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Date Privind Fauna De Macrolepidoptere a JudeUlui Hunedoara (România)

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Date Privind Fauna De Macrolepidoptere a Jude�Ului Hunedoara (România) Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. Oltenia. Studii i comunicri. tiinele Naturii. Vol. XXII/2006 ISSN 1454-6914 DATE PRIVIND FAUNA DE MACROLEPIDOPTERE A JUDEULUI HUNEDOARA (ROMÂNIA) DATA ABOUT THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA FAUNA OF HUNEDOARA COUNTY (ROMANIA) SILVIA BURNAZ Abstract 912 species of Macrolepidoptera (S. ord. Heterocera and S. ord. Rhopalocera) were recorded until present, from the natural ecosystems of Hunedoara County (Romania). Mountainous zones like Retezat Mts., Parâng Mts., ureanului Mts. (Southern Carpathians), Metaliferi Mts., Poiana Rusc Mts. (Western Carpathians), depressionary zones (Hunedoara, C;lan, Petroani, Brad) and the valley of the principal rivers of Hunedoara County (Mure, Strei, Ortie) were especially carried out. Personal researches in different types of habitats were acccumulated with data published by great entomologists of our country: L. DIÓSZEGHY, FR. KÖNIG, L. RÁKOSY. Some rare species like: Spiris striata, Noctua interposita, Cryphia muralis, Ochropleura musiva, Heteropterus morpheus, Coscinia cribraria pannonica, Xestia castanea, Orthostixis cribraria, Colias chrysotheme, Colias myrmidone, Polymixis rufocincta (1ureanului Mts.), Schistostege decussata, Polyphaenis sericata, Lamprosticta culta, Prodotis stolida, Eublema purpurina, Zerynthia polyxena (Metaliferi Mts.), Neozephyrus quercus, Chazara briseis (Poiana Rusc Mts.) are presented. Protected species in European Union and identified in Hunedoara County are: Euphydryas aurinia, Euphydryas maturna partiensis, Maculinea arion and Lycaena helle. Keywords: Macrolepidoptera, fauna, Hunedoara County, Romania Cuvinte cheie: Macrolepidoptera, fauna, judeul Hunedoara, România INTRODUCERE Regiunile naturale ale judeului Hunedoara, mai ales cele montane, au fost intens cercetate din punct de vedere floristic i faunistic înc din secolul al XIX-lea. Din acest inut au fost semnalate numeroase specii importante din punct de vedere tiinific i biogeografic. În ce privete lepidopterele, primele informaii, care se constituie în acelai timp ca fiind primele date publicate referitoare la fauna de lepidoptere din România, sunt datorate lui JOSEF FRANZENAU, fost inspector la minele auro-argentifere de la Scrâmb, o localitate minier din Munii Metaliferi. Acesta, în timpul liber, împreun cu elevii de la colile miniere din localitate, a colectat un bogat material lepidopterologic atât din Scrâmb cât i din zonele calcaroase din împrejurimi. Listele speciilor identificate la Scrâmb au fost publicate de FUSS (1850, 1852) i FRANZENAU (1852, 1856, 1859) în revista tiinific a Societii Ardelene de tiine din Sibiu. Catalogul coleciei lui Franzenau a fost publicat de HERMANN (1871) în anuarul tiinific al Muzeului ardelean din Cluj (Erdely Museum). Cel mai cercetat masiv este îns cel al Retezatului, din ecosistemele cruia au fost identificai în total pân în prezent, 680 de taxoni, prin cercetrile lepidopterologilor LADISLAU DIÓSZEGHY (1917, 1929-1930, 1933-1934), FREDERIC KÖNIG (1969, 1983), LASZLÓ RÁKOSY (1993, 1997). Unele zone cum sunt Dealurile Devei, împrejurimile Hunedoarei, Cheile Mada (Munii Metaliferi), Cheile Jieului (Munii Parâng), Bazinul vii Cernei (Munii Poiana Rusc) au fost cercetate ocazional de Adriano Ostrogovich (POPESCU-GORJ 1964), ALEXINSCHI & KÖNIG (1963), FOTESCU (1972 a, 1972 b), RÁKOSY (1995). Ulterior, BURNAZ SILVIA (1992, 1993 a, 1993 b, 1994 a, 1994 b, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005 a, 2005 b), BURNAZ SILVIA & BALAZS MARCELA 2002 au efectuat cercetri sistematice în ecosisteme naturale ale Munilor Metaliferi, Poiana Rusc, ureanului, Depresiunii Haegului, Culoarul Mureului, Culoarul Streiului. Investigaiile naturalitilor menionai au evideniat bogia i diversitatea faunei de lepidoptere din ecosistemele naturale ale judeului Hunedoara. Specii rare i endemite carpatice au fost semnalate de-a lungul anilor din mai toate zonele montane i depresionare ale inutului hunedorean, i în special din Munii Retezat, ureanului i Parâng. MATERIAL I METODE DE CERCETARE Cercetrile personale au fost efectuate în diferite habitate naturale ale judeului Hunedoara, atât din zonele de es i colinare cât i în cele montane i subalpine. Pentru capturarea lepidopterelor nocturne au fost utilizate instalaXii electrice cu becuri de 125 i 250 W. Lepidopterele diurne precum i speciile cu comportament diurn de zbor din familiile Arctiidae, Geometridae, Noctuidae au fost colectate cu ajutorul fileului entomologic. Colectrile au fost efectuate, între lunile martie-noiembrie ale fiecrui an, în diferite tipuri de habitate, de la pajitile higrofile din luncile Mureului, Streiului, Ortiei, la cele xerotermofile din regiunile calcaroase ale Metaliferilor, ureanului sau Retezatului. Formaiunile arborescente (quercete, carpino-fgete, fgete, molidiuri, fgeto-brdete, fgeto-molidiuri), ariniurile din bazinele principalele râuri ale judeului precum i asociaiile arbustive i liziera pdurilor au fost de 206 SILVIA BURNAZ asemenea cercetate. O atenie deosebit a fost acordat cunoaterii faunei de macrolepidoptere din rezervaiile naturale ale judeului Hunedoara, între acestea numrându-se M;gurile Scrâmbului, Cheile Mada, Cheile Ribicioarei i Uibretiului, Cheile Crciuneti (Munii Metaliferi), Pdurea Bejan (Deva), Dealul Cetii Deva, Pdurea Slivu (Haeg), Mlatina de la Peteana (Depresiunea Haeg), Fânaele cu narcise de la Nucoara (Slau de Sus- Depresiunea Haeg), Stâncriile de la Ohaba de sub Piatr (Depresiunea Haeg), Cheile Cernei (Munii Poiana Rusc), i altele. Rezultatele cercetrilor personale au fost cumulate cu cele ale altor naturaliti care au studiat fauna de lepidoptere a judeului Hunedoara (L. DIÓSZEGHY, FR. KÖNIG, L. RÁKOSY, etc). REZULTATE I DISCUII Fluturii, ca i alte insecte sunt integrai în diferite tipuri de ecosisteme. Unele specii, ubicviste, cu valene ecologice mari, sunt rspândite atât în regiunile de es, colinare cât i la altitudini de peste 2000 m. Ele pot exista în mai multe tipuri de biocenoze. Alte specii pot exista în mai multe ecosisteme dar prefer un anumit habitat caracteristic unui anumit ecosistem, fiind legate fie de planta gazd a larvelor fie de condiiile climatice locale. Astfel, chiar stânc;riile din etajele subalpin-alpine pot constitui habitate pentru fluturi dac ele constituie suportul pentru asociaXii vegetale de care sunt legate trofic larvele. Paji2tile subalpine i alpine, bogate în plante cu flori, a cror perioad de antez corespunde cu maxima dezvoltare a adulilor, sunt locurile preferate de speciile genurilor Erebia. Pdurile dense, mai ales molidiurile, nu sunt ospitaliere pentru fluturi dar poienile, luminiurile i liziera pdurilor constituie habitate preferate de numeroase specii de lepidoptere. Mlatinile, turbriile dar i vegetaia din jurul apelor stttoare constituie medii de via optime pentru specii higrofile i mezohigrofile. Habitatele xerice, mai ales stâncriile din zonele calcaroase sunt habitatele preferate de numeroase specii xerotermofile, termofile. Diversitatea mare de plante dicotiledonate i graminee care caracterizeaz pajitile colinare i montane ofer condiii prielnice, în special de hran, pentru larvele i adulii speciilor de macrolepidoptere. Un mediu cu o bogat; diversitate specific este reprezentat de ariniele colinare i montane, în penumbra crora se dezvolt; numeroase plante înalte, cu flori bogate în nectar - principala surs de hran a majoritii lepidopterelor diurne. În general, ocurena local a speciilor de lepidoptere este condiionat nu numai de planta gazd a larvelor dar i de climatul local (microclimatul), de structura vegetaiei, în special de prezena asociaiilor vegetale bogate în plante nectarifere necesare hranei adulilor. Studiul macrolepidopterelor din judeul Hunedoara a fost realizat în 19 tipuri de ecosisteme naturale, distribuite la diferite altitudini în unitile montane, depresionare i vile râurilor: - pajiti mezofile colinare - pajiti xerotermofile colinare - pajiti higrofile colinare - pajiti mezofile montane - pajiti mezofile subalpine - pajiti higrofile subalpine - pajiti mezoxerofile subalpine - stâncrii colinar-montane cu vegetaie mezofil i xerotermofil - stâncrii subalpine - asociaii arbustive i liziera p;durilor de foioase colinar-montane - quercete - fgete - pduri de amestec (fgeto-brdete; fgeto-molidiuri) - molidiuri - tufriuri alpine - pduri de lunc; colinare (ariniuri, slcete) - pduri de lunc; montane (ariniuri) - mlatini mezotrofe colinare - stufriuri i ppuriuri 1. Pajiti mezofile colinare Sunt edificate de fitocenoze aparinând asociaiilor: Festuco rubrae-Agrostietum capillaris HORV. (1951) 1952, Anthoxantho-Agrostietum capillaris SILLINGER 1933, Arrhenateretum elatioris BR.-BL. ex SCHERR 1925, Poo- Trisetetum flavescentis KNAPP 1951 em OBERD. 1983. Pajitile sunt în cea mai mare parte modificate semnificativ de ctre om. El intervine asupra lor prin recoltarea repetat a prilor vegetative supraterane (fânee) sau prin introducerea animalelor pentru punat. Bogia florei pajitilor asigur existena unor nie saturate. Covorul ierbos al pajitilor are în structura lui hemicriptofite perene care asigur o structur complex. In cadrul florei are loc o întreptrundere a sinuziilor pe orizontal i a straturilor de plante cu înlimi diferite pe vertical. Fauna acestui tip de ecosistem este complex dar predominante sunt nevertebratele. Numrul cel mai mare îl au insectele i larvele lor. Altitudinal, pajitile mezofile sunt distribuite între 450 m-500 m-600 m. Au fost cercetate pajitile mezofile din Munii Poiana Rusc (Dealurile Devei, Hunedoarei, Valea Dobrei, Valea Cernei), Munii ureanului (Coste2ti, Culoarul Bniei, Ohaba de sub Piatr), Munii Retezat (Gura Zlata).
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