A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764: SAMUEL FINLEY'S FIELD NOTES Part Three Edward G. Williams

At the conclusion of the preceding chapter in the progress of -1jlBouquet's army into the hostile wilderness, there was also an end of an all-important reference check, Engineer Thomas Hutchins's large-scale plat map of the road. The map ended at the "Old Indian Encampment" and the landmark spring twenty perches short of Rough Run. From that point, the most useful and instrumental means to check the course of the road against Samuel Finley's notes have been the plat maps by the government surveyors when they set down and marked the boundaries of ranges of townships and surveyed sec- tion subdivisions. Upon these maps they marked by dotted lines the course of the Tuscarawas Path through and across sections and crossings of important streams. The marking of the path upon these surveys, of course, ceased at the Tuscarawas Crossing. For compari- son we have also Hutchins's own published map (nineteen inches in length) and Ratzer's copy map (fifty-five inches in length), a 2.89 times enlargement of the Hutchins map and much more workable. For many years, there have been seemingly unresolvable ques- tions regarding the exact track of the "Great Trail" lleading from the Forks of the () via the famous Tuscarawas Crossing to Sandusky and Detroit. This inquiry concerns only that part of the Great Trail to that historic fording place, where Bouquet's itinerary left the main path and turned southwest toward the Forks of the . Perhaps the better way to visualize the problem is to study it in the reverse direction, that is, in its easterly course, for there were compelling motives and objective destinations in that direction, just as there were in the western movement over the same trail. The easterly orientation of this and other trails is less general- ly understood. From times immemorial, even before the eastern seaboard settle- Mr. Williams continues— his series of articles on Samuel Finley's notes of the Bouquet expedition. Editor 1 Wallace, Indian Paths of , 62-63. 348 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER ments of the white men, the Iroquoian nations of upper New York became the inveterate enemies of the Cherokees and Catawbas of the western Carolinas, Georgia, and eastern Tennessee. 2 Bands of northern warriors traveled yearly southward, as did the southern warriors venture northward, for incredible distances (sometimes as much as eight hundred miles) to secure and bring back the scalps of their fallen foes. Noknights-errant of western traveled with any greater ardor to the Middle East to bring back as trophies arms of the Saracens to adorn the walls of their medieval castles. This route became known as the Great Warriors' Path. When European colonists first came to American shores, the northern Indians were traversing a coastline route that headed the tidewater inlets. As the English settlers began to move inland, the Indians adopted an itinerary that forded the Potomac, Rapidan, James, York, and Dan rivers above the fallline.3 By 1722, the pressure of settlements caused the Great Warriors' Path to remove to the .4 By 1767, the Great Warriors' (or Catawba) Path had removed about fifteen miles west of the Monongahela River, where the chiefs of the Six Nations prohibited further surveying of the Mason and DixonLine.5 In 1770, George Washington, on his trip to inspect the bounty lands of the Virginia soldiers, found the Great Warriors' Path to the Cherokee country ineastern Tennessee crossing the in the Big Bend at the mouth of MillCreek (Mill- wood, Jackson County, West Virginia).6 These examples of the vicissitudes of the Great Warriors' paths serve to illustrate the mutability of these early avenues of travel, either from the effects of advancing settlements behind the expanding frontiers, or the consequence of the deterioration and removal of the principal destination. 7 Such was the history of the Great Trail to the

2 Ibid., 177, 180, 27. 3 Fairfax Harrison, Landmarks of OldPrince William[County, Virginia] (privately printed, 1924; reprinted, Berryville, 1964), 446, wrote that the path forded tidewater creeks "only high enough upstream to make use of the lowest fords. ..." "The aboriginal traveler from the north sought to establish contact with the Carolina tribes ... to avoid the English settlements on tide- water [and] must soon have discovered that his most convenient trail through Virginia [led him] to ford all the Virginia rivers above the fall line." Ibid., 454. 4 Ibid., 87, 225. Governor Alexander Spotswood at Albany, New York, in 1722, required the to agree to keep their "young men west of the Blue Ridge" mountains. 5 Cummings, Mason and DixonLine, 7S-76. 6 Fitzpatrick, Diaries of Washington, 1:425 ;Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 2:143 ;Cramer, Navigator, 91, 97. 7 Wallace, Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, 180. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 349

Tuscarawas and Detroit. Ihave long maintained that there were two Great trails through Ohio. The first was an Indian trail connecting the Wyandot (Wendat) headquarters at Upper Sandusky with their Iroquoian brothers of the Six Nations 8 centered in four towns at, and near, present New Castle, Pennsylvania. One town was at the junction of the Neshannock and Shenango, forming the Big Beaver; another was two miles below, at the mouth of the Mahoning; the third was three miles south on the western side of the Beaver ;and the fourth was six miles up the Mahoning from its junction. with the Beaver. This cluster of Indian settlements was called collectively "the Kuskuskies," 9 and the Six Nations tribesmen, in addition to some Wyandots, the oldest of the Iroquoian nations, 10 were gathering there in the early decades of the eighteenth century. 11 Pennsylvania traders visited there perhaps as early as 1740. The much-traveled path ran from Sandusky eastward to the crossing place of the Tuscarawas Branch of the Muskingum River, the historic landmark on which converged and from which radiated all the main trails that ran north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny. This trail became deeply worn with the travel of countless moccasined feet and Indian horses loaded with packs of skins and furs for trading. Later it bore the traffic of white traders' packtrains. Hutchins wrote two descriptions of the high land and water routes (Summit and Por- tage counties commemorate these antique thoroughfares) via the fords of the Cuyahoga and Mahoning rivers, circuitous but dry, from Tusca- rawas to Kuskuskies. 12 Hutchins was vague as tohow the path arrived there, but the Trader's Map ascribed to John Patten helps clear up the uncertainty. Patten was an early trader upon the path who was captured by the French at the Miami Indian town (present Fort Wayne, Indiana) and sent to France. Upon his subsequent release and return to America, he compiled reports and maps of locations and distances by the trails from Philadelphia to the Ohio and the Indian country as far as Detroit and the Wabash (now Indiana) and

8 Hanna, Wilderness Trail,1:7 ;2 :20-21. 9 Ibid., 1:340-47; Robert Proud, History of Pennsylvania, 2 vols. (Phila- delphia, 1798), Christian Frederick Post's Journal, Aug. 17, 1758, 2: app., 71. 10 Hanna, Wilderness Trail, 1:7. 11 Ibid., 1: 348-49. 12 Ibid., 1:351, 385 (map) ;2: 201. The appended map depicts Mahoning Town after 1763. Before that time it is thought to have been one of the Kuskusky group, possibly the town located at present Edinburg, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, or at Youngstown, Ohio. After the French capitulation, in1763, the Iroquoians, or Mingoes, in the town moved farther up the Mahoning than the Salt Lick Town, which was a mile southwest of Niles, Ohio. 350 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER probably into Michigan. He was killed in 1754 on a sailing expedition to find a northwest passage to the Orient. 13 The Trader's Map, though much out of scale and wrongly orient- ed in true direction, does plainly depict two trails emanating from the Tuscarawas Crossing, soon separating, running parallel for fifteen to twenty miles, then describing straight lines, one to the Kuskuskies and the other to Shannopin's Town above the Point at present-day Pittsburgh. No fort or other landmark is shown, indicating that the map was made before the construction of . The trail crossed the Allegheny River at the Shannopin's Town location be- tween Thirty-fourth and Thirty-seventh or Thirty-eighth streets (be- low the Allegheny Arsenal buildings) in the Lawrenceville section of Pittsburgh, 14 then passed over the mountains to what the map identi- fied as "Ray town of Juniata." Like nearly all extremely old maps, freehand-drawn lines connect points. A few miles east of Raystown where Fort Bedford was to be constructed several years in the future, at the place later designated Bloody Run (Everett), the path turned southward on the Warriors' Path that led via Town Creek to Old- town, Maryland, on the Potomac, thence through Virginia to enter the

13 Howard N. Eavenson, "Who Made the Trader's Map'?" PMHB 65 (Oct. 1941) :424. 14 Wallace, Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, 170. Wallace has correctly stated that the trail crossed the Allegheny River to Shannopin's Town. (Before the existence of Fort Duquesne or , there was no reason for it to cross farther down toward the Point at Pittsburgh.) All agree that Shannopin's was at the mouth of Twomile Run. The hollow formed by Two- mile Run may be viewed from the Herron Avenue bridge where the tracks, formerly of the Pennsylvania Railroad and now owned by Conrail, are starting to run below surface level but are about one hundred feet below many streets by the time they reach Liberty Avenue at Thirty-third Street. Twomile Run has been conduited underground, but at Thirty-third Street it curved in a right-angle bend around the foot of the hill, flowing northeastward to the present Thirty-seventh Street, where it again bent abruptly to* the river. The very professionally drafted map by William Darby, showing Pittsburgh as itwas in 1815, was taken to Germany in 1825 by the Duke of Saxe- Weimar Eisenach and there reprinted in1826 in his journal of his travels in America. It was published, under a German caption, in Sarah H. Killikelly,The History of Pittsburgh, Its Rise and Progress (Pittsburgh, 1906), opp. 165, much re- duced and without credit to its author. This evidence from so fine a source makes —the mouth of Twomile Run nearly two and a half miles from the Point but never is a stream designated upon any map as Two-and-a-half mile Run. This would have placed the Indian town upon the peninsula thus formed and occupying the space between present Thirty-fourth and Thirty-seventh streets. All Indian towns, even small villages, covered much ground. This would also indicate that the trailcrossed the Allegheny at the upstream tip of Herr's Island. No contemporary account records the path as crossing the island. The fine map presents evidence of where the mouth of Twomile Run existed before the stream was conduited underground by urban development. The rest is dependent upon contemporary testimony. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 351

North Carolina Cherokee and Catawba country. 15 The date of the map may have been even earlier than Dr. Paul Wallace or Charles A. Hanna supposed, if the evidence implicit in the map itself is to be credited. Itshows the path leading in from the east to the Bloody Run (Everett) intersection, but there was no extension of the southern path north of that intersection, as later happened when the Warriors' Path shifted westward. The Tioga Path from New York ran down the Susquehanna to Shamokin (Sunbury), thence by the Tuscarora Path across to Burnt Cabins and over to Bloody Run, south to Old- town (Thomas Cresap's famous stone house, fort, and trading house) and (via the Potomac fords) on southward through Virginia.16 This map is pertinent to the current project because it illustrates first the thesis of the chronological translocation of the Warriors' paths (exactly what we are concerned with regarding the Great Trail) ; and second that it represents a transitional period when greater pressure was exerted by Virginia planters to settle the back country at the foot of the Blue Ridge. Farther north, settlement west of the Susquehanna was only beginning in the southern portion with the formation of Cumberland County in 1750. Ithas been noted previ- ously that settlement was then only contemplated west of the Susque- hanna in the Buffalo and Bald Eagle valleys with the inception of the officers' association during Bouquet's western campaign in 1764, and the land remained unpurchased from the Indian owners until 1768. The Trader's Map represents the main (Great) trails at the beginning of a transition period, when the emphasis was shifting from the Great Trail of the Indians to the Kuskuskies to the other existing trail (which Christopher Gist followed in 1750-1751). This subse- quently became the Great Trail when traversed by French and British armed forces after, first Fort Duquesne, then Fort Pitt were built, and the Indians' center of power had shifted westward to the Muskingum Valley. The Trader's Map has well demonstrated this interpretation, which the honored original proponent of the Trader's Map seems not to have envisioned. After the British takeover of the Point at Pittsburgh and the 15 The Trader's Map shows the Warriors' Path turning south at Bloody Run and thence down Town Creek to the Potomac at Captain Thomas Cresap's between the South Branch of Potomac and Town Creek. Thence, we have seen that it ran to the Virginia fords and into North Carolina. The best copy of the Trader's Map readily available is that in Howard Eavenson's article, "Who Made the 'Trader's Map'?", 420. Of course this copy is greatly reduced from the original in the Library of Congress Map Collection, which is very clear. Also see Wallace, Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, 180-81. 16 Wallace, Indian Paths of Pennsylvania, 183 (map), 86; William M. Darlington, Christopher Gist's Journals (Pittsburgh, 1893), 30, 86. 352 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER building of Fort Pitt, there was a movement of Indians in the French influence and a more complete exodus of all but the from the Kuskusky towns following Bouquet's victory at Bushy Run in 1763. The Tuscarawas-Kuskuskies Path, heretofore the Great Trail, fell into disuse after it had lost its principal objective destination. There was, however, the other path in existence at the time of the map drawing. It ran eastward from as far west as the Wyandot and Miami towns on the Wabash River (in present Indiana), crossed the Tuscarawas Branch as before and the Beaver Creek (River) at its mouth, passed , and crossed the Allegheny to Shannopin's Town. After the practical abandonment of the Indian towns of the upper Ohio Valley, the importance and the function of the first path shifted to the alternate route, which then assumed the old appellation Great Trail.

The notes pick up at course 183 on Finley's page 13 :

83 N 87 W 110 at the end of 20 p:s Cross: d a run Dirett:n [Direction] to the Left all a Long a Ridge 84 N 78 W 150 all a Long a ri[d]ge to the right &Left Level Low Land from thence Down to a Valley 85 S 78 W 44 a Long a Vally to the right a ridge to Left Level Land 86 S 60 W 152 a Long D:° at the end of 22 p:s Cross: d a run Direct:11 to the Left at the end of 80 p:8 Cross. d a spring near the head runs to Left 87 S 37 W 36 all a Long a Vally a Low ridge to the right 88 S 24 W 58 at the end of 22 p:s Cross/ a run Direct:" to the Left in a Low vally thence assended Low ridges to Each hand but good up Land 17 89 S 80 W 142 all Thro. Good Ridgegs [Ridges] of High Land: at the end of 80 p:s Cross/ a run. it's Direct:" to the Left 90 S 67 W 52 a Long D.° all good Land

17 From the landmark spring at the Old Indian Encampment, it was twenty perches to the crossing of Rough Run. The path then passed over a succession of low hills and small valleys, crossed two small streams, then climbed a hilla quarter of a mile south of the village of Clarkson, and crossed the Clarkson- Sprucevale Road where Leslie Road meets it at an old chapel and cemetery. The path departs from Leslie Road, veering right, and for two miles it encounters a succession of coal-stripped areas, a deep depression, finally climbing a high hill and steeply descending into a narrow valley to cross Route 7 as itemerges from the shadowy defile of Turkeyfoot Run. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 353

91 S 43 W 48 all a Long Thro, good up Land on a ridge 92 S 75 W 46 all a Long D.° thence Down a Desent 93 S 41 W 56 at the end of 38 p:s Cross. d a run its Direct." to the Left then Assended a Steep Hillthence up D.° 94 S 40 W 82 a Long s. d [said] ridge good Land on Each Hand: from thence into Low Bottom 95 S 68 W 118 y.n assended Long Ridge good Land Chiefly thence Down a steep Hill

1302

(14) Courses Per:s Remarks 96 N 60° W 22 Down a Steep Hill: at the end of 20 p:s Cross. d a Durty run at the foot of the Hill 97 S 56 W 30 a Long a Bottom a Low ridge on the right 98 N 67 W 30 to the midle Branch of Little Beaver Creek 18 allThro. Level Bottom 99 N 77 W 70 Thro. s.d Creek at the end of 36 p:s Cross. d a run at 42 to the foot of a steep Hillthence up D.° 200 S 50 W 103 all a Long the level Land on the Top of the hill 201 S 79 W 34 all Thro, good up Land 2 S 63 W 88 all a Long Ridges but very good up land 3 S 82 W 46 all a Long D.° 4 S 80 W 104 all a Long a narrow ridge & a Desent to Each hand but appears to be Good Land on Both sides 5 S 44 W 106 all Long Level good up Land on Each hand 19 6 N 77 W 32 all Thro. Ditto 7 N 41 W 38 all Thro. Ditto

18 Nearly one- tenth of a mile of old road is visible here (before the track of the path crosses Route 7) which may be upon a trace of the old trail. The track crossed the Middle Fork of the LittleBeaver about 160 yards below (south of) the present iron bridge that leads into the Bear HollowRoad, then wound around the point of the hill,crossed the littlerun that issues from the hollow thirty-six perches from the crossing, and forty-two perches farther climbed the steep hill that is the north confine of Bear Hollow. 19 The hills are flat-topped, to the view, for miles. A half mile of coal- stripped rubble obliterates traces of the path, if they existed; then the track passes the old Barnes cemetery, in the extreme southeast corner of Section 34 of Elkrun Township, and immediately crosses the Cream Ridge Road. 354 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

8 N 87 W 88 all a Long a Ridge of good up Land 9 S 75 W 140 at the end of 80 p:s Cross. d a spring runing to the Left & at the end of 120 p:s Cross. d a deep Hollow& High Banks on Each hand all good Land on the ridges on Each side 10 N 80 W 68 at the end of 62 p:s Cross. d a run its Direct." to the Left all on Barren ridge to y:e right & a Low swamp to Left thence up a steep Ridge 11 S 84 W 94 all Thro. D.° 12 S 80 W 40 all Thro. D°

1133

(15) Courses Per:s Remarks 13 S 38 W 34 at the end of 20 p:s Cross. d a run runing to Left all Thro. LittleHills 14 S 79 W 84 all Thro, rich up Land on the right Low Bottom on the Left 15 S 62 W 80 Thro, good Level up Land 16 N 79 W 104 all Thro, rich Bottom & a ridge on Each side at the end of 60 p:s Crossed a run. Direction to the Left 17 S 72 W 34 Thro, rich Bottom Just at the end of this Course Crossed a run at Camp runing to the Left at Camp N:° 7 about 2 miles From Yellow Creek Distant from Fort Pitt: 49 }A miles and 66 Perches 336

(16) Tusday the 9.th [of October] 1764: Left Camp about 2 miles from Yellow Creek & 4914 miles & 66 p:s From Fort Pitt: Camp N:° 7:20

20 Beyond Cream Ridge Road, 1.9 miles over mostly flat-topped hills, withthe crossing of two small valleys near their heads, brings us to the modern Ohio Dual Highway 11. Another .7 milemeasures to the center of Camp No. 7. ROAD, 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S 1764 355

N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 18 N 76 W 52 Thro, good Level Land thro, the Camp to the Left a Low Ridge at 20 p:s y.e Begin.* of the ridge 19 S 70 W 50 Down a small Desent to a Hollow all Level Land 20 S 82 W 34 Thro. Level Land but not very good 21 S 65 W 48 all Thro. Low marsh Ground, full of Grubs and Bramble to a run runing to the Left 22 S 20 W 12 Thro. Thicks to a Gradual rise 23 S 76 W 38 up a small ridge to the Top & vally on Each hand very Low the Hills on Each hand at a good Distce but Low 24 S 82 W 42 all a Long s: d ridge good Level Land 25 S 52 W 66 all a Long a Low ridge of good Land 26 S 23 W 172 all a Long a Low ridge with a Gradual Desent to the end of 100 p:8 from then." in Low Brushey marsh ground 27 S 37 W 62 to the Top of a Brush hill very steep. Cross/ a run at end of 30 p:s run runs to the Left at end of 40 p:s Begin*5 to assend the Hill: to the right a Low Draugh [draw] [unin- telligible, words written over] with a run runing Thro it 28 S 70 W 34 a Long the Top of s: d ridge very Brushey not good Land: a Vally to the right & but 15 p:8 Dist.1

610

Smith (quoting Hutchins) wrote :"Camp No. 7 lies by a small run on the side of a hill, commanding the ground about it, and is distant eleven miles one- quarter and forty-nine perches from the last encampment." Finley's measure- ments agree exactly. See Smith, An Historical Account, 11. The campsite lay on the western side of a valley, a quarter mile from its head, moderately sloping, with a good stream at the foot of the slope. The whole valley has been stripped for coal, so that the stream is no longer in evidence, but at two branches of the valley's head are large ponds evidencing large springs that drain into the rubble and debris, the residue of stripping operations. The upper side of the camp is clear of the rubble and there is a knob terminating the hill, fifty feet higher than the camp and well suited for defense in case of enemy attack. The site is .4 mile northeast of Ohio 45 and the same distance from Roller Coaster Road. For reference, it is two miles northwest of West Point by Route 45 and .4 mile to the right of the road. 356 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

(17) N:° Courses Per: s Remarks 29 S 31 W 38 a Long Level good Land on Each side 30 S 62 W 24 all a Lond [g] Level good Land on Each side 31 S 28 W 58 all a Lond [g] a Little Hollow Little ridges on Each side the Land not very Good. Small Timber 32 S 10 W 80 all a Long side of a Low ridge to the Left a Low Dra[w] at the end of Six p:s Crossed the head of a spring runing to the Left:at the end of this Course a Large Indian Encamp- ment & several In. wrgs. all good up Land a ridge to the Left about 30 p:s Dist at the fork of the road 21 Leading to the shannee Town Indian Ca[m] p 21 Dr. Smith, An Historical Account, 11, repeated verbatim the earlier description by Hutchins of "The Rout from Fort Pitt to Sandusky, and thence to Detroit," thus :"In the forks of the path stand several trees painted by the Indians, in a hieroglyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have been engaged, and the particulars of their success in prisoners and scalps." This description could not have been written in 1764, as Hanna seemed to believe, for the expedition did not return to Fort Pitt until the end of November of that year and did not arrive in Philadelphia until late in De- cember. Rather, it is likely that he wrote it following his long trip to Sandusky, Detroit, Upper Michigan, Green Bay, the Ouiatanon, and the Lower Shawnee towns, returning late in September 1762. There would hardly have been time for Hutchins to have written those road descriptions for Dr. Smith to have used in his compilation of his An Historical Account, Philadelphia edition, published before the end of 1765. Hutchins wrote that, measured retrogressively from the path's crossing of the West Fork of the Little Beaver (he called it YellowCreek), the distance was four miles twenty-seven perches (1,307 perches). On the other hand, Finley's notes herewith recorded (field notes, p. 17, course 33 to course 59, "end of 82 perches," field notes p. 19) add up to 1,424 perches, or Al/2 miles, 10 perches. This distance, scaled carefully upon the topographical map, Gavers quadrangle, locates the site of the forks upon the end of a low spur of a high hillover which runs a high-tension power line. The divider point bisects the center of the power line. Finley's note, course 33, "at the end of 50 p:f Cross. d a small run," scales exactly .15 mileon the map scale and equals exactly 50 perches. A further check upon the location of the forks has been measure- ment upon the map of Finley's total of courses from the center of Camp No. 7, which also checked precisely. This wouldplace the notorious forks of the path in the southeast corner of the northwest quarter of Section 12, of Township No. 13, Range III(Wayne Township, Columbiana County, Ohio). Furthermore, Finley records (course 32) having crossed the head of a spring (six perches from the beginning of course 32), the course of eighty perches, making seventy-four perches to the fork of the road (74 perches= .23125 mile, or .2 mile and 10 perches) which scales exactly upon the topo- graphical map, Gavers quadrangle, before cited. Hutchins evidently traveled directly across the angle of the course cut by Bouquet's army, indicating that the original trail led that way. Bouquet's engineers evidently decided to avoid the very rough and steep terrain within the angle, which in the 1960s has been 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 357

33 S 61 W 58 at the end of 50 p:s Cross. d a small run run- ing to the Left at the foot of a Low ridge y:n assended s.d ridge, good up Land on Each hand 34 S 75 W 114 at the end of 106 p:s Crossed a run runing to the Left at the foot of a ridge y:n Assended the same to s: d run Low Level Land: a small ridge to the right at about 30 p:8 Dist.1 35 N 75 W 40 a Long a ridge of good Land: & Bracks into several LittleLow Hills on Each hand 36 S 67 W 86 a Long good Land Chiefly a ridge thence into a Low hollow 37 S 76 W 54 at the end of 8 p:s Cross: d a run runing to Left on the right good up Land to the Left a Low Hollow & the run in it 38 N 67 W 24 a Long rich Low Land very thicketty 39 N 66 W 14 at the end of 10 p:s Cross. d a run runing into Yellow Creek which at the end of this Course is 2 p:s to the Left thence up Ditto 40 N 45 W 86 at the end of 32 p:s Crossed a run Empian [emptying] into Yellow Creek to the Left about 6 p:s Dist:1 all a Long a rich Bottom up Yellow Creek very near Parralell towards the end about 10 p:s off to the Left 676 coal stripped. There was also marshy land here, and it stillremains so, as the map shows numerous small ponds today. Both records describe the marshy nature of the trail, and the delay of the march by bushes and brambles. The owner of the land contiguous to the Camp No. 8 site informed me, twenty-five years ago, that much of the surrounding land had to be tile drained before farming could be conducted. This, at least, is the track of Bouquet's road as portrayed by John Bever, the renowned deputy surveyor of public lands while they were stillpart of the , upon his meticulously drawn plat map of his sub- division of Wayne Township, Columbiana County, Ohio, dated "the 21st day of September, 1799." This map, aside from its importance to retracing the Tuscarawas Path, illustrates the continuing carryover of the section numbering to the present maps, both topographical and local county maps. While searching the West Fork area in 1957, preparing the Orderly Book of Bouquet's Expedition, Ifound Mr. George Stopper upon the farm in the large bend of the creek where Hutchins depicted upon his map the Indian Town, where my informant had found and exhibited many hundreds of Indian artifacts. He indicated to me where the town must have extended nearly a mile up the trail, in the direction of the forks of the path, and where very many stone implements were found. That would have indicated that the town, or part of it,had moved back from the creek bottom at one time. Itwould agree with Finley's indication that there were remains of such habitation near the forks. 358 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

(18) N:° Courses Per: 5 Remarks 41 S 77 W 50 Thro, a rich Bottom up Yellow Creek at about 80 p:s off to the Left said Bottom very thicketty &Broad 42 S 70 W 100 all a Long a rich Bottom to the Left Low swamp to the right High Level Bottom very wide: the Creek about 60 p:s off to the Left 43 N 86 W 30 at the end of 20 p:s Crossed a Large run runing to the Left all Through rich Bottom Creek 60 p:s Distant 44 N 62 W 136 all a Long a rich Bottom on Both sides to the Left swampey to the right more Dryer Bottom but very wide: the Creek about 100 [p:8] off to the Left 45 N 77 W 48 all Thro. Ditto & same on each hand as be- fore but very Brushy the Creek about 60 p:8 off to the Left 46 S 88 W 22 Thro. D.° & same as before on Each hand 47 S 59 W 38 all a Long a Thicketty Bottom very wide at Each hand 48 S 43 W 24 all a Long a Thicketty Bottom very wide at the end of 18 p:s Crossed a small run runing to the Left 49 S 75 W 38 all a Long Ditto 50 S 60 W 54 all a Long Ditto 51 N 87 W 84 all a Long a very rich Bottom on Each hand at the end of 8 p:s Crossed a myrey run rung to the Left, at the end of 80 p:s Crossed a run Just at the mouth Emping [Emptying] into Yellow Creek at the Camp N.° 822 very Level ground the Creek on the Left

624 22 Some confusion has resulted from Hutchins's having mistaken the West Fork of LittleBeaver Creek for Yellow Creek. Even those serious stu- dents of this expedition who have attacked the problem logically have still strayed from the true path. Hutchins had never explored the intervening region between this five-mile stretch of the West Fork of the LittleBeaver and the Ohio River. He depended explicitly upon Lewis Evans's Map of the Middle British Colonies, 1755. See Lawrence H. Gipson, ed., Lewis Evans (Philadelphia, 1939), map appended to Part Four (a very superior reproduc- 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 359

(19) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks Wensday 10:th of Oct:r 1764 Camp N:° 8: at Yellow Creek - the Distant from Fort Pitt = 56Va miles & 28 p:s to this Camp on the Creeks Bank 52 N 68 W 58 Thro, the Camp up Creek all a Long a rich Bottom 53 N 51 W 32 Thro. Ditto rich Bottom 50 p:s Dist:1 from Creek 54 S 78 W 30 Thro. D.° 55 N 84 W 18 Thro. D.° 56 N 45 W 16 Thro. D.° 57 N 79 W 28 Thro. D.° 58 N 80 W 60 Thro. D.° 59 S 78 W 90 Thro. D.° at the end of 82 p:s Came to Bank of Yellow Creek then Crossed D.° maki[ng] a straight Line from where we start:d at the Camp about 2 p:s wide a good fording runs to the Left 60 N 54 W 24 a Long Level Thicketty up Land 61 N 3 W 32 all a Long Thicketty up Level Land 62 N 21 W 32 all a Long D:° tion; much better than the reproduction of Pownall's copy of it).Evans showed only one fork of the LittleBeaver and did not name Yellow Creek, although he plotted it as having only one branch. Hutchins, in Smith's AnHistorical Ac- count, table of distances, Appendix iv, shows the distance as ten miles be- tween the two creeks ;in Beverly W. Bond, Jr., ed., Courses of the Ohio River Taken by Lt. T. Hutchins, 1766 (Cincinnati, 1942), 21-22, Hutchins measures the distance between the two creeks on the Ohio River at nine miles. Both creeks flow eastward, but their courses, between the former at Bouquet's Camp No. 8 and the latter at Salineville, are just five and one-half miles apart. Hutchins never knew that the West Fork had a third fork, for he depicted the LittleBeaver with only two forks upon his large map accompanying his A Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina. An analytical explanation of this discrepancy has long been due. Hutchins undoubtedly led Finley into the erroneous identification, since Finley was a total stranger to this western country. General Lachlan Mc- Intosh, following Bouquet's track in 1778, knew this creek as the West Fork of the LittleBeaver. See his adjutant Robert McCready's journal in Edward G. Williams, ed., "A Revolutionary Journal and Orderly Book of General Lachlan Mclntosh's Expedition, 1778," WPHM 43 (Mar. 1960) :13. Surveyor General Rufus Putnam's "Map of the State of Ohio" (1804), published in the Ohio Archaeology and Historical Quarterly 5 (1897; hereafter cited as OAHQ) is the first map giving the LittleBeaver Creek three forks. Smith (Hutchins), An Historical Account, 12, says the army marched one mile to the crossing of Yellow Creek (West Fork, LittleBeaver) ;Finley agreed but measured one mileand four perches. 360 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

63 N 39 W 50 all a Long D.° at the end of 38 p:s Cross: d a run runing to the right a Low Ridge on Each hand about 10 p:s Distant 64 N 69 W 100 all thro a valley a High ridge to the Left about 50 p:s Dist.( to the right a Low ridge 65 N 51 W 100 a Long D.° the run Parel:1 about 10 p:s D.f to the Left at the foot of Hills on the right a Low ridge but good up Land 66 N 48 W 102 at the end of 100 p:s Cross: d the afores: d run runing to the right all along this Courses from where we Cross. d this run before the Hillto the Left midlin High to the Right Low ridge but good up Land

772

(20) N:° Courses Per:8 Remarks 67 N 51 W 66 a Long good up Land. Little ridges to Each hand 68 N 45 W 42 all a Long Level up Land to Each hand 69 N 70 W 50 at the end of 40 p:s Crossed a Deep Hollow at the end of this Course Came to the fork23 of the old road, all thro. Level up Land only some Little Low ridges. 70 West 24 all a Long Level upland 71 S 74 W 36 at the end of this Course Crossed a small run runing to the Left this Course along Little Hollow & Low ridges on Each hand 72 S 85 W 140 all a Long Low ridges but good up Land to the right a Low rich Bottom Land at the end of 50 p:s

23 Here, at the end of course 269 (equals two miles, two perches) west of Camp No. 8, or only one mile, two perches beyond the crossing of the West Fork of the LittleBeaver Creek, was this interesting fork of Bouquet's road with the "oldroad." We may conjecture whether here was the branching of the former Great Trailto the Kuskuskies, or whether it represented some local variation of the path followed by Bouquet. There have been undocumented rumors of a possible road fork in the vicinity of Dungannon.— This location is almost exactly two miles southeast of Dungannon the Great Trailpassed only .8 mile south of Dungannon. Finley's survey notes are documentary proof that such a notable spot didexist. Government surveyors' plat map showing the course of the Tuscarawas Path (dotted line, top) through present-day Wayne Township, Columbiana County, Ohio. The map illustrates the sharp angle taken by Bouquet's army in sections 11 and 12 to avoid rough and swampy land. Hutchins originally (in 1762) cut straight across the two sections. On the map also is the crossing of the West Fork of the LittleBeaver in section 8. Lieutenant Bernard Ratzer's large-scale copy of Hutchins's map of the Ohio expedition. The map shows the surveyed line of the plat maps and camps No. 8 through 10 on the route.

'-- -f , ' .;& httfitf j//r .« .r/« / rn.Jft . 4> .^/MurMf Sj.-..** 4*v*t4.'. fe-.JtrtH* . d,ii,$*,'t -t*rt ssfki (j *,.* •\u25a0„-<**•'* This section of the fine "Map of Pittsburg and Adjacent Country, Surveyed by William Darby (in 1815)" was pirated by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach and published in his Journal of Travels in America. The many references to Shannopin's (or Shanoppin's) Town by con- temporary writers place that Indian village at the mouth of Twomile Run on the Allegheny River. Many modern writers have supposed that the mouth of the run was at, or near, Thirty-first Street in Pittsburgh, probably because Twomile Run, emerging at Thirty-third Street, from the hollow, long consigned to the right-of-way of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was conduited underground to the river in the mid-nineteenth century. The dwellers of the "Northern Liberties" in the intervening century and a half have forgotten that the Twomile Run, in early times, circled the point of the hill crossing present Liberty, Penn, and Butler streets to debouche into the river between Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth streets just below the Allegheny Arsenal. The Trader's Map, credited to John Patten (d. 1754), is remarkable for delineating both the earlier and later Great Trails through the Tuscarawas Crossing: the one connecting the Indians' centers of power, Sandusky and the Kuskusky towns; the other through the same Tuscarawas Crossing, through the Forks of the Ohio, via the Raystown Path to Bloody Run (Everett, Pennsylvania) and Town Creek to the Potomac crossing at Oldtown, Maryland, thence to the Cherokee and Catawba country, inNorth Carolina. The western section of this trail became the Great Trail of the white men to Detroit. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUETS ROAD, 1764 361

73 N 74 W 50 at the end of 34 p:s Cross: d a run runing to the Left in a rich Hollow: then rising rich up Land 74 S 60 W 38 a Long a rich ridge, very Low the Land good 75 N 85 W 56 at the end of 50 p:s Cross. d a run runing to the Left thence up a rising ground all the former 50 p:s thro Deep mirey Low Bottom 76 N 70 W 44 all thro: rich thicketty Bottom & Level on Each side 77 S 87 W 22 Thro. Ditto 78 N 76 W 42 at the end of 6 p:s Cross: d a run runing to the right all rich thicketty Land 79 N 82 W 32 all Thro. D:° 80 S 87 W 38 all up a small [rise, deleted] ridges & good up Land 81 S 76 W 32 a Long a Bushy ridge but good up Land

712

(21) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 82 N 72 W 50 all good Land, a Low ridge to the right hand Low to the Left 83 S 57 W 12 a Long Ditto a very Brushey ridge 84 S 80 W 78 a Long a Desent to a run runing to the Left in a Hollow then assended a ridge near the end of the Course 85 S 72 W 46 allon a good rising [ridge, deleted] Ground 86 S 80 W 56 all a Long side of a rich ridge a Low ridge to the Left a Low Hollow 87 N 56 W 54 at the end of 14 p:s Cross: d run runing to the Left the run in a Low Hollow y:n up a ridge of good Land runing south 88 N 86 W 38 a Long ridges of good Land: one to the Left & a Low one to right 89 S 67 W 64 at the end of 34 p:s a run in a Deep hollow runing to the Left y:n a Long a ridg[e] 90 N 82 W 20 a Long side of a ridge to the right & a Hollow to the Left & a very High ridge also about 40 p:s Dist.( a run at foot of said ridge 91 N 63 W 70 at the end of 68 p:s Cross: d a run runing to 362 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

the Left, a ridge of Low good Land to the right to the Left a Hollow 92 N 84 W 102 a Long a Good vaMy & good ridges very Low on Each hand 93 N 80 W 98 all a Long a rich Hollow, & a ridge on Each hand good up Land 94 S 58 W 76 all Good up Land on a Low ridge Level on Each hand 95 N 71 W 80 all on Level good up Land on a Low ridge about 120 p:s on Each hand appears very Level Good Low Land 96 S 74 W 98 all a Long a Low ridge of good up Land to the Camp to the right a Long this Course Low Land to the right of the Camp N:° 9:24 a rising hill

942

(22) N:° Courses Per: 8 Thirsday the ll:th of Oct:r 1764 Left Camp Number 9: Being Good Level Land Distance from Fort Pitt 62V2 miles & 62 p:s 97 N 85 W 52 a Long side of a Low ridge about 10 p:s to right a s[t]eep Presipes about 8 p:s to the Left a small spring 98 N 67 W 28 to the right Long Land at the foot of a ridge & to the Left Low Land 99 N 66 W 59 a Long a Low ridge of good Low Land to Each hand 300 S 81 W 50 a Long Level good Land on a Low ridge

24 Samuel Finley recorded a total of 2,420 perches (7^ miles and 26 perches) to Camp No. 9, a difference of 120 perches from the Smith (Hutchins) computation of 2,300 perches, which has the appearance of an estimate. Either location would be on the headsprings of Willard Run. Finley's position seems more exact. The site would be in the southeast quarter of Section 5, Carroll County, at the intersection of Marble Road with the Mechanicville Road, otherwise Apollo Road and Berry Road (county routes 12 and 31, to form 12). Itlies on gently sloping ground, fine farmland, with a small pond marking the existence of a good freshwater spring and a small brook circling the lower end of the area where the advanced-guard path would have been, all draining to the headwaters of Willard Run of the Little Beaver. From this point all the waters drain to Sandy Creek on the Tuscarawas. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET*S ROAD, 1764 363

1 S 57 W 92 to where the old road 25 Came in at the [end] of 54 p:s all Level Land a Long Low ridge of Level good Land 2 N 84 W 100 a Long a Low ridge of good Land rising to the right Level to y.e Left 3 S 75 W 128 at the end of 76 p.s Came to an old Camp- ing Place a Spring rising to the right about 30 p:s runs west by Low Land to Each side & a Long a Low ridge at the end of this Course the ridge runs North & south but Low & good Land 4 S 76 W 60 a Long a Low ridge to the right Desent to the Left a rise in the ridge 5 N 74 W 48 all a Long a Low ridge good Land a Desent to each hand 6 N 46 W 78 all a Long a Low ridge to the right y:n Desent about 100 p:s Dist:ce Level to the Left this ridge runs N.W. & S.E. 7 N 80 W 40 a Long a Low ridge a Desent to Each hand 8 N 44 W 52 the same as the Last 9 N 66 W 76 a Long a Low Ridge a Desent to Each hand Clear of under wood only. Dead trees faulen [fallen] a small spring to the right about 10 p:s at the end of this Course

863

(23) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 10 N 72 W 164 a Long a Low ridge a Desent to the right & Left at about 50 p:s this ridge Clear of under wood 11 S 72 W 60 at the end of this Course a spur to the right & another to the Left

25 See note 23 above. This would be another fork of the road Bouquet's army was cutting. The location is exactly mile and 3 perches beyond (west of) Camp No. 9. The location is only about five miles west of Dungannon. It is questionable as to which of these road forks, or junctions with old roads, is the one of tradition. The many paths, trails, and forks evoke a query as to how there can be so many deponents of the existence in the dim past of a "trackless wilderness." 364 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

12 N 86 W 106 a Long a ridge of faulen Timber the spurs Gradually from right to Left at about 30 p:8 Dist:e to Each hand a Desent at the end of this Course very thicketty 13 N 56 W 56 a Long a Level on a Low ridge a riseing ridge to Each hand 14 West 98 a Long a small Hollow, a Low ridge on Each hand at the end of this Course Came to a Narrow hollow all a Long this Course very fullof Free ston[e] a good Greet [grit] for Grindstones 15 N 83 W 60 all up a Hill this Course to the Top of D:° thence a Long D:° 16 N 74 W 60 a Long Top of s. d ridge to the Left a spurs, to the right about 20 p:s a Steep Desent: to Differant ridges 17 N 88 W 46 all a Long D:° & ridges & spurs to Each hand 18 N 85 W 74 all a Long D:° &spurs to Both right & Left 19 N 59 W 44 a Long Ditto ridges to Each hand from thence Down a Desent & Crosses a Deep Hollow to a Nother ridge about 40 p:s 20 N 60 W 50 a Cross the Hollow afore s:d ridge: the spurs off to Each hand 21 S 83 W 170 all a Long a ridge very wide & Level good up Land, at bout 15 p:s Dist:1 a Hollow to the right; to the Left ridges 22 S 55 W 84 all Down a Graduall Desent this Course at the end in a Hollow a ridge on Each Hand the ridges runs S: W: & N: E: Chiefly 23 S 70 W 36 at the end of 30 p:8 the remander a Long side of a Hill to the right to the Left a Hollow: thence up a Hill 24 N 71 W 64 all up a Ridge to the Top: thence Dow[n] a Desent ridges on Each hand: Good up Land 25 N 84 W 68 all Down a Desent Till the Head of a Hollow where a Spring rises: Ridges on Each hand, but good up Land

1240 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 365

(24) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 26 N 87 W 48 Down a rich Bottom & a ridge on Each hand 27 S 64 W 54 at the end of 44 p:8 Cross: d a run runing to the Left we [went] Down a rich Hollow, a ridge on Each hand of Good Land all a Long a rich Bottom at the foot of a ridge to the right to the Left a run & a ridge at a small Distance from the run at the end of this Course Came to a Large Spring at the head [of] a Long Bottom to the Left from Said Spring from thence up a Hollow between two ridges Just a Cross a spring near the head runing to the Left all a Long a Hollow a ridge on Each side this Course Parell to this spring up a Hollow between Two ridges good up Land at the end of 20 p.-s Came to the Top of a Ridge the rest to a Hollow between 2 ridges all a Long a stoney Valley & Till the Top of a ridge To the right a Large Valley of good Land; to the Left a small Valley & a ridge about 40 p:s Distance all a Long the Top of a narrow High ridge & a Vally on Each hand of good Land at the end of 40 p:s a spur on Each hand at the end of this Course Came to the foot [of] a steep Hill26

26 It is difficultto retrace this part of the original path's track, for it wanders between the two counties of Columbiana and Carroll. Marble Road followed the old Tuscarawas Path for four miles from the Camp No. 9 site until it ended in Lippincott Road at the Quaker Church and cemetery on the county line, half in each county also upon the section line. The track of the path cut cross-lots to the Ridge Road, entering Columbiana County Section 34, and made a wide semicircle around a small round knob, took a shortcut of a mile across Section 33, joined Ridge Road at the beginning of Section 32, before passing out of that section at its southwest corner and back into Carroll County at the northeast corner of Section 6, Augusta Township. Here a significant decision seems to have been made by the captain of the guides in conjunction with the engineers, and probably by Bouquet him- self. The path evidently descended into the deep valley, having several springs, one especially fine, draining into the run tributary to the Still Fork of Sandy Creek. The road today passes that way,circling the point of the high hill and knob overlooking the old Robbinson farm and farmhouse at the point of 366 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS OCTOBER

35 S 68 W 38 Thro, a rich Bottom very wide to the right to the Left a High ridge 36 S 49 W 68 Thro. Ditto & the Hill on the Left about 45 p:s Dist 37 S 42 W 48 all a Long a rich valley on the Left the a High ridge [deleted] To the right a very Wide Bottom

736

(25) N:° Courses Per: 8 Remarks 38 S 37° W 32 all a Long a rich Level Bottom on Both sides 39 S 55 W 42 all a Long D:° 40 S 65 W 40 all a Long a rich mirey Bottom; at the end of 34 p:s Cross d a run runing to the Left: a Large Bottom on Each side 41 S 29 W 18 at the end of 10 p:s Came to the Creek side y.n Down all a Long to the fording 8 p:s 42 S 84 W 22 at the Begin.* of this Course Cross/ a Larg[e] Creek 3 p:s wide all thro. Low rich Bottom runing to the Left Being the first Large Branch of the waters of Moscinggom at a small Distance then c Down by D:° a steep Hill to the South side of said Creek 43 S 60 W 40 all thro rich Bottom but swamppy 44 S 40 W 102 all to the Left rich Bottom & the Creek about 30 p:s Dist:e at the foot of a High ridge to the right Low Level Land free from Large Timber the turn. Ridge Road turns again at its fork with Walker Road, reversing direction to climb the opposite lofty ridge on the way to Minerva. This deep and narrow valley, while inviting because of its relatively easy grades, was viewed as a trap for an army in enemy country. Its narrow confines were on all sides overlooked. The distance around the hillwas only a half mile, and the climb over the knob was a 15 percent grade, but it was worth the effort. An army encumbered by nearly fifteen hundred horses and three or four hundred other animals all huddled into a narrow valley under the fire of a merciless foe would suffer a complete disaster and annihilation. There was a small re- entering draw in the face of the hill, which offered a foothold and an easier access. Over the ridge and descent on the other side there was another spring, then, swinging up the sidehill climb in another half mile, on the top of the ridge is seen the fine marker at the entrance to the Great Trail Country Club. 1983 A SURVEY OF BOUQUET'S ROAD, 1764 367

45 S 49 W 30 a Long D:° the Creek to the Left about 20 p:8 at foot [of] a hill 46 N 87 W 38 a Long D.° the Creek about 10 p:s to the Left Level to the right 47 S 75 W 35 a Long Ditto the Creek about 4 p:8 to the Left at the foot of a Steep Hill 48 N 70 W 22 the Creek about 6 p:s to the Left & a Large Plain to the right 49 N 59 W 42 to the Camp 27 the Creek about 20 p:s to the Left at the foot of a steep Hill to the Left, a Large Body of Level Land & very good this Camp on Level Land with P[l]enty of Timber & food

463 a Large Body of Level Thicketty Land free from Large Timber for near half a mile to the right

[To be continued]

27 The historical marker set at the entrance to the Great Trail Country Club golf course is in perfect line with the old path and is directly opposite to a well-preserved section of the original path through a large piece of woodland. One is able to tread more than a half mile of the original Tuscarawas Path stillundisturbed by modern urban development. Deputy Sur- veyor General John Bever's plat map of his subdivision, inOctober 1801, of Township 16, Range VI (Brown Township), Carroll County, Ohio, shows the "Tuskarawa Path" entering Section 1 ten chains (forty perches) from its northeast corner, skirting the high hill that bounds the South View residential subdivision of Minerva, and crossing Sandy Creek just ten chains above (north of) the confluence of the Still Fork with the main creek. From that crossing, Finley computes a total of one mile eleven perches to the center of Camp No. 10. Following the western side of the creek at twenty to thirty perches, once at only four perches, distance, he entered camp at 110 yards distance from the creek, which occasions Ohio Highway 183 to pass through the site. 368

IN COMMEMORATION

GIFT

IN MEMORY OF

MRS. ANNA MAE BARTLY

FROM

Butler Area Junior High School

IN COMMEMORATION

GIFT

IN MEMORY OF

ANNA JONES

AND

GEORGE V. MOORE

FROM

Mrs. S. W. Stouffer