Impact Report For 2011/2012

Photography: Peter Nicholls (The Times)

Welcome Pump Aid is a water and sanitation charity that works with rural communities in Sub Saharan – Over the past 10 years we have provided access to clean water During 2011/12, over and sanitation to over 1.1 million people. Pump Aid’s simple technology has won awards: 45,000 people now have received access to clean • Elephant Pump: St Andrews Prize for Environment 2005 water and sanitation as • Elephant Pump: World Bank Development Marketplace Award for Development Innovations 2006 a direct result of Pump • Elephant Toilet: St Andrews Prize for Environment 2008 Aid and its donors’

Pump Aid is a member of the End Water Poverty Coalition and a member of the collective endeavours. Global Hand Washing Coalition.

Objectives and Activities

Pump Aid was established to bring appropriate, affordable and sustainable water and sanitation solutions to rural Africa. We have three strategic aims:

To transform the lives of the rural poor by ensuring that they have the technologies, skills and tools to manage sustainable and appropriate water and sanitation solutions for themselves;

To maximise our impact and sustainability by working through effective partnerships with communities, local government and other agencies working in the water and sanitation sector;

To transform Pump Aid from an organisation that focuses predominantly on building pumps, into one that has the capacity to train local providers/builders to build pumps and promote sustainable water and sanitation solutions, at the appropriate level for the communities that use the technology.

1. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org In setting out programme of activities each year, Pump Aid also observes to the Charity Commission’s general guidance on public benefit. The activities currently carried out for the public benefit by Pump Aid can be broadly categorised as follows:

• Elephant Pump Installation – Pump Aid installs low tech water pumps that use locally available materials in the remote rural sub-Saharan African communities to provide clean and safe water for domestic and productive use.

• Sanitation – Pump Aid promotes the construction of low tech toilets, known as Elephant Toilets.

• Community engagement – the transfer of skills and the simple technology empower communities to maintain their own water and sanitation supplies and utilise this water supply productively, so that they can benefit from the positive outcomes such as improved health, greater food security, increased access to education as a result of the reduction in the time needed to access clean water as well as Photography: Peter Nicholls (The Times) strengthening economic wellbeing through the potential for extended agricultural opportunities.

Impact – what we mean

Health: Consuming water from unprotected sources can cause a huge negative impact on people’s health and more children die from water borne diseases than from HIV/AIDS, malaria, measles and armed conflict combined. Poor hygiene behaviour is also a great concern in the areas we work in. For example, in rural , less than 1% of mothers wash their hands after going to the toilet, before preparing a meal, after changing a baby or before feeding a child.

Positive impact of clean water and safe sanitation can only be achieved when people change their behaviour: Reports show that washing hands with soap and clean running water after visiting a toilet, for example, can reduce diarrhoeal diseases by over 40%, showing how together access to clean water and a change of behaviour can positively impact on health. This is why it is important that Pump Aid not only provides access to clean water and sanitation but also gives hygiene training to the communities we work in, in collaboration with the health authorities.

Economic Development: Easy access to clean water gives people more water to grow food and also saves them time, enabling them to spend more time farming, or making money by other means. The World Health Organisation estimates that for every $1 spent on water and sanitation, the community will receive between $7 and $12 worth of benefits.

Education: Consuming water from unprotected sources causes many diseases. Each year, 443 million school days are missed due to water-related illnesses. Moreover, it is often the task of children to collect water, meaning many children, in particular girls, cannot spend time studying or are unable to attend school. Access to water and sanitation facilities in schools are major factors influencing whether children, particularly girls, attend school. In Africa, girls attend school for an average of only 2.82 years before they reach the age of 16. However with a nearby clean water source children are both healthy enough, and have enough time to go to school and will be able to finish their studies.

Food Security: Hunger and malnutrition are major problems in many parts of Africa; according to the UN World Food Programme more than a billion people are undernourished. This is partly because during the dry season wells often dry up, this and a lack of rain means that people often cannot grow food during this time. However with an Elephant Pump people can produce crops all year round.

Women & Children: Women and children are usually responsible for collecting water; this can take up much of their time. The International Fund for Agricultural Development estimates that women in rural Africa spend, on average, 26% of their time collecting water for their families. Women often have to walk a long way to get to the nearest water source, not only is this very hard work and time consuming but it also makes women vulnerable to attack. With a nearby water source women are much safer, and as the Elephant Pump is easy to use, women spend much less time collecting water and are able to do other things, like tending their gardens and looking after children.

2. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org MALAWI - Overview

In Malawi approximately 88% of the population lives in rural areas and 43% of the rural population is classed below the threshold of $1 per person per day. Rural areas generally have much less access to clean water and sanitation than urban areas. Up to 50% of Malawians may have no access to safe water and in some rural areas, like Mchinji District, where Pump Aid works, almost 90% have no access to adequate sanitation.

In Mchinji District only 25% of primary schools have access to a protected water source, and only 23% of primary schools meet the national standard of pupil/latrine ratio; 4% of schools had no latrines at all and only 4% offered children hand washing facilities with soap and water. Of the 16 health centres in the District, 8 are lacking improved 1 sanitation facilities. Pump Aid now has a good presence in Malawi, with close to 10% of the rural water supply now provided through Elephant Pumps, built by 2 Pump Aid. Malawi Pump Aid Malawi focus area The decision was made to focus activities to the Mchinji District in the 2011/12 financial year. Focusing on one area increases the impact of the programme and enables the teams to fully engage with local authorities and establish a presence there.

Sites have also been identified in Rural and Kasungu in preparation of additional projects for implementation in 2012/13.

1 A ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) is a dry pit latrine ventilated by a pipe that extends above the latrine roof. The open end of the vent pipe is covered with gauze mesh or fly-proof netting and the inside of the superstructure is kept dark. A pit latrine with slab is a dry pit latrine that uses a hole in the ground to collect the excreta and a squatting slab or platform that is firmly supported on all sides, easy to clean and raised above the surrounding ground level to prevent surface water from entering the pit. The platform has a squatting hole, or is fitted with a seat.

2 Based on the Malawi WASH Coalition 2007 water point mapping.

Elephant Water Programme Output Achievements Summary of annual planned During the 2011/12 operational year, a total of 311 pumps were installed. & achieved outputs This has made a difference in the lives of approximately 31,504 people (6,711 women, 5,970 men, 9,193 boys and 9,630 girls. On average each pump serves a total of 101 people.)

The pump building programme managed to achieve all the planned outputs for the year whereas with the sanitation project Pump Aid incurred a minor delay with 58 slabs casted and distributed from a target of 80. The rest will be finalised early in the new financial year.

As part of improving programme sustainability and stakeholder involvement, 20 (District Council) Health Surveillance Assistants were trained in Elephant Pump operation and maintenance.

These participants were drawn from four health facilities namely Mikundi, Gumba, Chipumi, and Mkanda in the catchment area covering traditional Authorities Mkanda, Kapondo, and Mduwa in Mchinji district. In these areas, Pump Aid has installed approximately 54% (170 pumps) of pumps in Mchinji in the year.

3. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org MALAWI - Overview

Elephant Toilet Programme Output Achievements: Promoting children as the key agents of change for sanitation and hygiene is crucial. With this in mind Pump Aid is extending its programme next year to include access to sanitation at schools and children centres. In 2011/12 Pump Aid started preparing for this. The sites are all schools, orphanages and Community Based Child Care Centres (CBCCC) in the Districts Mchinji and Lilongwe Rural.

Identifying the sites involves: assessing the need for sanitation and the facilities required for the number of pupils and residents at the site; ensuring Pump Aid’s work complements other water and sanitation projects and contributes to the area development plan; and negotiating the level of involvement that can be expected from the school and its surrounding community. Because of the participation of 21 schools in the project, we expect it to benefit up to 27,000 pupils.

In the framework of the ongoing community sanitation programme, meetings were held and partnerships set up with stakeholders. Ten community mobilisation sessions involving teachers, school committees and surrounding communities took place, as a result of which several communities have provided bricks for the construction of the toilets.

The sanitation teams are also working closely with Health Surveillance Officers to deliver hygiene training. 75 toilets will be built in total within the current project. By the end of the financial year the sanitation teams had cast and distributed 58 Elephant Toilet slabs, 32 pits have been dug and lined. The final touches of the project, including the roofing and hygiene training were done in April 2012.

Community and Local/District Authorities Engagement: The communities in Mchinji have been very responsive and supportive of the Pump Aid teams. The latter have also built up a good relationship with the District Water Officer who has in turn mobilised all the Government Areas Mechanics to provide data on the existing wells which is used to inform and direct the programme.

In August 2011 Pump Aid presented its activity plan to the Mchinji District Assembly. The meeting was attended by various Government Departments, Members of Parliament, Traditional Authorities and NGOs working in the District.

In November 2011 the Pump Building Supervisor attended an Area Development Photography: Peter Nicholls (The Times) Committee meeting in Traditional Authority Mduwa to discuss activities in the area and ensure that all stakeholders work together and that there is no over-lap in their work. Attending meetings like this happens in each new area the teams work in and with each new project that receives funding. This is important for project planning and for maximising impact.

Challenges: • The Malawian fuel shortage had a huge impact on the programme for 2011/12. For a period of time it was only possible to buy fuel in Zambia (at a much higher cost) but this option was then forbidden by the Central Government. With help 9,100 children under from the District authorities in Mchinji we were able to get the much needed fuel. the age of five die from • Due to the economic situation in the country, the shortage of materials became diarrhoea in Malawi progressively worse throughout the year and has led to the teams not reaching each year. Unsafe water monthly targets and having to purchase the materials at a higher cost. also carries typhoid, • In July 2011 civil unrest and demonstrations against the Government’s lack of trachoma, scabies dealing with fuel and foreign currency crises led to looting and the killing of civilians. This led to the office being shut and field activities slowing down still and cholera. further.

4. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org MALAWI - Overview

• Heavy rains affected the programme in particular the making of prefabricated concrete. This had to be done under the cover of a shade. The prefabs took longer to cure and dry which affected the casting space. This did not provide adequate room for the casting team to operate to their maximum ability. There was also breakage of pump components. Four lids, three housings and two slabs broke due to heavy rains.

• The rains also caused collapsing of toilet pits. Two pits at the Chitunda Community Based Organisation collapsed as a result from the soil being saturated with water.

• Some communities did not mobilize materials as part of their project contribution. This has been seen in pump and toilet construction activities. In two cases, it was difficult for community leaders to mobilize labour and materials for a community school project as communities demanded to be paid. A meeting with community members was organised. With support from the District Education office, community members were briefed on the project and their role. This meeting helped in soliciting their commitment to support project.

Despite these difficulties the programme was able to deliver all outputs under contract for the year, although with less efficiency than had originally been anticipated. The national difficulties described were eased dramatically with the Presidential changes which took place in April 2012.

Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring has been on-going throughout the year with the teams carrying out site verifications, GPS readings, taking photos of the sites and collecting pump information. Specific monitoring exercises have also taken place with the following findings:

In response the pump was repaired and a new committee was formed and trained on pump maintenance. A further 122 community latrine projects, installed in the previous financial year, were monitored. Each was assessed to see how far communities had progressed in mobilising materials, constructing the superstructure and erecting the roofs. It was noted that toilets in more public spaces such as at schools and churches were in a more advanced state of completion than those at individual households.

Salima District: A total of 86 pumps were monitored with the below results showing that communities use the water point for both domestic use and income generating activities:

Mchinji District: 22 pumps were monitored in October 2011 to check operational functionality, acceptance by beneficiary communities and usage. This was done at sites where we implemented pumps as part of the Charity: We have provided over

Water project in July and August 2011. All 22 communities reported to have seen 1.1 million people in major improvements in the colour, and odour of the water from the pump as sub-Saharan Africa compared to that of open wells. From the assessment, 20 Elephant Pumps were with clean, safe and fully functional whilst two wells needed further deepening to increase water yield. accessible water. We have only just begun. Our pumps save lives.

5. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org MALAWI - Overview

In both cases communities attributed shortage of water to the sudden increase of the number of households using the pump after it was installed. Furthermore, the cause could partly be attributed to a prolonged dry spell being experienced in these areas. Communities reported a decrease in the distance covered to get clean drinking water. Before the installation of the pump, communities covered an average Founded in 1998, we raise distance of more than one kilometer to get clean drinking water from boreholes money and build water installed in other surrounding communities. This has now reduced to an average pumps and sanitation distance of 150 meters or less. facilities directly. This direct Staff training: link from donation to pump The teams were trained in data collection, recording, site tracking using GPS and ‘hot guarantees the community’s to map’ sites using different types of software. The training was carried out with the help of a local consultant from UNICEF. Training in water quality testing was carried needs are met. out by trainers from the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development for Pump Aid staff and partners from the Kasungu and Mchinji District Councils.

The training involved looking at sampling water at the source, managing and storing it, how to analyse the water including the culturing and incubation process to establish the microbial and chemical levels. Pump Aid has engaged with Engineers- Without-Borders to assist in training pump building staff in the basic principles of monitoring and evaluation to increase and improve their capacity in this area and ensure they are collecting the correct and best data. The training took place over two days in November.

Looking ahead: Pump Aid has big plans for the Malawi Country Programme. First in that is the consistent integration of water and sanitation: through combining water and sanitation the impact on health benefits from Pump Aid’s projects can be increased further. Secondly, our programme will focus on women and children, who traditionally bear the responsibility for water collection in the communities.

Pump Aid’s work with schools will also be increased. We are hoping to install at least 300 pump projects in 2012/13 and implement a new monitoring technique, using AKVO FLOW, which is based on mobile telephone technology (mobile phones are ubiquitous in Malawi, as it is cheap and less vulnerable than the wired landline phone system), which will save us a lot of time and give more accurate results. Pump Aid wants to finalise the Elephant Pump Mark II design, in collaboration with an academic institution and integrate the findings of the research into the pumps we build, so they become even more sturdy, sustainable and user-friendly for children, older and sick people. Photography: Peter Nicholls (The Times)

6. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org - Overview

With a population of 3.4 million and GDP growth rate of 6.7% Liberia still remains among the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). HDI rank 182 out of 187 countries. In 1990, before the civil war, access to sanitation in Liberia was 17%. After the civil war, in 2003 it was only 7% and in 2008 15%. More recent data is not available. Access to clean water in rural areas increased from 25% in 2003 to 51%. Still, 49% of people have no access to safe drinking water. There are over 10,000 improved2 water points in Liberia, of which just above 60% are fully functional. More than 1,700 schools do not have an improved water point. Approximately 80% of the population lives in absolute poverty and 54% in extreme poverty (living on less than US$1 a day).

In Montserrado County, where Pump Aid works, sanitation infrastructure is grossly inadequate, a sewerage system is virtually none existent and in rural areas most people use the bush to relieve themselves. (Montserrado Liberia Country Development Agenda 2008-2012). The education system was severely affected during the civil war and finding well educated staff is proving difficult to find even though unemployment is very high. There is a high rate of mortality in children under five in Liberia, related to use of unsafe water, lack of basic sanitation and poor hygiene knowledge and practices.

2 The water sources likely to be of suitable quality, or “improved”, are: a piped water supply into the dwelling; piped water to a yard/plot; a public tap/standpipe; a tube well/borehole; a protected dug well; a protected spring; and rainwater. Water sources that are “unimproved” are: an unprotected dug well; an unprotected spring; a cart with a small tank/drum; a water tanker-truck; and surface water.

Achievements in Liberia Pump Aid works in Liberia since 2009 and is implementing a pilot project until the end of financial year 2012/13. The project includes the training of former child soldiers (“affected youth” as they are now officially called) and focuses on training and employment as well as water and sanitation.

So far we have trained 41 affected youth, carried out 86 pump projects built 400 toilets. By the end of the project we hope to have installed 500 toilets and carried out up to 200 pumps projects, together with the local communities and schools. Over the past year the Liberia programme has focused on its Isle Of Man Overseas Aid funded sanitation project. The teams have worked in the following rural and peri-urban areas in Montserrado County: Johnsonville, Mount Barclay, Careysburg.

These areas (see map below) are roughly an hour’s drive outside Monrovia (the capital) but living conditions are very different with people living in makeshift communities with little infrastructure and a few sanitation facilities.

Pump Aid Liberia has installed 275 Elephant Toilets in this financial year serving an estimated 5500 people.

The outputs decreased significantly in the summer months (May – October) as this is the rainy season. The rain was particularly heavy in 2011 and installing toilets was not possible for a large part of the time, but from October 2011 the building picked up pace dramatically with the assistance of a large number of additional trainees brought in to complete the work. Pump Aid was awarded its WASH (Water, Sanitation Hygiene) certificate by the Ministry of Public Works which recognises the work carried out by Pump Aid in Liberia.

7. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org LIBERIA - Overview

Challenges: The WASH sector is still fragmented with three Government ministries responsible for the management and delivery of water and sanitation services. The WASH sector is however improving and a number of very useful documents giving water and sanitation guidance have been produced. However, some of the targets set seem to be over ambitious and seem to overestimate the capacity of the Ministries. Pump Aid Liberia continues to engage the sector partnerships in which all the relevant organisations meet to discuss projects and sector developments.

The National Election took place in October 2011 with the incumbent Unity Party winning. A run-off took place with demonstrations and some violence. The office had to be closed for a few days to ensure the safety of the staff. The re-election of Ellen Johnson Sirleaf is seen as a very positive outcome for the WASH sector given her dedication to improving access to water and sanitation in Liberia. Liberia is moving from Emergency Aid to Development Aid and with this organisations are encountering some issues with beneficiary attitudes. The current general belief is that the donor should do it all and that communities/households do not need to provide anything.

The field staff have had to work very hard to engage with households and mobilise them to actively take part in the installation of the toilets. This will become more of a challenge as the sanitation sector moves away from subsidised projects to community led approaches and one Pump Aid is well positioned to handle.

Monitoring and Evaluation: A mapping exercise carried out in 2011 and led by the Ministry of Public Works surveyed water points across Liberia. 27 Elephant Pumps were monitored with 25 Liberia is a vibrant country (92.6%) found to be functional. Whilst the Elephant Pump makes up 0.3 % of pumps and is on the road to recovery in Liberia, it does have the highest rate of functionality, which is consistently over and stability after a long and 90% at any one time. The “Afridev” pump comes in second with 62.7% functionality. devastating civil war. The effects of this war are Looking ahead: still being felt today with the Liberia is now transitioning from a post-conflict situation to a development situation. country’s infrastructure still This brings great challenges with it as the Emergency Donor Funding has now dried requiring a huge amount of up. On the other side Development Funding is not yet becoming available to NGOs work and investment. like Pump Aid. All over the country we see a situation that NGOs are finding it very difficult to access funding and Pump Aid is no exception. During 2012 Pump Aid will need to consider what to do if considerable funding is not forthcoming, as a country programme needs to have a minimum size to be able to continue and flourish and deliver good value for money. We do hope funding will be found!

8. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org - Overview

Zimbabwe has a population of 13 million, 8 million of whom live in the rural areas. 39% of the rural population do not yet have access to improved drinking water sources (MIMS, 2009). The Elephant pump has a share of about 10% of the improved water points in rural areas in Zimbabwe. Since1998 around 5000 Elephant Pumps have been built in Zimbabwe by Pump Aid.

In Zimbabwe, the government has established a National Action Committee (NAC) for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, formed by the permanent secretaries of 8 government ministries. The National Action Committee is the body with responsibility for the overall coordination and management of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector (see partners section below). After a long process of evaluation the NAC has now approved the Elephant Pump for household use in rural Zimbabwe, and is to be a key partner for Pump Aid. This approval is a critical factor for the success of the Pump Aid programme, facilitating high standards and enabling the full participation of the member Ministries of the NAC.

A handover of Pump Aid Zimbabwe to the newly formed The Africa Trust signified Pump Aid’s first successful transition of a country programme into an independent organisation. In 2011/12, Pump Aid took on three members of staff to work with The Africa Trust to ensure successful completion of grant contracts in Mashonaland, Masvingo, Manicaland and Matabeleland. The teams completed the outstanding activities of Water Point Committee Zimbabwe training, distributing starter packs, and completing pumps, installing a further 84 Elephant Pumps in total serving an estimated 8400 people.

Future programme: Pump Aid will retain a presence in Zimbabwe, modest to start with and specifically to work on testing and implementing the community/household self supply approach and to introduce the Elephant Pump Mark II technology. Following a thorough review by the National Action Committee for Water and Sanitation, Pump Aid has now formed a partnership with them to develop and implement Elephant Pump technology awareness, social marketing and capacity building strategic plan targeting all WASH stakeholders. This will include the private sector in the commercialisation of the technology. A programme has been developed and piloted in 2012, with funding being sought for further work in 2013.

The Elephant Pump is an ‘intermediate technology’ that provides a solution midway between Zimbabwe’s two standard solutions, the “upgraded family well” (a lined well with windlass, bucket, and protected apron) and the “bush pump” which is the national standard hand pump for Zimbabwe.

The advantage of the Elephant Pump over a well is in the ease of use, degree of protection, and improved safety; in practice the Elephant Pump generally replaces an open well, rather than a family improved well. Unlike the bush pump, the Elephant Pump can be manufactured locally and inexpensively, and most repairs are carried out by community members themselves. As a result the Elephant Pump has a functionality rate of around 90%, compared to only 55% for the bush pump in Mashonaland East.

3 Self Supply encourages the incremental improvement of household and community supply through user investment in water treatment, supply construction and up-grading, including small rainwater harvesting and groundwater systems. It is a concept which complements conventional rural water supply funded by government, enabling self-help improvement of supplies where no protected supply is available, or where consumers feel they can support higher levels of service than are presently provided by the public sector (WSP, RWSN, 2009).

9. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org Statement from the trustees

The Trustees of Pump Aid confirm that they have complied with the duty in Section 4 of the Charities Act 2006 to have due regard to the Charity Commission’s general guidance on public benefit, “Charities and Public Benefit”.

Pump Aid Limited’s charitable purpose is stated in the Memorandum of Association as that of relieving financial hardships in rural African Communities by improving the availability and quality of water for irrigation and domestic needs.

The Trustees have considered this matter and have concluded that: - the aims of the organisation continue to be charitable; - the aims and the work done give identifiable benefits to individuals in need; - the benefits are for the public, are not unreasonably restricted in any way; and - there is no detriment or harm arising from the aims or activities.

Word of thanks

Pump Aid continues with solid initiatives in place to increase revenues and reserves. Stefan Allesch-Taylor, the Chair of Trustees Pump Aid would like to thank all those involved in the management and oversight of Pump Aid’s important work for their dedication and also to thank all the donors from the smallest to the largest for supporting the work Pump Aid does.

During 2011/12, over 45,000 people now have received access to clean water and sanitation as a direct result of Pump Aid and its donors’ collective endeavours.

July 2012

London Office Address: 32–36 Loman Street, London SE1 0EH,

Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Twitter: @PumpAid Facebook: www.facebook.com/pumpaid Web: www.pumpaid.org

10. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org The Elephant Pump

11. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org CASE STUDY- James

James from Chiuzeni Village, in Mchinji District, Malawi, lives with his wife and seven children. Before the Elephant Pump was installed in their village James’ wife, Scolastica, had to gather water from an unprotected, open well using a rope and bucket. This was difficult work which took up a lot of her time.

The water from the well wasn’t clean either; especially during the rainy season, as dirty rain water would get into the well. The well was very close to James’ house, and although this made it easier to collect water it meant that the children were at risk of falling into the well.

James said that the installation of the Elephant Pump in his village has made a “huge difference”. He and his family are now able to drink clean water, which has reduced the occurrence of diarrhoeal diseases. Scolastica finds the Elephant Pump much easier to use, in fact it is so easy to use that her children can now help her collect water, making the task much easier. With the Elephant Pump there is no longer “any danger of children or animals falling inside the uncovered well.”

The Elephant Pump has also been very useful in helping James look after his pigs:

In the past, I could not afford to draw not more than two buckets to feed pigs as it was laborious”, however now he can easily draw more water and envisages that his pigs “will reproduce more because they are taking clean water and plenty of it.

12. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org CASE STUDY- Marpu

67 year old Marpu Doe lives in Blackton, Careysburg, Liberia with her grandchildren.

Until last year neither Marpu or her grandchildren had access to a toilet. Marpu and her grandchildren used to “dig small holes around my house to ease ourselves and cover them after”, she said “those were difficult and dangerous times for our health” and made her unwell.

Pump Aid installed an Elephant Toilet near Marpu’s home in September 2011, when Marpu was asked about her opinion of the Elephant Toilet she proudly said:

I now have my own toilet. That is in fact a big and important difference to my life and that of the neighbourhood.

12. Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 20 7922 7992 Web: www.pumpaid.org