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INVENTARIZACIJA FAUNE ŠTETNIH SOVICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) NACIONALNOG PARKA “FRUŠKA GORA” UVOD – Introduction

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INVENTARIZACIJA FAUNE ŠTETNIH SOVICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) NACIONALNOG PARKA “FRUŠKA GORA” UVOD – Introduction PRETHODNO PRIOPĆENJE – PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION Šumarski list br. 11–12, CXXXV (2011), 585-593 UDK 630* 453 INVENTARIZACIJA FAUNE ŠTETNIH SOVICA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) NACIONALNOG PARKA “FRUŠKA GORA” NOCTUID PEST SPECIES INVENTORY (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) OF THE NATIONAL PARK “FRUŠKA GORA” Dejan STOJANOVIĆ1, Srećko ĆURČIĆ2, Saša ORLOVIĆ3, Zoran GALIĆ3 SAŽETAK: U radu je dan prikaz 55 vrsta iz porodice sovica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) potencijalno štetnih u šumarstvu, utvrđenih u fauni leptira Nacio- nalnog parka “Fruška gora”. Za svaku utvrđenu vrstu sovice dani su podaci o mjestu i datumu prvog nalaza, razdoblju rojenja, biljkama domaćinima i uče- stalosti pojave. U Nacionalnom parku “Fruška gora” tijekom sedmogodiš- njeg istraživanja (2002–2008) na većem broju opažačkih postaja prikupljani su podaci s terena, korišteni u sustavu dijagnostičko-prognostičke službe za eventualno poduzimanje mjera zaštite šuma. Niti jedna od utvrđenih vrsta so- vica nije samostalno tijekom istraživanja imala takav intenzitet pojave da bi nanijela vidljive štete svojim biljkama domaćinima u zaštićenim šumskim bio- cenozama Nacionalnog parka “Fruška gora”. Ključne riječi: Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, štetne sovice, Nacionalni park “Fruška gora” UVOD – Introduction U svijetu je poznato oko 38 000 vrsta sovica (Noc- đena brojnost imaga sovica u šumskim ekosustavima pri tuidae) (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005). Europska fauna kontinuiranom monitoringu u kvalitativnom i kvantita- sovica broji 1 250 vrsta (Karsholt & Razowski, tivnom smislu ove grupe Lepidoptera, ukazuje na njihovu 1996), iako pojedini autori navode 1 450 vrsta (Fibi- veliku važnost zbog izražene štetnosti koju uzrokuje liči- ger, 1990, 1993, 1997). Poznato je da svojte Noctuoi- nački stadij defolijacijom (Čamprag & Jovanić, dea i Geometroidea, iako dvije izrazito raznorodne 2005; Đorović, 1980). Također, važano je i njihovo linije makrolepidoptera, zajedno čine oko polovicu svih značenje u smislu održive ishrane različitih vrsta preda- vrsta Lepidoptera (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005). U Sr- tora koji konzumiraju sovice u stadiju adulta, ličinke i biji je poznato 565 vrsta sovica (Stojanović & Ćur- ostalim stadijima, a dio su pripadajućih šumskih zajed- čić, 2011; Stojanović i dr. 2011). nica (Đorović, 1980; Pešić, 2011). Istraženost porodice Noctuidae, inače najbrojnije od Srbija, kao zemlja koja je ratificirala i pristupila svih makrolepidoptera, u zemljama Balkanskog poluo- Konvenciji o bioraznolikosti, dužna je djelovati na toka (osim dijelom u Bugarskoj i Grčkoj) vrlo je oskudna. očuvanju biološke raznovrsnosti na svojim prostorima. Inventarizacija još nije temeljito provedena, faunistički Za ispunjenje toga cilja moraju se prvo izraditi popisne popisi su nepotpuni, a njihova uloga u šumskim ekosusta- liste i sastav vrsta, odrediti njihove međusobne interak- vima je nedovoljno poznata. Razvidno je da visoka utvr- cije, ali i načela njihove održivosti i zaštite. Nacionalni parkovi kao najreprezentativnija zaštićena prirodna 1 Mr. sc. Dejan Stojanović, JP Nacionalni park “Fruška gora”, 21208 Sremska Kamenica, Srbija, dobra jedne zemlje, imaju zadaću ispuniti sve postav- e-mail: [email protected] ljene obveze. 2 Dr. sc. Srećko Ćurčić, Institut za zoologiju, Biološki fakultet, Za ispunjenje zahtjeva nadzora štetnika i zaštite Sveučilište u Beogradu, 11000 Beograd, Srbija, e-mail: [email protected] šuma, postavljenih pred dijagnozno-prognoznu službu u 3 Dr. sc. Saša Orlović, Institut za nizijsko šumarstvo i životnu Hrvatskoj je sedamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća sredinu, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija uspostavljen veći broj (17) nadzornih točaka radi kon- 3 Dr. sc. Zoran Galić, Institut za nizijsko šumarstvo i životnu sredinu, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija trole brojnosti i trajanja leta važnijih štetnih makrolepi- 585 D. Stojanović, S. Ćurčić, S. Orlović, Z. Galić: INVENTARIZACIJA FAUNE ŠTETNIH SOVICA ... Šumarski list br. 11–12, CXXXV (2011), 585-593 doptera s istaknutim naglaskom na šumske vrste sovica kretanja populacija štetnih kukaca u zaštićenim šum- (Kovačević & Franjević-Oštrc, 1978). Gotovo skim biocenozama. istodobno i po istim načelima u Srbiji se obavlja inven- U šumama listača sovice se pojavljuju uvijek u kom- tarizacija i istraživanja na mnogim lokacijama, od kojih binaciji s najvažnjim defolijatorima poput gubara (Ly- je jedna i u Nacionalnom parku “Fruška gora” u mjestu mantria dispar L.), kukavičjeg suznika (Malacosoma Paragovo (Vasić & Jodal, 1976; Đorović, 1980; neustria L.) te mnogobrojnim štetnim leptirima iz poro- Vulević, 1988). U submediteranskom području Ma- dice savijača (Tortricidae). Što se baš samih sovica tiče, ke donije također se obavljaju istraživanja hrastovih de- zabilježene su samostalne gradacije sljedećih vrsta: folijatora iz reda Lepidoptera (Donevski, 1977, Orthosia populeti (Fabricius, 1775) na topoli, O. munda 1982). Rezultati svih ovih istraživanja jasno ilustriraju (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) na topoli i vrbi i kvalitativne i kvantitativne odnose i sastav važnijih štet- Nycteola asiatica (Krulikovsky, 1904) na topoli. nih makrolepidoptera na istraživanim lokalitetima. Poz- Poznate su masovne pojave pojedinih sovica, a pose- navanje faune makrolepidoptera nekog područja i njene bno: Pseudoips prasinana (Linnaeus, 1758) često na populacijske dinamike ima višestruko značenje, kako za bukvi, Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) čije su upoznavanje cjelokupne slike stanja faune i rješavanja gradacije zabilježene na topoli, Dicycla oo (Lin- mnogih entomoloških i zoogeografskih pitanja, tako i za naeus, 1758) vrlo česta na hrastu, Moma alpium (Os- učinkovitiju provedbu mjera neposredne zaštite u šu- beck, 1778) u gradacijama u šumama donjeg Srema, marskoj praksi kada su u pitanju štetne vrste i kalamiteti Acronicta rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758) često na vrbi i koje mogu uzrokovati, a sve u kontekstu šumarske dija- topoli i Minucia lunaris (Denis & Schiffermül- gnostičko-prognozne službe (Kovačević, 1968; K o - ler, 1775) kao jedna od najčešćih sovica na hrastu vačević & Franjević-Oštrc, 1978; Kranjčev, (Vasi, 1981; Čamprag & Jovanić, 2005). Panolis 1981). Sve navedeno osobito vrijedi i u zaštićenim pri- flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), bo- rodnim dobrima u kojima se sa šumama gospodari. rova sovica, poznati je štetnik u europskim šumama Porodici sovica posebna je pozornost posvećena u (Hartmann i dr. 2007). specijaliziranoj literaturi koja obrađuje metodologiju i Cilj sedmogodišnjih istraživanja bio je izvršiti in- načela dijagnostičko-prognozne službe, i već je pred ventarizaciju potencijalno štetnih vrsta sovica koje žive 30-ak godina u opširnom tekstu detaljno navedeno kako na šumskom drveću i hrane se lišćem u šumskim bioce- provoditi metode kontrole gustoće populacije i pro- nozama Nacionalnog parka “Fruška gora”. Podaci pri- gnozu dinamike populacije brojnih, šumarski značajnih kazani u ovome radu mogu ukazati na potencijal vrsta sovica (Vasić, 1981). Naznaka je dominantno mogućih prenamnoženja evidentiranih vrsta ili grupa u stav ljena na veliko značenje sovica u sinergiji s ostalim okviru porodice i čitavog reda leptira. Ovako dobiveni defolijatorima sklonima prenamnoženju, ali i potenci- podaci vrlo su važni za unapređenje strategije zaštite jalnim gradacijama u kojima mogu sovice i samostalno šumskih ekosustava u objektima zaštićene prirode od sudjelovati. Izvještajna i dijagnostičko-prognozna slu- mogućih gradacija štetnika, odnosno potencijalnih žba zaštite šuma prati dinamiku populacije onih vrsta šteta uslijed njihova prenamnoženja. Dobiveni podaci sovica koje su u prošlosti prouzročile štetu i daje pro- u okviru permanentnog monitoringa mogu ukazivati na gnozu pojave tih vrsta, kako bi se blagovremeno uočilo trend rasta ili opadanja, učestalost sastava pojedinih povećanje brojnosti i na vrijeme počelo s obavljanjem vrsta, te posljedično mogućih izazvanih šteta. preventivnih mjera u cilju sprječavanja prenamnoženja. Dobiveni postotak štetnih vrsta u odnosu na ukupan Prema planu upravljanja od 2011–2020. godine, Na- broj vrsta sovica u Nacionalnom parku “Fruška gora” cionalni park “Fruška gora” je kao jedan od najvažnijih uspoređen je sa postotkom ovih vrsta dobivenim prije zadataka u poglavlju “Prioritetni ciljevi, mjere i aktiv- 30-ak godina u Spačvanskim šumama Hrvatske (K o - nosti na zaštiti, održavanju, praćenju stanja i unapređe- vačević & Franjević-Oštrc, 1978) udaljenim tri- nju prirodnih i stvorenih vrednosti” naložio praćenje desetak kilometara zapadno od područja Fruške gore. MATERIJALI I METODE RADA – Materials and methods U razdoblju od 2002. do 2008. godine sakupljana su kama, kao i vinskim klopkama (Stojanović i dr. imaga sovica uz pomoć svjetlosne klopke (živine lampe 2006a; Stojanović, 2009). Učestalost javljanja pro- “TEŽ WTF” od 250 W i “Philips Ml” od 100, 160, 250 i cjenjivana je bez izlovljavanja i usmrćivanja svih 400 W, kao i petromaks lampe od 400 W), iza koje je primjeraka. U odnosu na preporuke usmjerene na nein- postavljeno bijelo pamučno platno. Manji broj priku- vazivne tehnike monitoringa (Kranjčev, 1981) nije pljenih imaga sakupljen je na uličnim svjetiljkama ili na korištena automatika-mrtvolovka, već je istraživač svo cvijeću tijekom noći osvjetljavanjem jakim baterijskim vrijeme uz izvore svjetla obavljao selekciju pri prikup - lampama (Kranjčev, 1981). Jedan broj primjeraka lja nju, analizirao vrste i registrirao sustav svog osvje- sovica sakupljan je modificiranim Malaiseovim klop- tljenog prostora u obvezi i suglasnosti sa zaštitom 586 D. Stojanović, S. Ćurčić, S. Orlović, Z. Galić: INVENTARIZACIJA
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