manager at the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). He specializes in water supply and sanitation for low-income communities and disaster-affected populations. He has worked on water supply and sanitation programmes in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe, and has particular experience of rural water supply in sub- Saharan Africa. His major interests include groundwater development and sustainability of water and sanitation services. Bob Reed is a Senior Programme Manager at WEDC. He specializes in water supply and sanitation for rural areas, low- income urban communities and refugees. He has considerable experience of training, design and project implementation in the Pacific, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa. In recent years he has focused on the provision of improved and sustainable water supply and sanitation systems for displaced populations. The authors would like to hear from anyone who uses this book in the field with comments on its usefulness and areas which require improvement. Please forward comments or suggestions to the authors at the address overleaf. v About WEDC The Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) is one of the world's leading institutions concerned with education, training, research and consultancy for the planning, provision and management of physical infrastructure for development in low- and middle-income countries. WEDC is devoted to activities that improve the health and well-being of people living in both rural areas and urban communities. We encourage the integration of technological, environmental, social, economic and management inputs for effective and sustainable development. Water, Engineering and Development Centre Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK Phone: +44 1509 222885 Fax: +44 1509 211079 Email: [email protected] http://www.lboro.ac.uk/wedc/ vi Acknowledgements The financial support of the Department for International Development (DFID) of the British Government is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their valuable contribution to the development of this publication, especially the members of the Advisory Panel who guided the research. Peer Reviewers Department for International Development Charlotte Engmann, CWSA, Ghana John Kandulu, WaterAid Rose Lidonde, WEDC Dr. Jerry Ndamba, IWSD, Zimbabwe Advisory Panel Members Mansoor Ali, UNICEF Vincent Allen, Consallen Pumps Erich Baumann, RWSN/SKAT Nick Burn, Intermediate Technology Development Group Bent Kjellerup, Independent Consultant Pola Kimena, MLGH, Zambia Gordon Mumbo, WaterAid Kevin Sansom, WEDC Brian Skinner, WEDC Editorial contributions Kim Daniel Design Cover design and typesetting by Sue Plummer Illustrations by Rod Shaw and Ken Chatterton Photographs by Peter Harvey vii We would also like to thank the following organizations for assisting the field research, without whose interest and participation this work could not have been undertaken. Afram Plains Development Organisation (APDO), Ghana African Medical Research Foundation (AMREF), Kenya Busoga Trust, Uganda Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA), Ghana Directorate of Water Development (DWD), Uganda Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), South Africa Ministry of Local Government and Housing (MLGH), Zambia Ministry of Water Resources Management and Development (MWRMD), Kenya Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS), Kenya Mouchel Parkman, UK Partners in Development (PID), South Africa Rural Water Development (RWD), Kenya Sustainable Aid in Africa (SANA), Kenya United Nations Children’s Fund, (UNICEF), Zambia WaterAid, Ghana World Vision, Zambia In addition, we wish to extend our thanks to all those people who have contributed to the development of this document through participation in international discussion groups, meetings and workshops. The opinions expressed within this book are not necessarily those of DFID or the collaborators but are solely those of the authors. viii Contents About the authors ........................................................................................v About WEDC .............................................................................................. vi Abbreviations ............................................................................................xiii List of boxes ..............................................................................................xiv List of figures .............................................................................................xv List of tables .............................................................................................xvi List of photographs ................................................................................... xvii Preface .....................................................................................................xix Chapter 1 ...................................................................................... 1 Introduction 1.1 About this book .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Rural water supply in Africa ........................................................ 2 1.3 Sustainability ............................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 .................................................................................... 11 Policy and strategy 2.1 Policies and strategies affecting water supply .......................... 11 2.2 Roles and responsibilities ........................................................ 15 2.3 From policy to practice ............................................................. 22 2.4 Policy and technology .............................................................. 23 2.5 Steps towards appropriate policy .............................................. 27 Chapter 3 .................................................................................... 35 Institutional issues 3.1 The end of the project .............................................................. 35 3.2 Forging partnerships ................................................................ 37 3.3 Partnership models for service delivery .................................... 40 3.4 Regulation ............................................................................... 49 3.5 Ongoing institutional support for community management ........ 50 3.6 Building institutional capacity ................................................... 53 3.7 Procurement ............................................................................ 56 3.8 Institutional steps towards sustainability .................................. 57 ix Chapter 4 .................................................................................... 63 Community issues 4.1 Community and household water supplies ................................ 63 4.2 What constitutes a 'community'? .............................................. 65 4.3 Community participation ........................................................... 67 4.4 Community management .......................................................... 76 4.5 Ownership ................................................................................ 79 4.6 Poverty .................................................................................... 82 4.7 Willingness to pay .................................................................... 84 4.8 Gender ..................................................................................... 87 4.9 Social steps towards sustainability ........................................... 91 Chapter 5 .................................................................................... 95 Financial issues 5.1 Budgetary responsibilities ........................................................ 95 5.2 The cost of sustainability .......................................................... 99 5.3 Community financing .............................................................. 107 5.4 Pro-poor financing strategies ................................................. 112 5.5 Steps towards financial sustainability
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