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Ambrosia Artemisiifolia As a Potential Resource for Management of Golden

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Ambrosia Artemisiifolia As a Potential Resource for Management of Golden Research Article Received: 28 June 2017 Revised: 22 October 2017 Accepted article published: 17 November 2017 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 16 January 2018 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.4792 Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a potential resource for management of golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) Wenbing Ding,a,b Rui Huang,a,c Zhongshi Zhou,d Hualiang Hea and Youzhi Lia,b* Abstract BACKGROUND: Ambrosia artemisiifolia, an invasive weed in Europe and Asia, is highly toxic to the golden apple snail (GAS; Pomacea canaliculata) in laboratory tests. However, little is known about the chemical components of A. artemisiifolia associated with the molluscicidal activity or about its potential application for GAS control in rice fields. This study evaluated the molluscicidal activities of powders, methanol extracts, and individual compounds from A. artemisiifolia against GAS in rice fields and under laboratory conditions. RESULTS: Ambrosia artemisiifolia powders did not negatively affect the growth and development of rice but they reduced damage to rice caused by GAS. Extracts had moderate acute toxicity but potent chronic toxicity. The 24-h 50% lethal –1 concentration (LC50) of the extracts against GAS was 194.0 mg L , while the weights, lengths and widths of GAS were significantly affected by exposure to a sublethal concentration (100 mg/mL). Psilostachyin, psilostachyin B, and axillaxin were identified as the most active molluscicide components in the aerial parts of A. artemisiifolia,andthe24-hLC50 values of these purified compounds were 15.9, 27.0, and 97.0 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that chemical compounds produced by A. artemisiifolia may be useful for population management of GAS in rice fields. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. Keywords: Ambrosia artemisiifolia; golden apple snail; Pomacea canaliculata; molluscicidal activity 1 INTRODUCTION compounds of some Ambrosia species have molluscicidal activity. The golden apple snail [GAS; Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck)] is Extracts of Ambrosia maritima have a molluscicidal effect on Biom- 9 a serious pest on rice and other aquatic plants and is considered phalaria alexandrina and significant molluscicidal activity against to be one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world.1 In snail species of the genera Biomphalaria, Bulinus and Lymnaea in 10 rice paddy fields, the GAS has high fecundity, and its populations fields. Sesquiterpene lactones and thiophenes have been found can increase rapidly under favorable conditions. GAS can com- to be the bioactive compounds responsible for the molluscicidal 11–13 pletely defoliate and kill young rice seedlings, significantly reduc- activity of Ambrosia plants. In addition, many plant species have been found to have potential value as molluscicides for con- ing rice yields and farmer profits.2 Naylor reported that the crop trolling GAS, such as Chenopodium quinoa, Pueraria peduncularis, standcouldbereducedby≥90% when the density of GAS was Jatropha elliptica, Mikania micrantha,andWedelia trilobat.2,14–16 A 8 per square meter and snail length ranged from 10 to 40 mm.3 GAS control is mainly achieved using synthetic chemical mol- luscicides, but the molluscicide products are expensive, toxic to ∗ non-target organisms, and harmful to the rice ecosystem.4 Con- Correspondence to: Y Li, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. E-mail: [email protected] sequently, some studies have evaluated the potential of botanical molluscicides because they biodegrade more rapidly and are envi- a Hunan Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Biopesticide ronmentally friendly.2,5–7 and Formulation Processing, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., is native to North b HunanCo-InnovationCenter for Utilizationof Botanical Functional Ingredients, America. It can grow rapidly and spread aggressively in a variety of Changsha, China soil types and it is a problematic invasive weed in Europe and Asia.8 The ready availability of Ambrosia plant material has stimulated c Changsha Plant Protection & Quarantine Station, Changsha, China studies aiming to evaluate the potential usefulness of its plant 944 d State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of chemistry. Previous studies have reported that the secondary plant Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74: 944–949 www.soci.org © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry Ambrosia artemisiifolia for management Pomacea canaliculata www.soci.org few saponins and alkaloids have been identified as the effective immersed in aqueous suspensions of tea saponin (4 mg/L) and active components. One study demonstrated that cold and boil- negative control groups were immersed in distilled water. After ing water extracts of A. artemisiifolia exhibited high toxicity against 24 h, the treated snails were placed in a separate container with GAS in a laboratory test,16 and a patent has been applied for in 100 mL of distilled water to recover. Snails that did not recover after China for the use of A. artemisiifolia powder to control GAS on this an additional 24 h in distilled water were scored as dead.2 Each basis.17 Little else is known about the potential field effectiveness treatment was replicated three times. During the experiment, the of A. artemisiifolia powder or the chemical components associated laboratory temperature was maintained at 26 ± 2 ∘C with a 12:12 h with GAS toxicity. (light:dark) photoperiod. Based on our previous phytochemical studies of A. artemisiifo- lia18,19 and demonstration of molluscicidal activity,20 we investi- 2.4 Sublethal toxicity assay gated the application of plant powders in rice fields to control GAS. To determine the chronic toxicity of the A. artemisiifolia MeOH We also studied the molluscicidal activities of methanol extracts extract against P. canaliculata, juvenile (7-day-old) snails were and purified single compounds from A. artemisiifolia against GAS exposed to sublethal concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L, which under laboratory conditions. The results may stimulate new ideas were equal to 1% and 6% of the 72-h LC values, respectively). regarding, and suggest new approaches to, the use of the powders 50 A total of 50 snails were placed in 35 × 25 × 20 cm3 plastic boxes and active compounds to manage GAS in rice fields. and immersed in 1 L of the liquid of each treatment concentration. Another group of 50 snails was maintained in dechlorinated water 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS as the negative control. During the experiment, the laboratory temperature was maintained at 26 ± 2 ∘C with a 12:12 h (light:dark) 2.1 Snails photoperiod. The snails were fed on soybean (Glycine max)on EggmassesofGAS(P. canaliculata) were collected from Beisheng 3daysofeachweekandonfreshlettuce(L. sativa) on the other Town, Liuyang City, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China days. The individual wet weight of each snail and the length and (28∘15’ N, 113∘25’ E). After indoor hatching of the egg masses width of the shell were measured every 5 days. The duration of the (temperature 28 2 ∘C; relative humidity 70 5%), the newly ± ± experiment was 35 days. Toxicity was expressed as the corrected hatched GAS were reared in an incubator at 26 2 ∘C with a 12:12 ± mortality rate calculated using the following formula: adjusted (light:dark) photoperiod and fed fresh lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) mortality rate (%) = (total deaths in the treated group − deaths for 7 days. Seven-day-old juvenile snails that had a shell length of in the control group)/(1 − mortality rate of control group) × 100%. between 1.0 and 3.0 mm were used for further experiments. Before measuring the wet weight of GAS, the water on the surface of the snails was dried with filter paper three times, and then 2.2 Plant material the snail was weighed with an analytical balance. The shells Ambrosia artemisiifolia plants were collected from Huangshi Town, were examined using the Moticam 2306 stereomicroscope (Motic Miluo City, Hunan Province, China (28∘51’ N, 113∘12’ E) in August Electric Group Co.,Ltd., Xiamen, China) and the equatorial length 2012 and 2014. During the A. artemisiifolia flowering season, the and width of the shells were calculated using the MOTIC IMAGES average plant height was about 60 cm. The plants collected in PLUS 2.0 software (Motic Electric Group Co.,Ltd., Xiamen, China). August 2012 (total dry weight = 10.0 kg) were used for labora- tory experiments, including plant identification, methanol extract 2.5 Field experiments preparation, and compound isolation. Plants collected in August Field experiments were conducted in Pingjiang County, Hunan 2014 (total dry weight = 200.0 kg) were used for the field exper- Province, China, during the rice growing season from July to iment. A voucher specimen (No. 20120821) was deposited at October 2014. Eighteen cement ponds of 4 m × 6 m, previously Hunan Agricultural University. constructed for rice breeding, were selected for the experiment. Ambrosia artemisiifolia plants were placed in the shade to dry. Three-week-old rice (Oryzasativa) plants (variety: Xianyou 63) were The dried parts were ground into a fine powder with particle sizes transplanted at a density of 180 rice plants in each test plot. Prior <60 mesh, and then macerated with 3 folds of methanol (To 1500 to the experiments, all snails naturally present in each test box mL of methanol add 500 g of the powder) in a 3000-mL beaker were manually removed. Ambrosia artemisiifolia plants were col- at room temperature for 24 h. The extract was filtered using filter lected and placed in the shade to dry, and the dried parts were paper, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure ground into fine powder with particle sizes ranging from 20 to 40 in a rotary evaporator. The dried extract was stored in a labeled mesh. At 7 days after rice transplantation, 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg of specimen jar.
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