DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Impact of Suez Crisis on Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Impact of Suez Crisis on Middle East THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY July 6, 1957 From U N Headquarters Economic Impact of Suez Crisis on Middle East A 135 page document under the unprepossessing title Economic Developments in the Middle Fast 1955 1956 has just been released at the United Nations. Chock-full of statistics, it might well hare been called "the economic consequences of John Bull's folly' in the Middle Eastern countries. For here in these pages one gets for the first time the plain, unvarnished facts of how the Suez Canal crisis affected the Arab world. The, facts do not make pleasant reading; besides it is difficult to isolate clearly the repercussions of the Suez crisis from those of current economic forces in the countries of the area. Nevertheless there are a num- ber. of, economic changes that have ensued from the events of the latter part of 1956 which the United Nations repect has considered. It is just as well that we know them. But first let us have the background to Suez trade. IN 1955 traffic through the Suez East trade using the canal, approxi­ of whom the majority in the labour­ Canal accounted for about 13 per mately $900 million 47 per cent- er group were Egyptian. About 42 cent, in volume, of world seaborne represented exports of crude oil and per cent of those in the administra­ crade Tanker cargo alone account­ oil products. In volume of cargo, tive and technical groups were ed for approximately 8 per pent of however, the Middle East figures Egyptian too. the total volume of International much more prominently, owing to trade and 19 per cent of all cargo the relative bulk of oil exports. Out Income created by sources other carried by tankers. It is estimated of the total traffic through the Suez than the Suez Canal Company, but that it costs probably $600 million Canal, estimated at 107.5 million dependent Indirectly on the opera­ more per year to carry the same metrictons in 1955, the Middle East tion of the canal, includes the in­ cargo around the Cape of Good accounted for 66 per cent, while 60.4 come of workshops in Port Said Hope and that about half of that per cent represented oil exports of employing about 1,400 workers and extra cost would be needed to trans­ the region. doing business other than for the port crude oil from the, Middle East company; the income of trades and to Western Europe and North Ame­ In the Economy of Egypt services supplying tourists and the rica with the present facilities. The economic benefits to Egypt income of industry and services Apart from oil, the main northbound of the Suez Canal are derived from supplying fuel, water, food and goods that utilise the canal are raw two sources which directly add to power to ships directly or to the materials' including metals, cereals, the national income of the country. Suez Canal Company as intermedi­ vegetable oils and seeds, spices, sugar The first is that part of transit dues ary. It Is impossible, says the re­ and textile fibres. Southbound traffic which is transferred to Egypt or is port, to estimate with any precision, carries plainly cement, fertilisers' spent by the Suez Canal Company the total amount of this indirect paper,' sugar, machinery and a (Compagnie Universelle du Canal Income. variety of other manufactured goods Maritime de Suez) In the country. from Europe to Asia, Australia, The second source Is the expendi­ Foreign Exchange and Eastern Africa. ture of passing ships and their Practically all receipts from passengers on goods ' and services Traffic and tourists passing through To the countries of the Middle during their short stops in canal the Suez Canal are in foreign ex­ East themselves, the Suez Canal as ports. a sea route has been of minor im­ change; these receipts have risen portance except as a passage for the The latter factor is difficult to considerably in the post-war period. exports of the oil-producing coun­ estimate except where the supplying Of these receipts a large part was tries. By far the largest part of the of such goods and services is handled transferred abroad by the Suez region's international trade in com­ by the authority in charge of the Canal Company for distribution of modities other than oil is carried on canal. The total direct addition to dividends, additions to reserves and with countries west of the Suez national income of Egypt arising to its pension fund. The balance, Canal or within the area itself. from these sources has been esti­ which remained in Egypt, was Middle East countries which have mated at approximately £E 11 mil­ significant as a source of foreign no direct access to the eastern Medi­ lion in 1955 and at around £E 9 mil­ exchange. terranean seaboard -Jordan, Iraq, lion In each of the four previous Iran, the Sudan and the Arabian years. For 1955 this was less than Nationalisation of the Suez Canal peninsula—find it convenient to 1.5 per cent of Egypt's national in­ Company which took place on July transport part of their commodities come and about 5.7 per cent of the 26, 1956 did not have any significant destined, for Western Europe and budget revenue. The amount for direct effect on the flow of traffic. America across Lebanon and Syria 1955 was considerably larger than However, it led to the blocking of by rall truck or air. in the period before 1947, when Egyptian Government assets in transit dues did not exceed one fifth France, the United Kingdom and The total value of Middle East of the 1955 level. the United States. Traffic through trade that passed through the Canal the canal ceased completely, how­ in 1955 is estimated at $2 billion. An important part of the expendi­ ever, with the outbreak of hostilities This compares with an estimated ture of the Suez Canal Company in at the end of October. value of $11 billion for all goods Egypt was on wages and salaries that passed through the canal of employees. In July 1956 It em­ Following nationalisation and up during that year. Of the Middle ployed over 5,100 workers in Egypt to the closing of the canal at the 807 THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY July 6, 1957 end of October, Egypt received only Consequence of Military Operations Impact on the Oil Industry a part of the transit dues paid by Military operations late in October Blocking of the Suez Canal and canal traffic, the rest being paid and in early November 1956 were interruption of the oil flow through Into the accounts of the Suez Canal almost completely limited to Egyp­ pipelines via Syria resulted in a Company abroad. Total dues during tian territory and involved, directly, widespread change, in the last two the period were of the order of only the two Middle Eastern coun­ months of 1956 and early months £E 10 million, of which around £E tries, Egypt and Israel. The direct of 1957, in patterns of oil production 4 million acerued to Egypt. The cost material losses were incurred wholly transport, supply and refining in the of maintains and running the in Egypt. No estimate of these Middle East as also of the revenue canal for an equal period in 1955 losses is available. Damage fell drawn from oil. was Jus under £E 3 million. Thus particularly in the field of trans- Production of crude oil during Egypt's receipts from transit dues sport and included airports, airplan­ 1956 as a whole was 5.7 per cent between July and October did not es, roads, military vehicles, railways higher than in 1955 but during greatly exceed current expenditure and floating equipment used in November and December pro­ on the canal during the period. operation of the Suez Canal. duction fell by about 38 Such expenditure was largely per cent below the rate of ade, however, in local currency Indirect losses to Egypt resulting the preceding months of 1056. This and the dues which were received from military operations were also was essentially due to the reduction In foreign exchange were thus at quite substantial. With the block­ in effective means of transport. The a rate comparable to that which ing of the canal, Egypt ceased to quantity of oil shipped by tanker prevailed before nationalistation. - receive that part of the transit dues which it had been receiving. Suez was substantially reduced as a re­ Change In Direction of Trade sult of rerouting of tankers around The direction of Egypt's foreign Canal workers, numbering over 5,100 and workers supplying them ser­ Africa; the amount of oil transport­ trade adapted itself to the change in ed through pipelines to the Mediter­ Egypt's international payment posi­ vices were unemployed. Loss of income from these sources was at ranean seaboard also fell, by 64 per tion following the freezing of its cent. assets abroad. Imports from the an annual rate of £E 11 million. Sterling area were substantially re­ Loss of secondary income was also The country most affected by the substantial. duced and those from Eastern Eu­ reduced production of crude oil was rope increased correspondingly. Im­ Iraq which previously exported three Almost to counteract these losses ports from the latter area included quarters of its oil through pipelines as it were, in November the Egyp­ which ran through Syria. in particular, wheat and crude oil. tian Government appropriated vehi­ Clearing accounts in favour of The blocking of the Suez Canal cles and military materials in the Egypt that had been accumulated also substantially reduced exports stores of the Suez Canal military with Eastern European countries and production of oil in both Saudi base which had been evacuated by the amounted to £E 9.6 million net by.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Grain Economy of Mamluk Egypt by Ira M. Lapidus
    THE GRAIN ECONOMY OF MAMLUK EGYPT BY IRA M. LAPIDUS (University of California, Berkeley) Scholarly studies of the economy of Egypt in the Middle Ages, from the Fatimid through the Mamluk periods, have stressed two seemingly contradictory themes. On the one hand, the extraordinary involvement of the state in economic affairs is manifest. At different times, and in various ways, the ruling regimes of Egypt monopolized or strictly controlled certain primary or strategic products. Wood and metals, both domestic and imported, were strictly controlled to assure the availability of military supplies. Certain export products like natron were sometimes made state monopolies. So too products of unusual commercial importance were exploited, especially by the Mamluk Sultans, to gain monetary advantages. Sugar production, often in the hands of rulers and oflicials, was also, on occasion, a state monopoly. At another level, the state participated in economic activity it did not monopolize. Either the governing bureaus themselves, or elite members of the regime, were responsible for irrigation and other investments essential to agricultural productivity. In the trading sphere, though state-sponsored trading expeditions are unknown, state support for trade by treaty arrangements, by military and diplomatic protection, and direct participation in the form of investments placed with mer- chants were characteristic activities. How much of the capital of trade was "booty" or political capital we shall never know. In other spheres, state participation gave way to state controls for the purposes of taxation. Regulation of the movements of merchants, or the distribution of goods, facilitated taxation. For religious or moral reasons state controls also extended to the supervision, regulation, or prohibition of certain illicit trades.
    [Show full text]
  • ANALYSIS and MAJOR FINDINGS Analysis and Major Findings
    Preface PART3 ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS Analysis and Major Findings 3.1 OVERVIEW (AFCEs), individual government consumption expenditures Purchasing power parities are used to contrast estimates of the size (IGCEs), collective government consumption expenditures of a country’s economy, its aggregate welfare, the well-being of its (CGCEs) and investment. Africa regional values include only the residents and how its prices compare with those in other countries. 48 African countries that participated in 2005 ICP-Africa. The main results are presented in tables and figures. The main indi- The results of 2005 ICP-Africa are presented below. The descrip- cators used are price level indices (PLIs) and per capita GDP, its tive analysis covers gross domestic product (GDP) and some of expenditure components and their expenditure shares in terms its main components: actual final consumption expenditures of the total Africa region. Figure 1: Real GDP By Country in Billion AFRIC, 2005 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 e r os de r r oon ogo Mali e r T occo Niger Chad unisia Benin r V Egypt Kenya Sudan Liberia Ghana T Congo Gabon Malawi Nigeria Angola Guinea Djibouti Zambia anzania Gambia Uganda Ethiopia Senegal Lesotho Namibia Rwanda T Mo Mauritius Como Botswana Swaziland Mauritania Zimbabwe Came Cape South Africa Madagascar Sierra Leone Côte d'Ivoi Mozambique Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau ome and Principe Equatorial Guinea T Sao Central African Republic Congo, Democratic Republic Note: For more details, see Table T10 in part 6. Burundi is not shown because it did not supply national account data.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Bread, Dignity and Social Justice': the Political
    briefing paper page 1 ‘Bread, Dignity and Social Justice’: The Political Economy of Egypt’s Transition Jane Kinninmont Middle East and North Africa Programme | April 2012 | MENAP BP 2012/01 Summary points zz In Egypt’s 2011 uprising, political and economic grievances were closely linked in attempts to address complex problems of corruption and injustice. But the cross- class, cross-ideology coalition that united behind the uprising has predictably fragmented, and different groups now have divergent views on the applicability of liberal economic policies to Egypt. zz The Islamist parties which between them won a majority in the 2011–12 parliamentary election appear to favour the continuation of a broadly pro-market policy, although, like all parties, they have emphasized the need for greater ‘social justice’ and less corruption. Leftist groups and trade unions remain largely unrepresented in parliament and tensions may be brewing between labour and Islamist forces over economic policy. zz Uncertainty over future economic policy is currently deterring investment. Although economic policy was not the main focus in the parliamentary election campaign, there is a pressing need for all parties to develop their economic blueprints further. zz Debates over the role of the state, the free market and the nature of globalization are part of democratic self-determination. Rather than repeating old mantras about the intrinsic desirability of a smaller public sector, external actors need to remember that economic policy advice on the role of the state is not purely technical but value-laden. www.chathamhouse.org ‘Bread, Dignity and Social Justice’: The Political Economy of Egypt’s Transition page 2 Introduction and revealed the transformative potential of street protest, When a popular uprising overthrew President Hosni bottom-up coalition-building and mass campaigning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Success of Macroeconomic Policies of Selected Countries of North Africa
    Journal of Economics, Business and Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2015 The Success of Macroeconomic Policies of Selected Countries of North Africa Ingrid Majerová country a wide range of different variables and indicators Abstract—The aim of the article was to analyze the success of might be used. The best predicative ability is attributed to economic policies of selected countries of North Africa - Egypt, four groups of indicators that measure the size of product, Sudan and Morocco. The success was compared using the price level, unemployment and external economic position method of comparison in selected macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product growth rate, the share of [2]. Another approach for measuring the macroeconomic current account deficit to gross domestic product, inflation rate performance is used in [3], [4]. and the unemployment rate from 2007 to 2012. For this Magical polygons are used as a standard tool for comparison graphical form of magic quadrangle was chosen. evaluation of success of economy and economic policy. From the resulting data magical quadrangle has shown that the Deviations from the optimum are represented using the four most successful economic policy is implemented by Morocco, indicators of external and internal economic policies of the followed by Egypt and Sudan occupies last place. country. The optimum is defined by OECD and has the Index Terms—Comparison, economic policy, magic following amounts: quadrangle, North African countries. GDP growth rate – 3%, Unemployment rate – 5%, Inflation rate – 2.5%, I. INTRODUCTION Share of current account balance to GDP – 0%. Africa as a whole is undoubtedly one of the most A.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolving Approaches to Nile Waters Management
    THE NILE BASIN: EVOLVING APPROACHES TO NILE WATERS MANAGEMENT J. Anthony Allan, SOAS, University of London UK, [email protected] Occasional Paper 20 SOAS Water Issues Group June 1999 Abstract The paper will review briefly to hydraulic engineering history and the hydropolitical contexts of such development. After a century of activity inspired by an ambitious hydraulic mission the numerous stakeholders in the Nile system are currently influenced by a new water resources mission inspired by environmental and economic principles. The decade of the 1990s, in the post-Cold War era, has witnessed considerable positive progress towards a co- operative international relations regime over Nile waters. This progress has been made despite the numerous armed conflicts in the Horn of Africa, in the south of Sudan and in Rwanda and neighbouring territories. None of these conflicts has been water related; nor has there been any attempt to date to link Nile waters to other conflictual issues as is usual in other MENA (Middle East and North Africa) river basins. The analysis will be informed by international relations theory and illustrated by observation of the contribution of the upstream and downstream riparians to the very important discourse on an as yet very partially developed river basin. Introduction At the end of the twentieth century the Nile hydrological system is of major economic significance to two of its riparians, Egypt and the Sudan; its waters could be of economic significance to at least four of its other riparians. A number of forces external to the Nile Basin have shaped the history of water resource development in the Basin in the past century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Economic Globalization on the Shadow Economy in Egypt
    Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen ∙ Gießen ∙ Göttingen Kassel ∙ Marburg ∙ Siegen ISSN 1867-3678 No. 18-2017 Mohammad Reza Farzanegan and Mai Hassan The Impact of economic globalization on the shadow economy in Egypt This paper can be downloaded from http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb02/makro/forschung/magkspapers Coordination: Bernd Hayo • Philipps-University Marburg School of Business and Economics • Universitätsstraße 24, D-35032 Marburg Tel: +49-6421-2823091, Fax: +49-6421-2823088, e-mail: [email protected] Nr. 2017/06 The impact of economic globalization on the shadow economy in Egypt Mohammad Reza Farzanegan and Mai Hassan MACIE, Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg Centre for Institutional Economics • Coordination: Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Schulte c/o Research Group Institutional Economics • Barfuessertor 2 • D-35037 Marburg Phone: +49 (0) 6421-28-23196 • Fax: +49 (0) 6421-28-24858 • www.uni-marburg.de/fb02/MACIE • [email protected] This version: 24.03.2017 The impact of economic globalization on the shadow economy in Egypt Mohammad Reza Farzaneganabc and Mai Hassana a Philipps-Universität Marburg, CNMS, Economics of the Middle East Research Group, Marburg b CESifo, Munich c ERF, Cairo d MACIE, Marburg Abstract This study examines the economic globalization and the shadow economy nexus in Egypt. Using time series data from 1976 to 2013, the impulse response analysis shows that the response of the shadow economy in Egypt to positive shocks in economic globalization is negative and statistically significant for the first three years following the shock. This finding is obtained by controlling for several intermediary channels in globalization-shadow economy nexus such as education, government spending, industrial production, and labor force participation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sectoral Transformations in Neo-Patrimonial Rentier States: Tourism Development and State Policy in Egypt
    GIGA Research Unit: Institute of Middle East Studies ___________________________ Sectoral Transformations in Neo-Patrimonial Rentier States: Tourism Development and State Policy in Egypt Thomas Richter / Christian Steiner N° 61 November 2007 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGA WP 61/2007 GIGA Working Papers Edited by GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies / Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien. The Working Paper Series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Paper Series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. When Working Papers are eventually accepted by or published in a journal or book, the correct citation reference and, if possible, the corresponding link will then be included in the Working Papers website at: www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers. GIGA research unit responsible for this issue: Institute of Middle East Studies Editor of the GIGA Working Paper Series: Anja Zorob <[email protected]> Copyright for this issue: © Thomas Richter and Christian Steiner Editorial assistant and production: Vera Rathje All GIGA Working Papers are available online and free of charge at the website: www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers. Working Papers can also be ordered in print. For production
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy of Egypt's Regional Trade Integration Policy
    OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 169 Economic Diplomacy Programme December 2013 Political Economy of Egypt’s Regional Trade Integration Policy: The Case of Joining the Tripartite Free Trade Agreement Ahmed Farouk Ghoneim s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. ABOUT SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. ABOUT THE ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY PROGRammE SAIIA’s Economic Diplomacy (EDIP) Programme focuses on the position of Africa in the global economy, primarily at regional, but also at continental and multilateral levels. Trade and investment policies are critical for addressing the development challenges of Africa and achieving sustainable economic growth for the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Scarcity and Irrigation Efficiency in Egypt Emanuele Ferrari, Scott Mcdonald, Rehab Osman1
    Modelling Water Quality Paper prepared for the 17th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis “New Challenges in Food Policy, Trade and Economic Vulnerability”, June 18-20, 2014, Dakar, Senegal Water Scarcity and Irrigation Efficiency in Egypt Emanuele Ferrari, Scott McDonald, Rehab Osman1 WORK IN PROGRESS PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT WITH THE AUTHORS Disclaimer: the views expressed are purely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission. Corresponding author: Rehab Osman Oxford Brookes University Wheatley Campus, Oxford, OX33 1HX Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 (0)1865 485830 1 Emanuele Ferrari is Researcher in the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS). Scott McDonald and Rehab Osman are, respectively, Professor and Postdoctoral Research Fellow of Economics in the Department of Accounting Finance and Economics, Oxford Brookes University. 1 Modelling Water Quality Water Scarcity and Irrigation Efficiency in Egypt Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Water Scarcity and Water Quality in Egypt ........................................................................... 4 Irrigation Water Map ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Country Study "Assessing Development
    Realizing the Millennium Development Goals through socially inclusive macroeconomic policies Country Study Assessing Development Strategies to Achieve the MDGs in The Arab Republic of Egypt Motaz Khorshid (team leader) Cairo University & Arab council for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research Ahmed Kamaly American University in Cairo Heba El-Laithy Cairo University Sohair Abou El-Enein Institute of National Planning (INP) United Nations Department for Social and Economic Affairs March 2011 i This (unedited) report was elaborated as part of the capacity-development project “Realizing the Millennium Development Goals through socially-inclusive macroeconomic policies”, which was implemented by the Development Policy an Analysis Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DPAD/UN-DESA), in close collaboration with the World Bank and the Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS). The overall objective of the project was to strengthen the capacity of policymakers to formulate and evaluate socially-inclusive macroeconomic policies aimed at facilitating the achievement of the MDGs through the adaptation of an integrated modelling framework to country-specific conditions. The methodological framework is based on the adaptation of the economy-wide model system, known as Ma quette for MDGs Simulation (MAMS) – a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that includes a special module for the “production” of services associated with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It also compromises methodologies at the micro level to identify determinants of MDG achievement, on the one hand, and to quantify effects on poverty and inequality, on the other. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations and the World Bank or their member states.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 an Assessement of the Economic And
    AN ASSESSEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPACTS OF THE AGADIR AGREEMENT: PROMOTING PEACE AND STABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA. TARIK OUMAZZANE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of The Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2018 1 "This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed in the owner(s) of the Intellectual Property Rights.” 2 Abstract The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is currently experiencing unprecedented national, regional and transnational challenges. The emergence and intensification of wars and conflict, the rise in regional and Western military intervention, the increase in public discontent, and the mass displacement of refugees have become increasingly salient features of the political economy of the region. Nevertheless, efforts to achieve greater regional integration have continued since the Second World War. Bilateral, multilateral and region-wide projects have been established to facilitate intra-regional trade and promote political cooperation. The latest regional integration process is the free trade Agadir Agreement, signed in 2004 by Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan. This thesis investigates the Agadir Agreement’s impact on economic integration, its effect on political cooperation, and its role in promoting peace and stability between participating states.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Economic Empowerment Study
    Public Disclosure Authorized W men Economic Public Disclosure Authorized Empowerment Study Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Women Economic Empowerment Study May, 2018 Women Economic Empowerment Study Women Economic Empowerment Study © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Women Economic Empowerment Study Women Economic Empowerment Study Acknowledgments The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the World Bank Group, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.
    [Show full text]