DOCSLIB.ORG

Allergenic Invasive Plant Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L. in Poland: Threat and Selected Aspects of Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Allergenic Invasive Plant Ambrosia Artemisiifolia L. in Poland: Threat and Selected Aspects of Biology Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 21: 39-48, 2011 BRC www.brc.amu.edu.pl DOI 10.2478/v10119-011-0008-8 Allergenic invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Poland: threat and selected aspects of biology Barbara Tokarska-Guzik*, Katarzyna BzdÍga, Katarzyna Koszela, Izabela ØabiÒska, Barbara Krzuú, Ma≥gorzata Sajan & Agnieszka Sendek Department of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, JagielloÒska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland, e-mail: *[email protected] Abstract: The study presents the current state of research on Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Poland within its wider scientific background and gives the results of some field and laboratory investigations. This annual plant is characterised by a high level of production of seeds, easily dispersed by different vectors. Ragweed pollen is a strong allergen considered to be one of the most dangerous pollen allergens in the world. Being a serious hazard to human health, it is also considered as an Ñenvironmental weedî causing economic threat. The main aim of the study is to verify the status of the species in the flora of Poland, to assess the threat and discuss possibilities to prevent its future spread. Keywords: alien invasive species, distribution, soil seed bank, seed germination, human health, control 1. Introduction requirements as well as their geographical range of dis- tribution. Invasion by plants, animals or fungi is one of the Among numerous invasive alien plants, of particu- most pressing issues of nature considered on a global lar interest in many regions of the world, is Ambrosia scale (Tokarska-Guzik 2005). Some authors even deem artemisiifolia L. ñ Common ragweed ñ one of 40 spe- it to be the single most important problem in protecting cies of the Asteraceae genus which has representatives biodiversity in the 21st century (Vitousek et al. 1996, originating both from the Americas and Africa (Willis 1997; Mooney & Hobbs 2000; Hulme et al. 2009). The 1973). Ragweed pollen is a strong allergen considered International Convention on Biological Diversity con- to be one of the most dangerous pollen allergens in the tains a special provision calling upon country-signato- world (Comtois 1998; J‰ger 2000; Bousquet et al. 2001). ries to eradicate or at least control invasive alien species In spite of the species being recorded in some regions which could be of danger to native habitats, communi- of Europe since the second half of 19th century, pollen ties or species. These circumstances have contributed of Ambrosia had hitherto not been considered a threat to an evident increase in the interest in these issues in Europe. Since the 1960s, this pollen has been recorded among the theoreticians and practitioners in nature con- in the atmosphere of several European countries servation. (Ch≥opek & Tokarska-Guzik 2006, and literature cited Due to the extent of anthropogenic changes in plant therein). Recently, A. artemisiifolia has been recognized cover, the monitoring of species of alien origin has ac- as one of the most dangerous invasive alien species in quired an ever-increasing importance in recent times. many regions of the world, including southern and cen- It is crucial to control quantitative changes in the popu- tral Europe (e.g. Laaidi et al. 2003; Makra et al. 2004; lation size of these species not only from the point of Peternel et al. 2005, 2008; Testi et al. 2009), causing view of natural sciences, but also from economic as environmental, economic and medical problems. Com- well as medical perspectives (Mack et al. 2000; Pimental mon ragweed is also a weed in arable crops both in its 2002; Gadermaier et al. 2004; Tokarska-Guzik et al. natural and introduced range. Its seeds have been trans- 2009). However, it will not be possible to prevent their ported to Europe with imported seeds of cultivated spread without knowledge of their biology and habitat plants and with ship ballast. Currently, most frequently, ECOLOGY © Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznaÒ (Poland), Department of Plant Taxonomy. All rights reserved. 40 Barbara Tokarska-Guzik et al. Allergenic invasive plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in Poland: threat and selected... it is a contaminant of crop (cereals) seeds, grain, maize, during the growing seasons of years 2007-2009. The sunflower and soybean seeds as well as clover, alfalfa data were stored in the regional database ATPOL and fodder materials. Silesia, which is fully compatible with the database of All these are reasons for a growing interest in research the Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland in the fields of chemistry, allelopathy, cytogenetic, gene- (ATPOL). In ATPOL, the basic cartogram unit is a tics, biology, ecology, palinology and different control square 10 x 10 km; these are combined in Ñlargeî 100 x methods. Only between 2001 to 2010, approx. 100 pa- 100 km squares (Zajπc 1978). The area of the Silesian pers were published (authorís own publications review). Uplands is limited to two ATPOL large squares designa- Three species from the genus have hitherto been re- ted CF and DF. Each ATPOL square of 10 x 10 km was corded from Poland: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Am- subdivided into 25 smaller squares of a 2 x 2 km side, brosia psilostachya DC. = A. coronopifolia Torr. et Grey which are the basic units in ATPOL Silesia cartograms. and Ambrosia trifida L. The first two taxa have the sta- Input sources for the database include original data, tus of naturalized species in the country, while A. trifida published papers and unpublished manuscripts as well L. is regarded as a sporadically introduced species (Zajπc as herbarium data. A map of the distribution of A. et al. 1998; Mirek et al. 2002; Tokarska-Guzik 2001, artemisiifolia in Poland was published in ÑDistribution 2005; Ch≥opek & Tokarska-Guzik 2006; Ch≥opek et al. Atlas of Vascular Plants in Polandî (Tokarska-Guzik 2008; Weryszko-Chmielewska & Piotrowska 2008, and 2001). The map shown here contains further additions. literature cited therein). Although Ambrosia psilosta- 2.2. Biology chya and A. trifida are rare species on the territory of Poland, the monitoring of all species is required. Never- A germination experiment was performed on a theless the two latter species have more limited distribu- sample of 600 seeds gathered in September 2009 from tion compared with A. artemisiifolia, which has uniquely a roadside population of A. artemisiifolia, located in raised awareness as an invasive plant in Europe (DAISIE Øory (R). 300 seeds were germinated without any treat- Ñ100 of the Worstî, http://www.europe-aliens.org/ ment, while the other 300 were first stratified (4oC, 90 speciesTheWorst.do; European and Mediterranean Plant days) (Fig. 1). The collected seeds were placed on moist Protection Organization (EPPO), http://www.eppo.org), germination paper in Petri dishes. Germination was occurring most frequently both in Europe and in Po- conducted for three weeks in conditions of 19oC and 14 land. hours light and recorded daily for 21 days. After Although almost the entire area of Poland appears finishing the experiment, the percentage of germinated to be suitable for its establishment and spread (Kar- seeds and the dynamics of germination (i.e. average time nowski 2001), common ragweed is not currently spread- period needed for germination of one seed) were exa- ing on a large scale. New, isolated places of occurrence mined. are sometimes found, mainly along communication The dynamics of germination was calculated using routes and around warehouses and places of re-loading. Pieperís formula (Pieper 1952): One should assume, however, that this species could Σ(d ◊ pd) become very invasive in the future, as it already has in W = some other regions in Europe (Ch≥opek & Tokarska- k Guzik 2006; Ch≥opek et al. 2008). In view of the above assessment, the main ideas W ñ germination rate (Pieperís coefficient), d ñ day of seed germination, pd ñ number of germinated seeds in each counting day, k ñ total number of behind the present study were: (i) to investigate changes germinated seeds in distribution of Ambrosia artemisiifolia on a regional scale, (ii) to provide new evidence concerning selected The seedlings obtained were grown further in a com- aspects of its biology, important from the point of view mon environment in a glasshouse at the University of of assessing the current threat caused by this plant Silesia. Those plants were later used for the regenera- species, (iii) to identify the status of the species on the tion capability experiment (Fig. 1). Additionally, ob- basis of germination strength values, (iv) to estimate servations of seed germination were undertaken in the participation of A. artemisiifolia seeds in a soil seed field (in two different habitat sites) during the Spring bank and (v) to predict future trends of spread in Poland of 2010 (Fig. 1). and to identify management options. 2.3. Ecology 2. Material and methods Horizontal and spatial distribution of Ambrosia seeds ñ syconia (A. artemisiifolia produces so-called Çsyco- 2.1. Distribution niaí which consist of an achene and its associated woody Botanical recording was carried out on a regional coat) ñ was evaluated in two populations, present in scale in the Silesian Uplands and surrounding areas different habitat types: a roadside population (R ñ Øory) Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 21: 39-48, 2011 41 Fig. 1. Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the Silesian Upalnds: selected aspects of biology Explanations: 1 ñ the roadside populations (R) in Øory, 2 ñ the railway sidetrack population (S) in Tarnowskie GÛry, 3 ñ seeds, 4 ñ germinating seeds, 5 ñ seedling, 6 ñ plant grown from a seed in laboratory conditions, 7 ñ inflorescences, 8 ñ plant cut in regeneration capability experiment, 9 ñ plants after two weeks, 10 ñ numerous pollen grains 42 Barbara Tokarska-Guzik et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Relative Importance of Propagule Size and Propagule Number for Establishment of Non-Indigenous Species: a Stochastic Simulation Study
    Aquatic Invasions (2016) Volume 11, Issue 1: 101–110 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2016.11.1.11 Open Access © 2016 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2016 REABIC Research Article Relative importance of propagule size and propagule number for establishment of non-indigenous species: a stochastic simulation study 1,2 3 David Drolet * and Andrea Locke 1Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3 Canada 2Current address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850 route de la Mer, Mont-Joli, Québec, G5H 3Z4 Canada 3Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 9B6 Canada E-mail: [email protected] (DD), [email protected] (AL) *Corresponding author Received: 11 February 2015 / Accepted: 23 September 2015 / Published online: 8 December 2015 Handling editor: Charles W. Martin Abstract Propagule pressure is emerging as the most consistent predictor of establishment in non-indigenous species. Increasing propagule size (the number of individuals arriving in a novel environment at one time) is thought to increase probability of establishment by counteracting demographic stochasticity and Allee effects. Increasing propagule number (the number of introduction events) is thought to increase probability of establishment by counteracting environmental stochasticity. However, the relative importance of these effects and the conditions under which one effect may become predominant is largely unexplored. We first used stochastic population simulations, with a constant number of immigrants distributed over varying numbers of introduction events, to determine the relative importance of propagule size and number on the probability of establishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Ragweed: State Prohibited Weed LC0286
    February 1998 Perennial ragweed: LC0286 State Prohibited Weed ISSN 1329-833X Keith Turnbull Research Institute, Frankston Common Name robust, creeping, lateral roots develop buds that form new plants. Perennial ragweed Botanical Name Life Cycle Root buds and seeds both shoot and produce new plants in Ambrosia psilostachya DC. autumn. During winter and spring masses of creeping Status perennial roots are produced. Flowering stems are formed in spring, prior to flowering from mid summer through to Perennial ragweed is one of only fourteen weeds autumn. Top growth normally would die off in late summer proclaimed as State prohibited weeds in Victoria. This is to early autumn. the highest category to which a noxious weed can be allocated. Known infestations have been eradicated from the State. Origin Perennial ragweed is native to western North America from Mexico to Canada and is considered a weed in North and South America, Europe, western Asia, Japan and Mauritius. In Australia it was first recorded as naturalised in 1922. Description An upright perennial herb growing to a height of 30 to 150 cm. Plants branch near the base and have a number of main stems . Stems - hairy, branched in the upper half, becoming Figure 1. Perennial ragweed. woody at the base. Many branches are terminated with long, spike-like male flowerheads. Leaves - grey-green, hairy, deeply lobed, 5 to 12 cm long, Dispersal shortly stalked, with aromatic glands. Lower leaves grow An infestation of perennial ragweed will increase in size directly opposite each other while upper leaves are spaced and density as new plants develop from lateral roots.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambrosia Artemisiifolia As a Potential Resource for Management of Golden
    Research Article Received: 28 June 2017 Revised: 22 October 2017 Accepted article published: 17 November 2017 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 16 January 2018 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.4792 Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a potential resource for management of golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) Wenbing Ding,a,b Rui Huang,a,c Zhongshi Zhou,d Hualiang Hea and Youzhi Lia,b* Abstract BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, an invasive weed in Europe and Asia, is highly toxic to the golden apple snail (GAS; Pomacea canaliculata) in laboratory tests. However, little is known about the chemical components of A. artemisiifolia associated with the molluscicidal activity or about its potential application for GAS control in rice fields. This study evaluated the molluscicidal activities of powders, methanol extracts, and individual compounds from A. artemisiifolia against GAS in rice fields and under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: Ambrosia artemisiifolia powders did not negatively affect the growth and development of rice but they reduced damage to rice caused by GAS. Extracts had moderate acute toxicity but potent chronic toxicity. The 24-h 50% lethal –1 concentration (LC50) of the extracts against GAS was 194.0 mg L , while the weights, lengths and widths of GAS were significantly affected by exposure to a sublethal concentration (100 mg/mL). Psilostachyin, psilostachyin B, and axillaxin were identified as the most active molluscicide components in the aerial parts of A. artemisiifolia,andthe24-hLC50 values of these purified compounds were 15.9, 27.0, and 97.0 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that chemical compounds produced by A. artemisiifolia may be useful for population management of GAS in rice fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Propagule Settlement Density and Adult Canopy on Survival of Recruits of Sargassum Spp. (Sargassaceae: Phaeophyta)
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 103: 129-140, 1994 Published January 6 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Effects of propagule settlement density and adult canopy on survival of recruits of Sargassum spp. (Sargassaceae: Phaeophyta) Gary A. Kendrick* Department of Botany, University of Western Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia ABSTRACT The effects of increased densities of settled propagules and the presence of adults on sur- vlval of recruits were lnvest~gatedto determine whether patterns of propagule settlement would pel- slst and be expressed as distribution of recruits for Sargassum spln~lllgeru~nS d~stlchun~and S poda- canthum in a subtidal mixed specles bed at Rottnest Island, Western Australia The effect of highei densities of settled propagules (recruit-recruit lnteractions) was studied uslng l~mestonesettlement plates seeded with known densities of propagules Density-dependent n~ortal~tyoccurred at settlement densities < 105 propagules m A large component of recruit mortality was density independent (57 "/;> of total mortality) Vanabllity in recruit survival at any one settlement density was also great Growth of recruits was negatively density dependent Two distinct sizes of recru~tswere observed (< 10 and > 10 mm in height) The effect of adult canopy (recruit-adult interactions) on recruit sur\ilval was stud- ied using a cleanng expenment where adult thalli were removed from 4 m2areas For the flrst 6 mo the presence of adults had llttle effect on recruit survival Aftei 6 mo, the presence of adults leduced recruit
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water
    ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPAGULE PRESSURE AND INVASION RISK IN BALLAST WATER Committee on Assessing Numeric Limits for Living Organisms in Ballast Water Water Science and Technology Board Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu PREPUBLICATION COPY THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this study was provided by the EPA under contract no. EP-C-09-003, TO#11. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number X-XXX-XXXXX-X Library of Congress Catalog Card Number XX-XXXXX Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 5th Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2011 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. PREPUBLICATION COPY The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.
    [Show full text]
  • The First International Ragweed Review
    Couv 2009 1.qxp 13/11/2009 14:33 Page 1 AMBROISIEAMBROISIE the first international ragweed review N° 26 - Novembre 2009, November 2009 Lettre d’Information Apériodique de l’Association Française d’Etude des Ambroisies (AFEDA) Association à but non lucratif, régie par la loi de 1901, Inscription en Préfecture du Rhône N° 17509-JO du 28/02/1983 couverture 2009 verso.qxp 20/11/2009 09:51 Page 1 Les noms d’ Ambrosia artemisiifolia The names of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. en Europe et en Russie 1. Allemagne, Germany, Deutschland L. in Europe and in Russia "beifußblättriges traubenkraut" 1818 èmeème etet 1919 èmeème ColloquesColloques 2. Autriche, Austria, Österreich "beifußblättriges“ or traubenkraut" or "Ambrosia" or” dede l’AFEDAl’AFEDA or “aufrechtes traubenkraut" or "wilder hanf" MuséeMusée Gallo-RomainGallo-Romain dede St-Romain-en-St-Romain-en- GalGal (2006)(2006) or “fetzenkraut” 3. Chypre Grecque, Cyprus/Greece ParcParc dede MiribelMiribel JonageJonage (2007)(2007) "αµβροσία","amvrosia" 4. Croatie, Croatia, Hrvatska "pelinolisni limundzik", “ambrozija”, “partizanka” 5. Espagne, Spain, Spanish "ambrosia" 6. Esthonie, Estonia, Eesti "Pujulehine ambroosia" 7. Finlande, Finland, Suomi " "Marunatuoksukki", ambrosia artemisiifolia 8. France, France, France "ambroisie" 9. Grèce, Greece, Hellas "amvrosia", "αµβροσία ελλαδα" 10. Hongrie, Hungary, Magyarorszag "parlagfû" 11. Italie, Italy, Italia "ambrosia" 12. Lettonie, Latvia, Latvija "Vermerlapu ambrozija" 13. Lithuanie, Lithuania, Lietuva " Kietine ambrozija” 14. Norvège, Norway, Norge " Beskambrosia"
    [Show full text]
  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Propagule Densities Respond Rapidly to Ponderosa Pine Restoration Treatments
    Journal of Applied Blackwell Science, Ltd Ecology 2003 Arbuscular mycorrhizal propagule densities respond 40, 101–110 rapidly to ponderosa pine restoration treatments JULIE E. KORB*†, NANCY C. JOHNSON‡ and W. W. COVINGTON* *Ecological Restoration Institute, College of Ecosystem Science and Management, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; †Biology Department, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA; and ‡Environmental and Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA Summary 1. Mycorrhizae form a critical link between above-ground plants and the soil system by influencing plant nutrition, nutrient cycling and soil structure. Understanding how mycorrhizae respond to disturbances may lead to important advances in interpreting above-ground plant recovery. 2. The inoculum potential for arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi was investigated in thinned-only, thinned and prescribed burned (both restoration treatments) and unthinned and unburned control stands in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. The relationships between mycorrhizal fungal propagule densities and plant community and soil properties were quantified. 3. The relative amount of infective propagules of AM fungi was significantly higher in samples collected from both restoration treatments than their paired controls (unthinned and unburned stands). In contrast, the same restoration treatments had no significant effect on the relative amount of infective propagules of EM fungi. 4. The relative amount of infective propagules of AM fungi was significantly positively correlated with graminoid cover and herbaceous understorey species richness and negatively correlated with overstorey tree canopy cover and litter cover. 5. Synthesis and applications. These results indicate that population densities of AM fungi can rapidly increase following restoration treatments in northern Arizona pon- derosa pine forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head 'Biology of Mangroves'
    BIOLOGY OF MANGROVES AND MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 1 Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY VOL 40: 81-251 (2001) K. Kathiresan1 and B.L. Bingham2 1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India 2Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA e-mail [email protected] (correponding author) 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 4 1.1. Preface........................................................................................ 4 1.2. Definition ................................................................................... 5 1.3. Global distribution ..................................................................... 5 2. History and Evolution ............................................................................. 10 2.1. Historical background ................................................................ 10 2.2. Evolution.................................................................................... 11 3. Biology of mangroves 3.1. Taxonomy and genetics.............................................................. 12 3.2. Anatomy..................................................................................... 15 3.3. Physiology ................................................................................. 18 3.4. Biochemistry ............................................................................. 20 3.5. Pollination
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Analysis for Plants As Pests (Weeds) for Ambrosia Trifida
    Risk analysis for plants as pests for Ambrosia trifida Risk analysis for plants as pests for Ambrosia trifida Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), 2018 Risk analysis for plants as pests for Ambrosia trifida by IICA is published under license Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/) Based on a work at www.iica.int IICA encourages the fair use of this document. Proper citation is requested. This publication is available in electronic (PDF) format from the Institute’s Web site: http://www.iica.int Editorial coordination: Lourdes Fonalleras and Florencia Sanz Translator: Alec McClay Layout: Esteban Grille Cover design: Esteban Grille Digital printing Risk analysis for plants as pests for Ambrosia trifida / Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, Comité Regional de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur; Alec McClay. – Uruguay : IICA, 2018. 26 p.; A4 21 cm X 29,7 cm. ISBN: 978-92-9248-811-6 Published also in Spanish and Portuguese 1. Asteraceae 2. Ambrosia 3. Phytosanitary measures 4. Pests of plants 5. Risk management 6. Pest monitoring 7. Weeds I. IICA II. COSAVE III. Title AGRIS DEWEY H10 632.5 Montevideo, Uruguay - 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Guidelines of procedures for risk assessment of plants as pests (weeds) has been applied for the development of two case studies: Hydrocotyle batrachium and Ambrosia trífida. This products was a result of the component aimed to build technical capacity in the region to use a Pest Risk Analysis process with emphasis on the assessment of Plants as Pests (weeds) in the framework of STDF / PG / 502 Project “COSAVE: Regional Strengthening of the Implementation of Phytosanitary Measures and Market Access”.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispersal Modes of Free-Living, Aquatic Nematodes
    Hydrobiologia (2020) 847:3519–3547 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04373-0 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) REVIEW PAPER The ability to get everywhere: dispersal modes of free-living, aquatic nematodes Christoph Ptatscheck . Walter Traunspurger Received: 30 January 2020 / Revised: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 / Published online: 11 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Nematodes colonize almost all aquatic parthenogenetic reproduction, nematodes are effective habitats worldwide. Despite their small size, restricted pioneers with the ability to (re)colonize new or locomotion and lack of pelagic larvae, they can reach disturbed habitats or rebalance already existing even isolated habitats within a short time. In this communities. review, we examine the underlying dispersal modes, considering their active movement in substrates and Keywords Meiofauna paradox Á Rafting Á water, their drift by water and wind, rafting, zoochory Zoochory Á Drifting Á Wind dispersal Á Locomotion as well as human-mediated vectors. These modes are limited by morphology and habitat structure, ecolog- ical factors and especially by hydrodynamics. Active dispersal is effective over short distances, but with Introduction increasing water-flow velocity, passive dispersal modes, which enable long-range transfer, become Nematodes are the most abundant metazoans in the important. In fact, the transport of nematodes over biosphere and colonize nearly all aquatic and semi- thousands of kilometers via ship water tanks and by aquatic habitats worldwide. They can be found in hitchhiking on sea turtles has been documented. permanent lotic and lentic surface waters, such as Overland dispersal vectors include wind and birds lakes and streams, and in the seabed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambrosia Spp
    08-14124 MAIN INSPECTORATE OF PLANT PROTECTION CENTRAL LABORATORY ___________________________________________________ Pest Risk Analysis and Pest Risk Assessment for the territory of the Republic of Poland (as PRA area) on Ambrosia spp. (updated version) by dr. Witold Karnkowski Toruń, 2001 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION - 1 PART A. INFORMATION FOR PRA - 1 Section 1. The organism - 1 1.1. Name and taxonomic position - 1 1.2. Relationship with known quarantine pests - 1 1.3. Methods for identification for inspection purposes - 1 1.4. Methods for detection - 6 Section 2. Biological characteristics of the pests - 6 Ambrosia artemisiifolia - 6 Ambrosia psilostachya - 8 Ambrosia trifida - 9 Section 3. Geographical distribution of the pest - 11 3.1. Present distribution in PRA area - 11 3.2. World distribution of the pests - 11 3.3. Area of origin and history of spread - 12 3.4. Overlap of world distribution of the pests with that of major host crops - 12 Section 4. The crops infested with weeds - 13 4.1. Crops infested with the pests reported on areas of their present distribution - 13 4.2. Host crops occurring in the PRA area - 13 4.3. Nature of the host crops range - 13 Section 5. Potential of the pest for establishment in the PRA area - 13 5.1. Climatic conditions for the pest development - 13 5.2. Data on climatic conditions in PRA area - 14 Section 6. Control of the pests - 15 6.1. Control measures in regular use - 15 6.2. Records of eradication of the pests - 22 Section 7. Transport of the pests - 22 7.1. Methods of natural spread elsewhere in the world - 22 7.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Propagule Dispersal Determines Mangrove Zonation at Intertidal and Estuarine Scales
    Article Propagule Dispersal Determines Mangrove Zonation at Intertidal and Estuarine Scales Wenqing Wang, Xiaofei Li and Mao Wang * Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (X.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-136-6603-7893 Received: 1 February 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 10 March 2019 Abstract: Propagule dispersal has generally been recognized as a vital factor affecting the spatial structure of tropical forest plants. However, available research shows that this hypothesis does not apply to mangrove species the propagules of which are dispersed by water. Due to the lack of comprehensive and quantitative information as well as the high spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the mangrove environment, the exact factors affecting the spatial structure of mangrove forests are poorly understood. To assess this, we selected a mangrove estuary with high mangrove species richness that experiences great changes in water salinity. After investigating the zonation of mature mangrove individuals across tides and the estuary, we measured the size and initial specific gravity of the propagules and then selected the eight most common species from which to observe the changes in specific gravity, buoyancy, and root initiation during dispersal at different sites with different water salinity regimes. The relationships among distribution patterns, propagule establishment, and dispersal behavior were investigated. We found that mangrove propagule dispersal is not a passively buoyant process controlled by water currents. During dispersal, mangrove propagules can actively adjust their specific gravity and root initiation.
    [Show full text]