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Environmental Ngos in Northwest Russia

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Environmental Ngos in Northwest Russia View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Environmental NGOs in Northwest Russia. Keys to success. Einar Wilhelmsen Hovedoppgave Institutt for Statsvitenskap UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 20.04.2007 2 3 Foreword. Thesis supervisor has been Professor Per Kristen Mydske, who has given advice in 2001 and 2007 (spring). I would like to thank the following persons for support and help: Heidi Kjærnet, Ksenia ”Good Girl” Fedorova, and Anastasia Zaitseva for outstanding help, Sergeji and Antonia Z. for interpreting, and Audun Solli for proof reading and language assistance. Special thanks to Eivind Dahl for insane days in Russia, and to the Taiga Rescue Network for good work and support. A special thanks also to Natur og Ungdom and Priroda i Molodezh. My Russian friends complain about how slow it is to obtain a Norwegian visa. The Russian embassy in Oslo is however efficient and helpful, but I can return the complains, and send a special greeting to the OVIR office in Petrozavodsk. Last but not least, a special thanks to my wife Hilde Solli for helping me finally finish this work. Einar Wilhelmsen Oslo, April 2007. 4 List of abbreviations. I have used few acronyms and common short forms. Many non-governmental organisations use an acronym as the name of the organisation in daily speech. This can sometimes be confusing, as acronyms change when name of organisations are translated. To make it simple, I have chosen to use the same acronym as the organisation use when they present themselves in English. With this logic Natur og Ungdom/Nature and Youth will be NU, not N&Y; while Lunto Liitto/Finnish Nature League will be FNL, not LL! This system is not totally logic, as some NGOs present themselves with different acronyms. Norges Naturvernforbund is normally Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature (NSCN), but they are also often identified as FoE-Norway; (Friends of the Earth). The explanation is probably that both the official name and acronym becomes too difficult to say in English. Expressions: ENGO Environmental Non Government Organisation. NGO Non Government Organisation. PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls (an environmental persistent toxin). Acronyms used by Non Governmental organisations. BCC: Biodiversity Conservation Centre. FNL: Finnish Nature League, Luonto Liitto NSCN: Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature, Norges Naturvernforbund. NU: Nature and Youth; Natur og Ungdom. PiM: Nature and Youth Russia; Priroda i Molodeszh. SEU: Social Ecological Union. SPOK: Karelian Students Environmental Organisation. SSNC: Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, Svenska Naturskyddsföreningen. TRN: Taiga Rescue Network. WWF: (Formerly known as World Wildlife Found). 5 Index INDEX ..................................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURES AND TABLES...................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The problem............................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Theoretical approach and thesis structure........................................................................ 10 1.3 How different is really Russia?........................................................................................... 11 2. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS...................................................................... 13 2.1 What is an environmental ENGO?..................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 A ENGO versus a network organisation............................................................................ 14 2.2 Successes for ENGOs in Northwest Russia. ...................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Three forms of success. ..................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Why Northwest Russia and why 2001?.............................................................................. 17 2.4 Why study environmental NGOs?...................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 Selection of ENGOs. ......................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Some facts about Russia. ..................................................................................................... 20 2.5.1 The history of environmental debate in Russia and the Soviet Union. ............................. 22 2.5.2 Environment and transition................................................................................................ 24 2.5.3 The extent of the environmental problems in Russia ........................................................ 26 2.6 Russian political system and political opportunities. ....................................................... 27 2.6.1 Environment and regional power?..................................................................................... 29 2.7 ENGOs in Russia.................................................................................................................. 30 2.7.1 Short description of Northwest Russian ENGOs. ............................................................. 31 2.7.2 Activities of Scandinavian ENGOs in Russia. .................................................................. 39 3. THEORY....................................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Social movement theory....................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Mobilising structures, political opportunities and frames................................................. 43 3.2 A typology of organisations................................................................................................. 45 3.2.1 Summary of kind of organisation. ..................................................................................... 46 3.3 Policy tools ............................................................................................................................ 47 3.3.1 Information policy tools..................................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Participate or contest Government policy tools................................................................. 50 3.3.3 Physical policy tools.......................................................................................................... 50 3.3.4 Economic policy tools ....................................................................................................... 51 3.3.5 Policy strategies................................................................................................................. 52 3.3.6 Summary of policy tools and policy strategies.................................................................. 53 6 3.4 Networks ............................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.1 International networks ....................................................................................................... 54 3.4.2 National networks with other ENGOs............................................................................... 55 3.4.3 National networks with politicians and bueraucrats.......................................................... 55 3.5 Usefulness of kind of organisation, policy tools and strategies or networks. ................. 56 4. METHOD...................................................................................................................... 58 4.1 Research design .................................................................................................................... 58 4.2 Collection of information. ................................................................................................... 59 4.2.1 Development of interview guide and description of the fieldwork. .................................. 60 4.3 Validity and realiablility...................................................................................................... 61 4.3.1 Interviews........................................................................................................................... 62 4.3.2 Possible sources of errors. ................................................................................................. 64 5. ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................... 67 5.1 Can small ENGOs have success?........................................................................................ 67 5.2 Success as a function of kind of organisation.................................................................... 68 5.2.1 Success and kind of ENGO. .............................................................................................. 70 5.2.2 Success as a function of kind of organisation, summary and sub-conclusion................... 73 5.3 Success as a function of policy tools and policy strategies. .............................................. 73 5.3.1 Information .......................................................................................................................
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