The T D N G and Modbatbn
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The Tdngand Modbatbn d a FulCZCork OmMoptw Bruce Aiexander Fenton A thesis submitted in conformity Ath the requimments for the degree of Masters uf Applid Science Graduate Department of Aeros~aceScience and Engineering Unkeraity d Toronto @ Copyrîght by Bruce A. Fenton 1999 National Libiary Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Welington OttewaON K1AW Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/filrn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. An importânt rest~ttd the testing has beeri to shoReci the nose gear d aie air#dt to duce the average lii during the td<eoif nin. Other mc%&m haue been primarily sbudurd bee#rse d the kiark impoged on aie airkane during the high-speed taxi tests. kb a mdt d thse moafications, and empîqcing aie corred takdî sûategy, aie aircraCt reached takecûV speed on Navember 8, 1998. A crow hop ms attempted, but a danaged nose gear ~~ the airerdt from achiiing wsWned flïgM. I must adtnowledge all of the people whose hard work and dedication in the past helped make the fulCscaîe omithopter a reali, rnany of whorn I have mver met The names are bo many to list hem, but Itnily feel as though lam standing on their shouiâers. Thanks ahto Dr. Delaurier, who has done so much mom than just give me a dream topic for my thesis. His unwavering trust in me has been a tremendous bwst to my confidence and has ailowed me to complete this wok. The omithopter pro- has been blessed with a remarkable pilot in Paûicia Jones- Bowman. Her well thought out approach b the taxi trials has been a key factor in getting as close as we have to sucœss. Also, her bravery has been and continues to be an inspiration. I could not have finished this without the bve and support of rny wife Jennifer. She has been ümre through the good times and the bad times. I would also like to thank my farnily and friends. Their enthusiasm for the omithopter has been a reminder to me of how fortunate Iam to be working on this project. Finally, 1 must express my gratitude to the curent members of "Team Omithoptef. it has been a pleasure to work with al1 of you. To James Avew Fenton AbPct ii Ack-nB iii Tabk of Conbbntb v UstofTa~ viii List of Figuir# & 1 INfROWCTM 1 1.1 Flipping FlbM 1 1.2 PikCd Flapphg FlgM 2 1.3 The FullScale Ornithopaer 2 1A Transport Cam& lnvohnmrnt 5 1.5 TgahO Location 5 1.6 Pilot Bitkgtwnd 7 1.7 Gemral Test Pdum 8 2 DATA ACQUISKmN SYSTEIiII 11 2.1 HardniiPre 11 2.2 mm 13 2.3 Calibntkn procedure 14 2.4 Data collectkn and mductkn pdum 15 2.5 V#eo Sysoimi 16 2.6 Noise Problems 16 3 PRE-1997 MODIFICATIONS 18 3.1 Nm Smikrg and hkingSysbms 18 3.2 lUewUndercarrirg@ 19 3.3 Nswzerosm~ 20 4 1897 TESTS AND M0DlFICATK))rlS 22 4.1 1997 Test Program 22 4.2 Zero Sb@# 25 4.3 bih 28 4.4 ThoroxStnrctum 30 4.5 Nœe Ckrr Suppocaig Stnichin 32 4.6 InstnirnenfPokn 34 4.7 Sumiry of 1997 Rrub 35 5 1997 DATA REWCTION 5.1 mIkb 5.2 P~~rW as w~~~nrlyib 5.4 Summary 6 OFF SEASON ANALYSW AND MOMFICATW 6.1 Structural Modification8 6.1.1 CadeFramehatysh 6.1.2 -Repair~ 6.1.3 Thara#Repairs 6.1.4 NewCmsMemberin DriveMUdule 6.2 Simubtkn 6.2.1 Obtaniig Sphg Caaitenls and Dampiirg fMb 6.2.2 Simulabioii Resub 6.2.3 FutureWorlr~rrtheSimulation 6.3 InanimeMath 6.3.1 Ptessure Transduoer Calikatior, 6.3.2 Nemr Prsssurefrawducer 6.3.3 SWlaWAngle Inchdor 6.3.4 Frequency Meter 6.3.5 New- 64 f niIing.Edge Clips 6.5 Whg Reprim 6.6 Throttle Mschanh 6.7 EngimRestrakit 7 1998 TESTS AND MûD1FICATK)NS 7.1 1998 Test Pmgtam 7.2 Hinge Modillcrtbns 7.3 Wng R#Lr 7.3.1 Shedf Repair 7.3.2 Fkating Panel wr 7.4 NOWGear 7.4.1 NosewDgnpjng 7.4.2 Stnidural 7.5 Other devekpmsnt kucw 7.5.1 Stsering 7.5.2 Aqparentasymneby pro#ems 7.5.3 1- 7 J Summry d 1998 Test R#ulb 8 1- DATA REDUCTION 8.1 Wkig 8.2 Po@nWmbrDrfi 8.3 Air Spwâ va Fbppkig Fmqamcy 8.6 Run 2 ori -ber 8,1988 8.6 Sumiiy 9 PREPARATtûNS FOR FURTHER TESTlNG 9.2 Nour Gear IlkdHicdom 9.3 oula?Modmaaons 9.4 Test Piogmm lbr 1999 10 CONCLUSDN REFERENCES APPENDK A: 1997 BENDING DATA APPENDIX 6: 1997 POTENTmETER DATA APPENDIX C: 1998 BENDING DATA APPENDK O: 1998 PûTENTIûMEER AND ACCELEROMETER DATA Tabie4.1. Canpletelistd1997teatsfranAugust 1 ttm~@1Se@mbm16............................................. 24 Ta5.1. WdomW Ranges artd Posilive Dirieebrons ........................................................................... 42 Taüe 6.1 : Prr#nilre Tranaduoer Canpahm .............................................................................................62 Ta7.1.Cmpktelistdtestsin 1988....................................................................................................... 72 Table8.1. Sequenee~Eventsfor~HopAttemptonIrkvember8. 1998 ........................................... 101 Figun 1.1 : Three-Vi (Drauiing by D. beum) ......................................................................3 Figun1.2:The-ontheRufnii~y(-byJ.D. DeCauier) ...............................................4 Figum 21: Angle Mer.............................................................................................................. 12 Figuis 3.1: Stedng Pedals (Nae the heel kakss) (Phdogqh by J.O. DeLaurier).................................. 19 Figum h2: Noee Gear and Sm\Mres (PhaBogra9h by J.D. Oel#aer)............................................... 20 Figum 3.3 ïm Stage Wnand Sptodret Diive (Phobgaph hy J.D. Delaurier).................................... 21 Figun H:Zero Sage vvith New 6earing and CWn Guard (Phdapph by J.D. Delaurler) ....................26 Figun~:\IViiI1Oemageon~Panel~DrivingHi~.(~byJ.D.DeCauler) ............................ 29 Figure 43: Reinforcement d Riblet to S- AtEachment (Mby J.O. Deîaurier) ..........................29 Figum4A: itemChmged to Strengaien Nose Gear Support (Skebch by J.O. DeLawiw) ........................ 34 Figun 48: New Tubes Aâded to Strengthen the Nom Gear support (Smby J.D. DeLaurier) ............. 34 Figun 61: ûmiing Manent DaEa han Third Run on 15, 1987 ...............................................38 Figum 5.2. 8ending Manent D& from Second Run on 1, 1997 .............................................39 Figure &3: Bending Manent Oata fran Second Run on Sepdember 15, 1997 ...........................................41 Figure 54: PdeMuneW Data fran Second Run on -ber 1, 1997 ..................................................44 Figun 55: pctentlana(a aatafrom Ssond Rur on Se@ambf 15, 1987 ...............................................45 Figum 5.6: FWai View d the Data in Figure 5.5 ........................................................................................46 Figure 5.7. -OatafFom Thid Run on Segtember 15, 1997 ....................................................47 Flgui. 58: pdenGaeter Data from Second Run on Sepanber 16, 1997........................................... 48 Figun 6.l. Dmaged Lelt Oubgger (mdogmphby J.D. Delaurier)........................................................ 52 Figure 6.2. Bent Tube in Ledt Oubigger (Phobog~by J.D. -der) ...................................................53 Figura 6.3. Straigiltening üw LamLangaron (- by J.D. Delwrier) .......................................... 54 Figun 6.4: MnUwWwniage Drop AppWus (PMqlraph by J.D. DsLauier)...................................... 57 Figure Bb: Piegue Traskicar Cdiôdion.............................................................................................. 59 Figum 6.6. Cdibration d 1987 Pmsure Tmsducer............................................................... ........ BO Fîgun 6.7: Air Speed Data and TrendYne ............................................................................................... 61 Figure 6.8: Camd 1988 P~nnrrr,Traisducer ............................................................................. 62 Figun 6.9 Staülrbr Aigle Indiroloc .......................................................................................................... 83 Figun 6.10: Rwrto ln= SM(Skdai by J.O. Delarier) ............................................................... 66 Figun 6.11: ThWe Resparwt afb 1- d New Meehariism ..................................................... 67 FQun 6.12. EMne R-nt (Ridogaph by J.D. DeiarW)................................................................... û8 FCun 7.1. TraiHng-Edge c# Pîywod SM..................................... ... ......................................................... 74 Figun 7.2. Teer the Rœting Panl Me&s the Spar............................................................................ 75 Figum 7.3. Stripe d Kevtar Uard For the Repair ............................................................................ ...........-75 Figun 7.4: Scissx-Type Dmpef ........................................................................................................TI Fîgun 7.S: