Understanding Criminal Justice
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Office for Victims of Crime
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office for Victims of Crime Office for Victims of Crime Report to the Nation 2001 Fiscal Years 1999 and 2000 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street NW. Washington, DC 20531 John Ashcroft Attorney General Deborah J. Daniels Assistant Attorney General John W. Gillis Director, Office for Victims of Crime Office of Justice Programs World Wide Web Home Page www.ojp.usdoj.gov Office for Victims of Crime World Wide Web Home Page www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc For grant and funding information contact U.S. Department of Justice Response Center 1–800–421–6770 OVC Resource Center 1–800–627–6872 TTY: 1–877–712–9279 OVC Resource Center Home Page www.ncjrs.org NCJ 189205 The Office for Victims of Crime is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Victims of Crime Act of 1984, as amended: A Report to the President, the Congress, AND THE NATION Office for Victims of Crime Office of Justice Programs U.S. Department of Justice This report covers activities undertaken by the Office for Victims of Crime and its grantees with Crime Victims Fund revenues during Fiscal Years 1999–2000. Acknowledgments he Office for Victims of Crime gratefully acknowledges the work of Ashley Oliver Barrett, who analyzed data and numerous project T summaries to prepare the final draft of this Report to the Nation. -
Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination. -
ESP-History-Overview.Pdf
EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY A N A TIONAL HIST ORIC LANDMARK 1. History of Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia In the ambitious age of reform following the American Revolution, the new nation aspired to change profoundly its public institutions, and to set an example for the world in social development. Every type of institution that we are familiar with today—educational, medical and governmental—was revolutionized in these years by the rational and humanistic principles of the Enlightenment. Of all of the radical innovations born in this era, American democracy was, of course, the most influ- ential. The second major intellectual export was prison design and reform. Most eighteenth century prisons were simply large holding pens. Groups of adults and children, men and women, and petty thieves and murderers, sorted out their own affairs behind locked doors. Physical punishment and mutilation were common, and abuse of the prisoners by the guards and overseers was assumed. In 1787, a group of well-known and powerful Philadelphians convened in the home of Benjamin Franklin. The members of The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons expressed growing concern with the conditions in American and European prisons. Dr. Benjamin Rush spoke on the Society’s goal, to see the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania set the international standard in prison design. He proposed a radical idea: to build a true penitentiary, a prison designed to create genuine regret and penitence in the criminal’s heart. The concept grew from Enlightenment thinking, but no government had successfully carried out such a program. It took the Society more than thirty years to convince the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to build the kind of prison it suggested: a revolutionary new building on farmland outside Philadelphia. -
Prisoners of Solitude: Bringing History to Bear on Prison Health Policy Margaret Charleroy and Hilary Marland
Prisoners of Solitude: Bringing History to Bear on Prison Health Policy Margaret Charleroy and Hilary Marland Season two of the popular prison drama Orange is the New Black opens in a small concrete cell, no larger than a parking space. The cell is windowless and sparsely furnished; it holds a toilet, a sink and a limp bed. The only distinguishing feature we see is a mural of smeared egg, made by the cell's resident, the show's protagonist Piper Chapman. When a correctional officer arrives at this solitary confinement cell, he wakes her, and mocks her egg fresco. “This is art,” she insists. “This is a yellow warbler drinking out of a daffodil.” Her rambling suggests the confusion and disorientation associated with inmates in solitary confinement, who often become dazed after only a few days in isolation. As the scene continues, we see Piper exhibit further symptoms associated with both short- and long-term solitary confinement—memory loss, inability to reason, mood swings, anxiety—all indicating mental deterioration and impaired mental health. In this and other episodes, we begin to see solitary confinement as the greatest villain in the show, more villainous than any character a writer could create. The new and growing trend of television prison dramas like Orange is the New Black brings the issue of solitary confinement, along with other issues related to incarceration, to a more general audience, exposing very real problems in the failing contemporary prison system, not just in America, but worldwide. The show's success leads us to ask how history, alongside fictional dramas and contemporary case reports, can draw attention to the issue of solitary confinement. -
Punishment & Society
Punishment & Society http://pun.sagepub.com/ Risk, responsibility and reconfiguration : Penal adaptation and misadaptation Fergus McNeill, Nicola Burns, Simon Halliday, Neil Hutton and Cyrus Tata Punishment & Society 2009 11: 419 DOI: 10.1177/1462474509341153 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pun.sagepub.com/content/11/4/419 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Punishment & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://pun.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://pun.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://pun.sagepub.com/content/11/4/419.refs.html >> Version of Record - Aug 14, 2009 What is This? Downloaded from pun.sagepub.com at Glasgow University Library on November 15, 2012 Copyright © The Author(s), 2009. Reprints and permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/ journalsPermissions.nav 1462-4745; Vol 11(4): 419–442 DOI: 10.1177/1462474509341153 PUNISHMENT & SOCIETY Risk, responsibility and reconfiguration Penal adaptation and misadaptation FERGUS MCNEILL, NICOLA BURNS, SIMON HALLIDAY, NEIL HUTTON AND CYRUS TATA University of Glasgow, University of Glasgow, University of Strathclyde, University of Strathclyde and University of Strathclyde, UK Abstract This article draws on the findings of an ethnographic study of social enquiry and sentencing in the Scottish courts. It explores the nature of the practice of social enquiry (that is, of social workers preparing reports to assist sentencers) and explores the extent to which this practice is being reconfigured in line with the recent accounts of penal transformation. In so doing, we problematize and explore what we term the ‘govern- mentality gap’; meaning, a lacuna in the existing penological scholarship which concerns the contingent relationships between changing governmental rationalities and technologies on the one hand and the construction of penality-in-practice on the other. -
An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence
An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics ‘Seldom do introductions to any fi eld offer such a wealth of information or provide such a useful array of exercise activities for students in the way that this book does. Coulthard and Johnson not only provide their readers with extensive examples of the actual evidence used in the many law cases described here but they also show how the linguist’s “toolkit” was used to address the litigated issues. In doing this, they give valuable insights about how forensic linguists think, do their analyses and, in some cases, even testify at trial.’ Roger W. Shuy, Distinguished Research Professor of Linguistics, Emeritus, Georgetown University ‘This is a wonderful textbook for students, providing stimulating examples, lucid accounts of relevant linguistic theory and excellent further reading and activities. The foreign language of law is also expertly documented, explained and explored. Language as evidence is cast centre stage; coupled with expert linguistic analysis, the written and spoken clues uncovered by researchers are foregrounded in unfolding legal dramas. Coulthard and Johnson have produced a clear and compelling work that contains its own forensic linguistic puzzle.’ Annabelle Mooney, Roehampton University, UK From the accusation of plagiarism surrounding The Da Vinci Code, to the infamous hoaxer in the Yorkshire Ripper case, the use of linguistic evidence in court and the number of linguists called to act as expert witnesses in court trials has increased rapidly in the past fi fteen years. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics provides a timely and accessible introduction to this rapidly expanding subject. Using knowledge and experience gained in legal settings – Coulthard in his work as an expert witness and Johnson in her work as a West Midlands police offi cer – the two authors combine an array of perspectives into a distinctly unifi ed textbook, focusing throughout on evidence from real and often high profi le cases including serial killer Harold Shipman, the Bridgewater Four and the Birmingham Six. -
Dangerousness and Incapacitation: a Predictive Evaluation of Sentencing Policy Reform in California
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Dangerousness and Incapacitation: A Predictive Evaluation of Sentencing Policy Reform in California Author(s): Kathleen Auerhahn Document No.: 189734 Date Received: August 20, 2001 Award Number: 99-IJ-CX-0043 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Dangerousness and Incapacitation: A Predictive Evaluation of Sentencing Policy Reform in California A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Kathleen Auerhahn September, 2000 PROPERTY OF National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Box 6000 Dissertation Committee: Rockville, MD 20849-6000~TI' Dr. Robert A. Hanneman, Chair Dr. Austin T. Turk Dr. Shaun Bowler This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. I copyright by Kathleen Auerhahn 2000 d 1 1 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. -
THE PRISON SYSTEMS of ENGLAND Negley K
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 41 | Issue 5 Article 2 1951 The rP ison Systems of England Negley K. Teeters Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Negley K. Teeters, The rP ison Systems of England, 41 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 578 (1950-1951) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE PRISON SYSTEMS OF ENGLAND Negley K. Teeters The author is Professor of Criminology and Chairman of the Department of Sociology at Temple University. He has written widely in the field of penology and in addition to being joint author of the well-known text "New Horizons in Criminology," has only recently written "The Challenge of Delinquency" with John Otto Reinemann. The current article represents Dr. Teeters' views on the British system of prisons following a visit to England in the summer of 1949.-EmToR. In 1894 when Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise was appointed Commissioner of British prisons to supplant the veteran and hard-bitten Sir Edmund Du Cane, that country's prisons were described as "efficient, methodical and totally unimaginative." The watch-word of Du Cane's regime was "uniformity." Great things were expected of Ruggles-Brise. Yet in 1922, thirty years after this man had assumed charge of the prisons, Hobhouse and Brockway, in their ENGLISH PRISONS TODAY, were compelled to show throughout their 700 page authoritative report that uniformity, in addition to the old concepts of retribution and deterrence, was the prevailing philosophy. -
Institutionalizing the Pennsylvania System: Organizational Exceptionalism, Administrative Support, and Eastern State Penitentiary, 1829–1875
Institutionalizing the Pennsylvania System: Organizational Exceptionalism, Administrative Support, and Eastern State Penitentiary, 1829–1875 By Ashley Theresa Rubin A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Malcolm Feeley, Chair Professor Cybelle Fox Professor Calvin Morrill Professor Jonathan Simon Spring 2013 Copyright c 2013 Ashley Theresa Rubin All rights reserved Abstract Institutionalizing the Pennsylvania System: Organizational Exceptionalism, Administrative Support, and Eastern State Penitentiary, 1829–1875 by Ashley Theresa Rubin Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy University of California, Berkeley Professor Malcolm Feeley, Chair I examine the puzzling case of Eastern State Penitentiary and its long-term retention of a unique mode of confinement between 1829 and 1875. Most prisons built in the nineteenth cen- tury followed the “Auburn System” of congregate confinement in which inmates worked daily in factory-like settings and retreated at night to solitary confinement. By contrast, Eastern State Penitentiary (f. 1829, Philadelphia) followed the “Pennsylvania System” of separate confinement in which each inmate was confined to his own cell for the duration of his sentence, engaging in workshop-style labor and receiving religious ministries, education, and visits from selected person- nel. Between 1829 and the 1860s, Eastern faced strong pressures to conform to field-wide norms and adopt the Auburn System. As the progenitor of the Pennsylvania System, Eastern became the target of a debate raging over the appropriate model of “prison discipline.” Supporters of the Auburn System (penal reformers and other prisons’ administrators) propagated calumnious myths, arguing that the Pennsylvania System was cruel and inhumane, dangerous to inmates’ physical and mental health, too expensive, and simply impractical and ineffective. -
Pioneers in Criminology: Charles Lucas-- Opponent of Capital Punishment Andre Normandeau
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 61 | Issue 2 Article 9 1970 Pioneers in Criminology: Charles Lucas-- Opponent of Capital Punishment Andre Normandeau Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Andre Normandeau, Pioneers in Criminology: Charles Lucas--Opponent of Capital Punishment, 61 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 218 (1970) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE Joumw. or CmnAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICE SCIENCE Vol. 61, No. 2 Copyright 0 1970 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. PIONEERS IN CRIMINOLOGY: CHARLES LUCAS-OPPONENT OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT* ANDRE NORMANDEAU** The author is Assistant Professor of Criminology, University of Montreal. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968. Dr. Normandeau is the author or co-author of two articles that were published in earlier issues of this Journal upon the subject of Delinquency in Canada (Vol. 57, No. 2; Vol. 58, No. 3). He also co-authored an international bibliography on Group Treatment in CorrectionalInstiutions (Vol. 59, No. 1). His most recent prior article was a biography of Arnold Bonnelle de Marsangy (Vol. 60, No. 1). Charles (Jean-Marie) Lucas was a well-known United States. He sent this work to the members of Parisian barrister, prison administrator and pub- the Chambers of Deputies and Peers with two licist, whose public influence in France and abroad special petitions demanding the introduction of in the field of penal reform was primarily important the "penitentiary system" in France. -
Prisoners, Insanity, and the Pentonville Model Prison Experiment, 1842–52
“He Must Die or Go Mad in This Place”: Prisoners, Insanity, and the Pentonville Model Prison Experiment, 1842–52 Catherine Cox, Hilary Marland Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 92, Number 1, Spring 2018, pp. 78-109 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2018.0004 For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/691233 [ Access provided at 28 Sep 2021 05:35 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. “He Must Die or Go Mad in This Place”: Prisoners, Insanity, and the Pentonville Model Prison Experiment, 1842–52 CATHERINE COX AND HILARY MARLAND SUMMARY: The relationship between prisons and mental illness has preoccupied prison administrators, physicians, and reformers from the establishment of the modern prison service in the nineteenth century to the current day. Here we take the case of Pentonville Model Prison, established in 1842 with the aim of reforming convicts through religious exhortation, rigorous discipline and train- ing, and the imposition of separate confinement in its most extreme form. Our article demonstrates how following the introduction of separate confinement, the prison chaplains rather than the medical officers took a lead role in managing the minds of convicts. However, instead of reforming and improving prisoners’ minds, Pentonville became associated with high rates of mental disorder, chal- lenging the institution’s regime and reputation. We explore the role of chaplains, doctors, and other prison officers in debating, disputing, and managing cases of mental breakdown and the dismantling of separate confinement in the face of mounting criticism. -
Summer Newsletter 2016
ICPO NEWS Issue No. 72 Summer 2016 ICPO 30th 25 years since Resettlement Anniversary the release In Ireland Conference of the While on Birmingham Six Licence The ICPO It is estimated that at any one time there are in excess of 1,200 Irish Contents people in prison overseas. The ICPO has contact with Irish people in prisons in more than twenty countries, the majority of whom are in the UK with many more detained throughout the US, Australia, Europe, Resettlement in Ireland while on licence 3 South and Central America and the Far East. London News 4 The Irish Council for Prisoners Overseas (ICPO) was established by the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference in 1985 in response to serious ICPO 30th Anniversary 6 concerns regarding the number of Irish men and women in UK prisons. These deeply held concerns related to their trials and Family Issues 11 subsequent imprisonment. Campaigning for innocent prisoners in the UK 12 In recent years the ICPO has been able to offer a more comprehensive Let go of your stresses 14 service to prisoners and to expand our existing services to prisoners’ families. Currently the ICPO works for all Irish prisoners wherever Writing and Receiving Letters in ICPO 15 they are. It makes no distinction in terms of religious faith, the nature of the prison conviction, or of a prisoner’s status. Your Letters 18 Smidín 19 The objectives of the ICPO are to: Sports Update 20 Identify and respond to the needs of Irish prisoners abroad, and their families; Puzzles 22 Research and provide relevant information to prisoners on issues Recent Events 24 such as deportation, repatriation and transfer; Focus public attention on issues affecting Irish prisoners (ill- treatment, racist abuse, etc); Engage in practical work in aid of justice and human rights for Irish migrants, refugees and prisoners at an international level; Visit Irish prisoners abroad where possible both in the UK and elsewhere.