DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Affecting Land Allocation to Saffron and Its Expansion in Marand County, Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Affecting Land Allocation to Saffron and Its Expansion in Marand County, Iran International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development (IJAMAD) Available online on: www.ijamad.iaurasht.ac.ir ISSN: 2159-5852 (Print) ISSN:2159-5860 (Online) Factors Affecting Land Allocation to Saffron and its Ex pansion in Marand County, Iran Kolsoum Azizi Mizab 1 and Azadeh Falsafian 2* Received: 25 January 2016, urrently, water, as the most limiting factor in production, Accepted: 27 April 2016 determines the priority of planting in different areas of ICran. Saffron is one of the good candidates for drought conditions since it has high economic value and low water requirements that can help with sustainable development. By identifying the factors influencing the decision on saffron cultivation and its expansion, appropriate policies can be implemented to improve the planting of this crop. Marand, located in East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, is one of the areas where farmers have started to . 7 1 grow saffron in recent years. The allocation of 68 hectares of 0 2 agricultural land to this crop has turned the county into the hub e n u J t of saffron production in the northwest of the country. This , c 3 7 a study investigated the factors affecting the decision on saffron 2 r - t 7 6 s cultivation and its development in Marand. To this end, a total 2 b , ) A of 140 farmers from two groups of saffron growers and non- 2 ( 7 saffron growers were chosen, and the Heckman’s two-step pro - , t n cedure was then employed. The results of estimating the first e m p o step of the Heckman procedure showed that age, familiarity l e v with saffron growing, attending saffron training courses, the e D number of extension courses, marketing status, and profit status d n a of saffron all had a positive effect on the decision on growing t n e saffron. Moreover, the results of estimating the linear pattern of m e g the second phase corroborated the view that the farmer’s a n a education level, the total area under agricultural and horticultural M l Keywords: a cultivation, as well as features of agricultural land had a positive r u t Heckman’s two-step proce - l impact, and access to water resources had a negative effect on u c dure, land allocation, Marand, i r saffron the cultivation area of saffron. g A f o l a n r u o J l a n o i t a n r 1 e t MSc. in Agricultural Management, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran n 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Management, Extension and Education, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad I University, Tabriz, Iran * Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] 267 Factors Affecting Land Allocation ... / Azizi Mizab and Falsafian INTRODUCTION equating these two groups of factors and per - Due to the climatic conditions of Iran where ceiving the farmers’ decision as a one-step pro - water is a major factor limiting agricultural de - cedure can lead to failure to identify the factors velopment, it seems necessary to change the leading some farmers to abandon growing this planting pattern toward the crops that have low crop and may also result in the lack of access to water requirements. It is more helpful to achieve the actual behavior of producers and erroneous sustainable development in Iran. Among crops, conclusions. In addition, they may finally lead saffron is a plant with little expectation of high to incorrect policy recommendations. In such economic efficiency, because it needs water circumstances, one should use a model to when the other crops do not demand water or, evaluate and identify important factors that at least, are not facing the water shortage. could make this distinction and offer reliable Marand is one of the counties of East Azerbaijan results. Given this, in this study, Heckman’s that has the p otential to grow saffron due to its two-step procedure was used in which the model moderate-to-cool temperate climate. The county was broken into Logit and regression models started planting this crop in 1996, and every year, for determination and differentiation of factors the area under the cultivation of this commercialized in each stage of the decision to cultivate saffron valuable product that can bring foreign income and decision to increase the area under saffron so that it reached 68 hectares in Marand in 2014 cultivation in Marand. The results of this research (Marand Agriculture Department, 2014) . Due can be useful in identifying saffron producers’ to good soil and mild climate, saffron bulbs of real behavior and increasing the efficiency of Marand are of high quality, and the county is policies taken to develop saffron cultivation. one of the important centers of saffron bulbs in Many studies have been carried out to identify Northwester Iran. Given saffron's potential to factors affecting the acceptance and development . 7 1 bring exchange as well as its features such as of the cultivation area crops and the use of the 0 2 e high medicinal and spice value, ease of mainte - models with limited dependent variables in a n u J nance and transportation, and most importantly, variety of topics. This section reviews the method - , 3 7 2 the talent of the Marand region to produce high- ology and results of some of these studies . - 7 6 quality saffron, it is imperative to consider its Wekesa et al. (2003) first investigated factors 2 , ) 2 planting and development. affecting the adoption of cultivation of the im - ( 7 , t In this regard, we should be addressed from proved varieties of maize, including access to n e two different aspects: one is increasing the cash, access to credit, and attending training m p o l number of saffron farmers and examining the classes using the Logit model. Then, Tobit e v e factors affecting the farmers’ determination to model was estimated to review the adoption of D d n cultivate saffron, and the other one is increasing the chemical fertilizers where the results showed a t n the saffron cultivation area and studying the that, in addition to the factors mentioned above, e m e factors affecting the development of the area on variables such as the farm size, off-farm income, g a n the farmers' side. This issue is important, because age, and education level of the farmer were a M l the factors affecting farmers' decisions to produce also effective in the adoption of the agricultural a r u t a certain crop do not necessarily match the fertilizers. Bergtold et al. (2012) studied man - l u c i factors that determine the cultivation area of agement and demographic factors affecting the r g A the crop, but can be two different sets of profitability of winter cover crops (clover) in f o l variables. In other words, the decision to allocate America using the Logit model. The results in - a n r u land for saffron cultivation is done in two stages dicated that the high loan rate, high sales, con - o J l by producers: In the first step, the question is servation tillage, and the use of nitrogen for a n o i whether or not to allocate the land to the culti - cover crops had positive impacts, and the years t a n r vation of saffron and the second step addresses of agriculture, farm size, and the high cost of e t n I the decision on the size of the area under culti - the cover crop had negative effects on the prof - vation. Salami and Einollahi (2001) argue that itability of the cover crop. Keil et al. (2009) ex - 268 Factors Affecting Land Allocation ... / Azizi Mizab and Falsafian amined the factors influencing the allocation of level, credits, and receiving loans did not have land to corn and concluded that land’s being a significant impact on the adoption of olive mountain terrain or being under rice cultivation, growing. Hayati et al. (2010) utilized Heckman’s literacy, wealth, gender and ethnicity of the two-step procedure to examine the factors af - farmer as well as the proximity to the road fecting willingness to pay by visitors of Elgoli were some factors affecting households to al - and Mashrouteh Parks in Tabriz, Iran. The locate land to corn. In a study on identifying results of the estimated Probit Model showed the factors underpinning the development of that monthly income, family size, gender, satis - sugar beet cultivation in Khorasan Province, faction with social security, and the number of Iran , Salami and Einollahi (2001) used the Tobit visits to the park during the year were among model and cross-sectional data to analyze various the factors affecting willingness to pay, and in economic, social, and technological factors af - the second stage, age, education, duration of fecting the changes of the cultivation of sugar each visit, and education level affected willingness beet cropping pattern in Khorasan Province. to pay. Bakhshi (2011) used the Tobit and Heck - According to the findings of this study, factors man’s two-step procedures to identify the eco - such as the grade of the product in the previous nomic, individual, and social factors influencing year, distance of the field to the sugar plant, the adoption and development of canola crops crop insurance, agricultural machines, the ratio in Tabriz and Marand. The results showed that of the cultivated land to total area, the ratio of the level of education, the loan amount, the income from the cultivation of sugar beet to actual price of canola, the relative share of farm total income, and the interaction of education income in total income and the relative profit of and the relative profitability of the product are canola had a positive and cost of machinery, among the most important determinants of sugar farm t o road distance and the number of land .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter Four Introduction to The
    CHAPTER FOUR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY AREA 4.1 Introduction This chapter provides a general picture of socio-economic life in the four villages selected for the case study. All four villages are located in Northwestern Iran and, in terms of administrative divisions, belong to the Central District of the county of Marand. To give a general picture of the area where the sample villages are located, the present chapter begins with an overview of the socio-economic features of the county of Marand. This discussion is followed by a brief review of the villages' spatial context. Two types of data are used to describe and explain demographic changes in the sample villages. Changes in the size and structure of the population during the 2.5 years from 1966 till 1991 come from census data. Iran has experienced a massive and historically unprecedented movement of people from rural to urban centres over the past few decades (Kazemi 1980; Ayremlo 1984a; Hesamian, Etemad and Haery 1934; Hosseinzadeh 1992; Lahsaeizadeh, 1993b). In the context of the study area, this will be demonstrated by using data from the field survey. Infrastructure and provision of services will also be discussed to show the extent of the availability of needed services for residents on the one hand and the diversity among sample villages in terms of access on the other. This part of the chapter is based on field observations and data colleci:ed from interviews with local informed people. The final section of the Chapter concludes the discussion. 4.2 Study area in administrative divisions The four villages selected for the study of socio-economic changes are situated in the Dowlat Abad Subdistrict of the county of Marand in the province of Eastern 76 Azarbaijan (Map 4.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices for Selection Of
    GholinezhadAvailable E. online: et al / Not www.notulaebotanicae.ro Bot Horti Agrobo, 2014, 42(1):187-201 Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not Bot Horti Agrobo , 2014, 42(1):187-201 Evaluation of Drought Tolerance Indices for Selection of Confectionery Sunflower ( Helianthus anuus L.) Landraces under Various Environmental Conditions Esmaeil GHOLINEZHAD 1*, Reza DARVISHZADEH 2, Iraj BERNOUSI 2 1Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran; [email protected] (*corresponding author) 2Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In order to study the response of 56 landraces of confectionery sunflower to drought stress, an experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Agricultural Research Center of West-Azerbaijan in 2012-2013 cropping seasons. The genotypes were evaluated in three separated rectangular 7 × 8 lattice design with two replications in three irrigation treatments including optimum irrigation, moderate stress and sever stress where irrigation was done after depletion of 50%, 70% and 90% of available water, respectively. Nine drought tolerance indices including mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HARM), stress non-stress production index (SNPI), yield index (YI), drought resistance index (DI), modified stress tolerance index in optimum irrigation (M PSTI), and modified stress tolerance index in moderate and severe stress (M sSTI) were calculated based on grain yield under well-watered (Y P), moderate drought stress (Y S-mild) and severe drought stress (Y S-severe) conditions. Grain yield in well-watered (YP), mild and severe stress conditions was significantly and positively correlated with MP, STI, GMP, HARM, SNPI, YI, DI, M PSTI and M SSTI.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyses of Meteorological Drought and Its Impacts on Groundwater
    Pamukkale Univ Muh Bilim Derg, 25(6), 711-717, 2019 Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences Analyses of meteorological drought and its impacts on groundwater fluctuations, a case study: Marand Plain (Iran) Meteorolojik kuraklık analizi ve yeraltı suyu değişimleri üzerindeki etkileri, Marand Ovası (Iran) örneği Behnam KHORRAMI1*, Orhan GUNDUZ2 1Department of Geographic Information Systems, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. [email protected] 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. [email protected] Received/Geliş Tarihi: 21.08.2018, Accepted/Kabul Tarihi: 14.01.2019 doi: 10.5505/pajes.2019.63600 * Corresponding author/Yazışılan Yazar Research Article/Araştırma Makalesi Abstract Öz Meteorological drought is one specific type of drought that occurs when Meteorolojik kuraklık, spesifik bir kuraklık türü olarak, bir bölgede precipitation is less than the long-term averages in a particular area. yağışın uzun vadeli ortalamalardan daha az olması durumunda ortaya One of the hazardous impacts of this phenomenon observed on çıkmaktadır. Yeraltı sularında gözlemlenen bu olayın tehlikeli subsurface waters is the decline of water level in response to droughts. etkilerinden biri, kuraklıklara tepki olarak su seviyesinin düşmesidir. Bu In this study, the climatic and groundwater data were used to analyze çalışmada, iklimsel ve yeraltı suyu verileri, aralarındaki muhtemel their trends in Marand plain, NW Iran, over the past decades to ilişkiyi anlamak için son yıllarda kuzeybatı İran’da Marand ovasında understand the likely relationship between them. To this, groundwater yer alan eğilimlerini analiz etmek için kullanılmıştır.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Self-Immolation in the North-West of Iran
    EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SELF-IMMOLATION IN THE NORTH-WEST OF IRAN Dastgiri S1, Kalankesh LR2, Pourafkary N3 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health ,and National Public Health Management Centre (NPMC)1, Department of Medical Records2 and Department of Psychiatry3, Tabriz, Iran Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the incidence, time trend, influencing factors and survival of self-immolation in the North-West of Iran. Methods: In this research, medical records of ninety eight cases who attempted suicide by self- immolation between 1998 and 2003 were studied. Data collected included age, weight, sex, marital status, date of burn, length of stay in the hospital, body surface burned (in percent), external cause of death, psychiatric diagnosis of patients, and outcome. Incidence rates and descriptive statistics were calculated to document the epidemiological features of the self- immolation in the region. Survival rates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method to assess the survival pattern of the suicide by self-immolation. Results: The mean age of subjects was 27 years (range: 11-68 years). The female / male ratio was 3.3. Most of the cases were married (55 percent). There was an increasing trend in the incidence rate of self-immolation from 1998 (1.48 per 1000,000 population, CI95%: 0.2-2.8) to 2003 (7.7 per 1000,000 population, CI95%: 4.8-10.5). Two and five weeks survival rates for suicide by self-immolation were 25 percent (CI 95%: 16-34) and 15 (CI 95%: 6-24), respectively. Conclusion: Availability of family mental health centers, easy access to emergency services, and psycho-educational programmes to high-risk groups (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Republic of Iran As Affected Country Party
    United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification Performance Review and Assessment of Implementation System Fifth reporting cycle, 2014-2015 leg Report from Islamic Republic of Iran as affected country Party July 25, 2014 Contents I. Performance indicators A. Operational objective 1: Advocacy, awareness raising and education Indicator CONS-O-1 Indicator CONS-O-3 Indicator CONS-O-4 B. Operational objective 2: Policy framework Indicator CONS-O-5 Indicator CONS-O-7 C. Operational objective 3: Science, technology and knowledge Indicator CONS-O-8 Indicator CONS-O-10 D. Operational objective 4: Capacity-building Indicator CONS-O-13 E. Operational objective 5: Financing and technology transfer Indicator CONS-O-14 Indicator CONS-O-16 Indicator CONS-O-18 II. Financial flows Unified Financial Annex III. Additional information IV. Submission Islamic Republic of Iran 2/225 Performance indicators Operational objective 1: Advocacy, awareness raising and education Number and size of information events organized on the subject of desertification, land degradation CONS-O-1 and drought (DLDD) and/or DLDD synergies with climate change and biodiversity, and audience reached by media addressing DLDD and DLDD synergies Percentage of population informed about DLDD and/or DLDD synergies 30 % 2018 Global target with climate change and biodiversity National contribution Percentage of national population informed about DLDD and/or DLDD 2011 to the global target synergies with climate change and biodiversity 27 2013 2015 2017 2019 % Year Voluntary national Percentage
    [Show full text]
  • Article Raphignathoid Mite Fauna of Fields and Orchards of Marand
    Persian Journal of Acarology, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 57−76 Article Raphignathoid mite fauna of fields and orchards of Marand (Northwestern Iran) with two new records from Iran and six new records for East Azerbaijan province Reza Navaei-Bonab1, Mohammad Bagheri2 & Elham Zarei2 1 Young Researchers Club, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azerbaijan province, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; [email protected] Key Words: Acari, new records, Iran, Raphignathoidea, Marand, fields and orchards Abstract A study of the raphignathoid mite fauna of fields and orchards in Marand, Northwestern Iran, revealed two new species for the mite fauna of Iran, namely: Eustigmaeus ioaniensis Kapaxidi & Papadoulis, 1999 and Agistemus industani Gonzalez-Roodrigez, 1965 and six species for mites new for the fauna of East Azerbaijan province and eight species new for the mite fauna of Marand. Stigmaeidae with 13 species and Barbutiidae and Camerobiidae with one species each had the highest and the lowest number of identified species, respectively. A key to the Iranian families and genera of Raphignathoidea are included. Introduction The Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877 comprises a large cosmopolitan group of families, which are found in various ecosystems: foliage, branches, trunks, moss and lichen, litter, soil, animal nests, stored products, and even in house dust. The majority of the raphignathoid mites are free-living predators but a few are phytophagous, feeding on moss, and some species are parasites or symbionts of insects (Doğan, 2006). Amongst the predators, some are important biological control agents of spider mites, eriophyid mites, and scale insects in agriculture and forestry (Gerson & Smiley, 1990; Walter & Gerson, 1998; Fan & Zhang, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabia Iraq
    40°0’0"E 42°30’0"E 45°0’0"E 47°30’0"E Yalnizbag Gasankend Sovetlyar Chakhar Gëkharli Te rc a n Anitli Balik Golu Suveren DZHERMUK Martuni Moranly Cayirli Hacibekir Eleskirt Eleskirtcilikân Karaköse Igdir Ararat Ararat Kyarki Vayots Dzor Gndevaz Pichanis Nagorno-karabakh Bejladjan Imamverdili Vtoroye Erzincan ERZINCAN Tepsicik Ahura Ger-Ger Saatly Sädäräk Malishka Armenia Zhdanovsk AkhmedliChakhirly Areni Ghai-kend Borisovka Minkend Armenia Bozoglak Alpkoy Pencirikkomu Te km a n Karayazi Tasliçay Golyuzu Golu Soylan Shusha Farsabad Frunze Tanyeri Günesgören Girberan AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Latchin Imichli Öztürkân Azatek Azizbekov Kargin Magara Haciomer Ilich Dyg Kemah Erzincan Caglayan Gokoglan Tutak Almalu Angekhakot Sisian AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Ordzhonikidze Bilesuvar Agri Diyadin Charchibogan Bartsruni Karacan Dogubayazit Zarkatun Kirovka Pulumur Erzurum Cherur Goris Aslanduz Novograzhdanovka Eskigedik Kasikli Karaseyidali Kagnili Khandek Fizuli Chalmeh Sürbahan Bazargan Pus’yan Karabaglar Chakhbuz Tazagyukh Syunik Goradiz Eleskirt Babash Kandi Pushkino Agalykend Ovacik Balpayam Aktuzla Pirzeynel Sust Dzhagry Kargapazar Qendeal Shakhtakhty Shakhbuz Dastakert Tatev Kubatly Bilesevar Hinis Binpinar Maku Kubatly Moradlu Tazakend Sowf’ali Arafsa Djebrail Larijan Balkiri Karaoglan Holik Bileci Baglarpinari Çatma Bebek ArmeniaArmenia Caylar Patnos Vodokhranilishche Gidrouzla Araks Khanlyk Soltanly Djalilabad Novogolovka Nazimiye Karliova Bayro Tujipazar Alikeykhaly Var to Malazgirt Bayazitaga Dash Feshel Nakhichevan’ Djulfa Shabadin Kafan Tunceli
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Water Table Decline on the Groundwater Quality in Marand Plain, Northwest Iran
    Iranian Int. J. Sci. 6(1), 2005, p.47-60 The Effects of Water Table Decline on the Groundwater Quality in Marand Plain, Northwest Iran G.R. Lashkaripour1, A. Asghari-Moghaddam2, M. Allaf-Najib2 1 Department of Geology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. 2 Department of Geology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. (received: 12/1/2005 ; accepted:11/3/2005) Abstract Marand plain, a part of the Caspian Sea catchment, stretching over an area of about 820 km2, in northwestern part of Iran is considered as a semi-arid zone. It has gained substantial importance because of agricultural prosperity and population density. Almost all water consumption needs are met from groundwater resources. In the last decades, rapid population growth coupled with agricultural expansion has significantly increased demand on groundwater resources. Large increases in water demand with little recharge have strained Marand groundwater resources resulting in declines in water levels and deterioration of groundwater quality in the major parts of the plain. It's worth mentioning that the paramount cause of sharp drop in the groundwater table in the recent years is conclusively attributed to pumping out of well water which confirmedly exceeds the level of the natural recharge. As a result, the average water level, for instance, has dropped from 1179.9 m to 1168.2 m during the years from 1982 to 2000. The prime objective of this research is to study and examine the groundwater decline and its effect on the quality of groundwater in the Marand aquifer for the said period. Keywords: aquifer, decline, groundwater, Iran, quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Socioeconomic Characteristics of Eastern Azerbaijan, Marand and Sample Households
    Appendix 1: Socioeconomic Characteristics of Eastern Azerbaijan, Marand and Sample Households Table A1.1 Number of students enrolled in Azerbaijan, 1987 Number Per cent Primary 590 672 72.6 Secondary 150 071 18.4 High school 64 220 7.9 Technical and professional 8 799 1.1 Total 813 762 100.0 Source: Plan and Budget Organisation of Eastern Azerbaijan (1990, 1993). Table A1.2 Fall in the rural population of Azerbaijan, by township, 1976–86 (per cent) Change in rural 1976 1986 population 1976–86 Sarab 85.0 75.1 –9.9 Aahar 89.2 79.5 –9.7 Miyaneh 81.9 72.9 –9.0 Marand 67.3 60.2 –7.1 Tabriz 33.4 26.6 –6.8 Hasht rude 96.1 90.7 –5.4 Maragheh 60.7 57.0 –3.7 Source: Plan and Budget Organisation of Eastern Ajerbaijan (1995). 172 Socioeconomic Charateristics 173 Table A1.3 Number of towns and communities, Marand, 1996 Number of communities District/country Area (km2) Residential Non-residential Total Central district (Marand) 3.814 112 21 133 County districts 3308.8 112 21 133 Bonab 373.1 10 1 11 Duwlat Abad 193.8 10 0 10 North Mishab 370.0 15 1 16 Koshsarayh 583.1 21 1 22 Zolbianin 379.4 15 9 24 Zonuozagh 355.6 6 2 8 Eastern Harazand 305.0 11 0 11 Western Harazand 285.0 13 1 14 Yekanat 463.8 11 6 17 Central district (Jolfa) 825.5 55 15 70 County districts 1591.2 55 15 70 Irsi 190.6 6 1 7 Shojah 471.9 16 8 24 Western Dizmar 353.7 6 0 6 Nojeh Mehr 375.6 22 4 26 Daran 199.4 5 2 7 Source: Plan and Budget Organisation of Eastern Azerbaijan (1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory & Diagnosis
    Laboratory & Diagnosis Official Journal of Iranian Association of Clinical Laboratory Doctors Supplement Issue for IQC 17 Editorial Board Members: Dr. Kamaledine. Bagheri, DCLS Dr. Saeed Mahdavi, DCLS Dr. Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari, DCLS, PhD Dr. Ali Sadeghitabar, DCLS Dr. Mohammad Ghasem Eslami, DCLS Dr. Mohammad Sahebalzamani, DCLS Dr. S. Mohammad Hasan Hashemimadani, DCLS Dr. Narges Salajegheh, DCLS Executive Board Members: Ali Adibzadeh Sara Tondro Sedigheh Jalili Azam Jalili Mohammad Kazemi Leyla Pourdehghan Maryam Fazli Marzieh Moradi Mehrnosh shokrollahzadeh Layout by: Navid Ghahremani Circulation: 1000 copies Address: 1414734711, No.29, Ardeshir Alley, Hashtbehesht S t., Golha Square, Fatemi Ave, Tehran – Iran Telefax: (+98 21) 88970700 Laboratory & Diagnosis Vol. 10, No 42, Supplement Issue Message of Congress Chairman Dr. Mohammad Sahebalzamani DCLS In the Name of God We are planning to hold the 12th International Congress and 17th National Congress on Quality Improvement of Clinical Laboratory Services on 21-23 April 2019. We have tried to invite prominent national and international scientists and experts to take part in the event and present their scientific theories in order to ensure the improvement of congress’ quality. Congress authorities are going to provide the participants with a peaceful, friendly and jolly environment, together with scientific initiatives, as the outcome of scientific research of the congress. Modern researches of clinical sciences are in the course of rapid development and our country has a significant role in this venture. Hence, the authorities have to make a fundamental planning in order to increase enthusiasms and motivations of this large and educated s tratum. We mus t not isolate the scientific elements, scientists and skilled and experienced experts by performing incorrect activities and mus t avoid emptying out the scientific channels by superficial approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr
    UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/4/33/Add.1 20 March 2007 Original: ENGLISH / FRENCH / SPANISH Human Rights Council Fourth session Agenda item 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 60/251 OF 15 MARCH 2006 ENTITLED “HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL” Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak Addendum Summary of information, including individual cases, transmitted * to Governments and replies received * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.07-12041 A/HRC/4/33/Add.1 Page 2 Contents Paragraphs Page Summary of allegations transmitted and replies received…….…… 1-341 1 Introduction………….………………………………………..…… 1-5 4 Mandate abbreviations………………………………………..…… 6 Algeria……………………………………………………………... 1-4 8 Argentina.………...………………………………………….…..… 5 11 Azerbaijan......................................................................................... 6-7 13 Bahamas…………..……………………………………………..… 8 16 Bahrain…………………………………………………………..… 9 17 Bangladesh……………………………………………………...…. 10-13 19 Belarus………………………………………………………...…… 14-16 26 Bhutan……………......…………………………………………..... 17 34 Burundi……...…………………………………………………..…. 18-20 35 Cambodia.................……………………………………………..… 21-22 38 Cameroon………………………………………………………..… 23 39 Chad....…………………………………………………………..… 24 40 Chile…………………………………………………………..…… 25-27 41 China………………………………………………………..……... 28-47
    [Show full text]
  • Les Gymnopleurini D'iran (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
    Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 116 (4), 2011 : 405-419. Les Gymnopleurini d'Iran (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) par Olivier M ONTREUIL Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205, Entomologie, C. P. 50, 57 rue Cuvier, F – 75231 Paris cedex 05 <[email protected]> Résumé . – Une clé de l'ensemble des espèces paléarctiques du genre Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803, dont G. qurosh n. sp. d'Asie mineure, et intégrant toutes les espèces présentes sur le territoire iranien, est donnée. Gymnopleurus mimus n. stat., est élevé au rang d'espèce alors que Gymnopleurus flagellatus hornei Waterhouse, 1890, n. stat., Gymnopleurus flagellatus serratus Fischer, 1821, n. stat., Gymnopleurus flagellatus calignosus Balthasar, 1934, n. stat., et Gymnopleurus flagellatus asperatus Motschulsky, 1849, n. stat., sont reconsidérés avec le rang de sous-espèces. La répartition des espèces du genre Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803, présentes en Iran est précisée. Summary . – The Gymnopleurini of Iran (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). A key to the Palearctic species of the genus Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803, including the Middle East species G. qurosh n. sp., is provided. Gymnopleurus mimus n. stat., is considered as valid species whereas Gymnopleurus flagellatus hornei Waterhouse, 1890, n. stat., Gymnopleurus flagellatus serratus Fischer, 1821, n. stat., Gymnopleurus flagellatus calignosus Balthasar, 1934, n. stat., and Gymnopleurus flagellatus asperatus Motschulsky, 1849, n. stat., are considered with subspecies rank. The distribution of the Iranian species of this genus is precised. Keywords . – Palaearctic region, Middle-East, Gymnopleurus , taxonomy, new species, new status, geographic distribution, identification key. _________________ Les Scarabaeidae coprophages de la tribu des Gymnopleurini Lacordaire, 1856, constituent un groupe d'un peu plus d'une centaine d'espèces réparties en quatre genres (C AMBEFORT , 1991) ou sous-genres (J ANSSENS , 1940 ; BALTHASAR , 1963 ; KRAJCIK , 2006) de Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803.
    [Show full text]