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Universidade De São Paulo Escola De Comunicações E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Comunicação Ben-Hur D UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE COMUNICAÇÕES E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO BEN-HUR DEMENECK JORNALISMO TRANSNACIONAL: PRÁTICA, MÉTODO E CONCEITO SÃO PAULO 2016 BEN-HUR DEMENECK JORNALISMO TRANSNACIONAL: PRÁTICA, MÉTODO E CONCEITO Tese de doutoramento apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo como etapa obrigatória para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação. Trabalho vinculado ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação a partir da Área de Concentração II (Estudos dos Meios e da Produção Mediática) e da Linha de Pesquisa Informação e Mediações nas Práticas Sociais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eugênio Bucci. SÃO PAULO 2016 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Nome: DEMENECK, Ben-Hur. Título do trabalho: Jornalismo transnacional: prática, método e conceito. Tese de doutoramento apresentada à Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo como etapa obrigatória para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências da Comunicação. Trabalho vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação a partir da área de concentração II (Estudos dos Meios e da Produção Mediática) e da linha de pesquisa Informação e Mediações nas Práticas Sociais. Aprovado em ______________ BANCA EXAMINADORA 1) Prof. Dr. Eugênio Bucci (orientador) Instituição: ECA – USP Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: __________________________ 2) Prof. Dra. Dulcília Buitoni Instituição: FCL (Cásper Líbero) Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: __________________________ 3) Prof. Dr. Marcelo Chami Rollemberg Instituição: UNIFIEO – Osasco Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: __________________________ 4) Prof. Dr. Vitor Blotta Instituição: ECA / NEV – USP Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: __________________________ 5) Prof. Dr. Paulo Nassar Instituição: ECA – USP Julgamento: ____________________ Assinatura: __________________________ Para Tina e Rubia. Eu agradeço: À Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) por financiar meus estudos de doutoramento. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo e à Biblioteca da ECA pelo incentivo e suporte à pesquisa. Ao professor orientador Eugênio Bucci por sua busca constante pela perfeição textual e por fazer do conhecimento um instrumento de transformação pública. À banca de qualificação, que reuniu os professores Carlos Eduardo Lins da Silva e Vitor Blotta. À professora Alice Mitika Koshiyama por sua acolhida à minha vida uspiana. Às entidades Abraji (Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo) e SBPJor (Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Jornalismo). Aos colegas do grupo de trabalho Ethics for Society and Communication da IAMCR (International Association for Media and Communication Research), do qual participo desde o encontro de 2015. Meus cumprimentos especiais para María Teresa Nicolas e Elvira García de Torres. Agradeço também a: Marina Ruivo, Hein Leonard Bowles, Gustavo Scheffer, Ismael de Freitas, Elioenai Padilha, Almir Nabozny, André Rosa e Helcio Kovaleski por serem, em algum momento, parceiros de leitura. À Mara da Multiofício por imprimir os exemplares desta tese. A essas pessoas agradeço pelos méritos desta pesquisa. As lacunas e eventuais deslizes, eu os assumo com o comprometimento de, diante da crítica, compensá-los com muito trabalho, tendo por objetivo lançá-la a público para contribuir com as ideias em circulação em meu país e continente. “Novos mundos ao mundo irão mostrando.” Camões, Os Lusíadas, Canto II - 45 “O sentido da vida é cruzar fronteiras.” (Ryszard Kapuściński, El País, 23/4/2006). RESUMO DEMENECK, Ben-Hur. Jornalismo transnacional: prática, método e conceito. 2016. Tese (Doutorado). Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Comunicações e Artes, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciências da Comunicação. PPGCOM/ECA-USP. São Paulo, 2016. O jornalismo transnacional (in. cross border journalism; es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser) ganhou visibilidade nos anos 2010 a partir de séries como o OffshoreLeaks e o SwissLeaks, por estabelecer uma rede de investigação colaborativa entre equipes de diferentes países em torno de temas de relevância continental ou mundial, que normalmente envolvem estratagemas nas finanças internacionais com fins ilícitos. Tais séries jornalísticas são o ponto de partida desta tese, sendo contextualizadas com a renovação dos marcos do jornalismo profissional, que inclui o jornalismo pós-industrial (ANDERSON, BELL&SHIRKY, 2013), o qual coincide com uma “improvável época de ouro do jornalismo investigativo” (LEWIS, 2009). Procura-se, na presente pesquisa, mapear um território de pioneiros dessa prática de imprensa, que atrai jornalistas veteranos e interessa até às redações clássicas. A partir das constatações do crescimento dessa prática, esta tese procura refletir sobre essa tendência e identificar nela fundamentos de um método, ainda que não plenamente consolidado. E de tal método extrair elementos para um conceito, cuja prática expõe as assimetrias da globalização e se projeta numa “sociedade civil global” (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003). Praticado por jornalistas investigativos como David Kaplan e jornalistas-pesquisadoras como a dinamarquesa Brigitte Alfter (2015) e a chilena Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), o jornalismo transnacional se beneficia do saber acumulado pelo “jornalismo de dados” e pelo “jornalismo sem fins lucrativos”, o que estimula uma cultura não competitiva entre redações, fortalece empreendimentos não corporativos e dá abertura a uma estimulante discussão sobre identidade profissional. No campo teórico, esta tese investiga se essa nova fronteira profissional da imprensa subsidia de fato a emergência de uma opinião pública global de caráter generalista na medida em que abre um horizonte multifacetado e plural para o conceito de objetividade jornalística (agora entendida como transparência), e na medida em que incorpora valores de uma “ética de jornalismo global” (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010). Palavras-Chave: Jornalismo transnacional; Jornalismo pós-industrial; ICIJ (International Consortium of Investigative Journalists); Estudo de caso; Método jornalístico; Objetividade jornalística; Sociedade civil global; SwissLeaks; Redação Não Comercial (RNC). ABSTRACT The cross border journalism (es. periodismo transfronteirizo; din. journalistik over grænser; pt. jornalismo transnacional) gained visibility in the years 2010 from series like OffshoreLeaks and SwissLeaks, by establishing a network of collaborative reporting between teams from different countries around issues of continental or global relevance, which usually involves stratagems in international finances for illicit purposes. These journalistic series are the starting point of this thesis, and they are contextualized with the renovation of the milestones of professional journalism, including the post-industrial journalism (ANDERSON, BELL & SHIRKY, 2013) and its coincidence with an “unlikely golden era of investigative journalism” (LEWIS, 2009). The research tries to report this territory of pioneers of this new practice from press, which attracts veteran journalists and interests even the classic newsrooms. From the factual findings, this thesis aims to reflect on this trend identifying foundations of a method, although not fully consolidated, and tries to extract therefrom the elements of a concept, and relating its practice to an emergent “global civil society” (IANNI, 1996; KALDOR, 2003) and exposing the asymmetries of globalization. Practiced by investigative journalists like David Kaplan and journalists-researchers as the Danish Brigitte Alfter (2015) and the Chilean Florencia Melgar Hourcade (2015), the transnational method takes benefit from the accumulated knowledge by the “data journalism” and the “nonprofit journalism” and can stimulates a non-competitive culture among newsrooms. This journalism strengthens non-corporate enterprises and gives opening to a stimulating discussion about professional identity. In theory, this thesis investigates if this new professional frontier of press subsidizes indeed the emergence of a global public opinion in a “generalist” character as it opens to journalistic field a multifaceted and plural horizon to objectivity (now understood as transparency), and as it incorporates values from a “global journalism ethics” (WARD, 2005, 2008, 2010). Key words: Cross border journalism; Post-industrial journalism; ICIJ (International Consortium of Investigative Journalists); Case Study; Journalistic method; Journalistic objectivity; Global civil society; SwissLeaks; Non- Commercial Newsroom (NCN) RESUMEN El periodismo transfronteirizo (in. cross border journalism; din. journalistik over grænser; pt. jornalismo transnacional) ha ganado visibilidad en los años 2010 a partir de series como OffshoreLeaks y SwissLeaks, mediante el establecimiento de una red de investigación en colaboración entre equipos de diferentes países en torno a temas de relevancia continental o mundial, que por lo general implican estratagemas en las finanzas internacionales para fines ilícitos. Estas series periodísticas son el punto de partida de esta tesis, contextualizada con la renovación de los puntos de referencia del periodismo profesional, incluyendo el periodismo post-industrial (ANDERSON, BELL & SHIRKY, 2013), lo cual coincide con una “poco probable era dorada del periodismo de investigación” (LEWIS, 2009). Esta investigación busca dibujar
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