Planning History

Bulletin of the Planning History Group

Vol. 10 No. 3 1988 Planning History Planning History Vol.lO No.3

Bulletin of the Planning History Group Contents

ISSN 0267-0542 EDITORIAL 1 Editor Or Oennis Hardy A Letter From Sydney ...... ••.•...... 1 School of Geography and Planning Middlesex Polytechnic NOTICES 2 Queensway Enfield Middlesex ARTICLES 4 EN3 4SF Telephone 01-368 1299 Extn 2299 John D. Fitzgerald And The Town Planning Movement In Australia ...... 4 Telex 8954762 Neil O' Flanagan Fax 01-805 0702 Local Government Initiatives In Urban Reg eneration 1906-32 ...... 7 Mary Bonsall Associate Editor for the Americas The Winter Garden And The D evelopment Of The English Seaside Reso r t ...... 12 Or Marc A. Weiss Lynn F. Pearson School of Architect and Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology RESEARCH IN PROGRESS 17 Building -l-209 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Battles For The Welsh Landscape, 1920-50 ...... 17 Pyrs Gruffudd Associate Editor for the Pacific Works Housing And The G arden City Movement ...•...... 20 Keith Skilleter Or Robert Freestone DC Research The Hidden Urban Designer ...... •...... •...... •...... 23 Design Collaborative Pty. Ltd. Halina Dunin-Woyseth 225 Clarence Street Sydney NSW 2000 REPORTS 24 Australia Tokyo International S ymposium And Third International Planning His tory Production Conference ...... 24 Design: Dawn Wil son Dennis Hardy Word Processing: Sandy Weeks Silver Jubilee Declaration Of Europa N ostra At Heidelberg, 6-8 Septemb er 1988 ...... 26 Printing: Middlesex Polytechnic Print Centre PLANNING HISTORY PRACTIC E 27 Planning History is published three time_s a year for distribution to members of the Plannmg History Group. The Group as a body is not The Bournville Village T rust ...... ••...... 27 responsible for the views expressed and Philip H enslowe statements made by individuals writing or reporting in Planning History. No part of this NETWORKS 30 publication may be reproduced in any form without permission from the editor. Europa Nostra ...... •...... •...... •...... •...... 30 Notes for Contributors PUBLICATIONS 31 The prime aim of Planning History is to increase an awareness of developments and ideas in planning his~or~ in all pa_rts ~f the w~rld_. In Abstracts •• • . . •. . ..•...... 31 pursuit of th1s a1m, contnbutJons are mv1ted from members and non-members alike for any PHG 34 section of the bulletin. Articles should normall y not exceed 2500 words, and may well reflect work in progress. Photographs and other Working Party On Historic Planning Records ...... ••••.• . ... . • . ....•••. •.. ...•...... 34 illustrations may be included. Contributions Membership ...... •...... 34 submitted on a disc, with accompanying hard copy, are to be encou~aged; please contact the editor for format deta1ls. Editorial Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Editorial A Letter From Sydney How can planning history be better m arketed in It is probably futile to try and simply ' engineer' Australia and the Pacific Region generally? Indi­ regional interest in planning history. One hopes vidual and institutional membership of the it will come in time as an informal network of re­ Planning History Group from these areas (with searchers evolves from recognizing through the the notable exception of Japan) is poor. Regular media of books, articles, seminars - and even reports in this journal of new books, meetings, more publicity notices- that their interests are and other planning history events in Europe and not hopelessly eccentric, specialized or terminal. States provide an umbilical link fo r the United Modern town planning was rather late in coming unorganised aficionados. Yet, in an­ scattered, south early this century. The optimistic implica­ they only add to the loneliness of other sense, tion is that interest in planning history is working on the periphery. living and fo llowing the same course. The distinctiveness of Late last year publicity notices on the Planning approaches to strategic and statutory planning History Group were published in three mono­ that have emerged in the Pacific Region may well graphs circulating widely in New South Wales: be paralleled in its historiography. The contribu­ the Newsletter of the Royal Australian Historical tions that will then come to international Society, the Australian Association of Consulting planning history may end up being a little late, Planners Newsletter, and Planner, the journal of but hopefully rather unique and certainly end ur­ the Royal Australian Planning Institute (NSW). ing. This media 'campaign' drew just one meek in­ quiry. Undaunted, efforts were directed Robert Freestone 'offshore' and a full page spread was secured in Associate Editor Planning Quarterly, the major professional plan- ning journal in New Zealand. Depressingly, the response was even worse. It's not all gloom and doom of course. The Sep­ tember 1988 issue of the Melboume-based journal Urban Policy and Research was given over to his­ torical articles, with a special forum of short pieces devoted to the theme: 'the making and un­ making of planning ideas: reviewing, interpreting and learning from the past'. And the most recent edition of the Australian Planner, the national-cir­ culating journal of the Royal Australian Planning Institute, was a special issue devoted to Austra­ lian Planning History. [For details of both see Publications section] . The latter in particular may serve as a catalyst to spark wider interest. It will also lend support to efforts to establish on a fir­ mer basis a special interest group within the Institute and bring planning history onto its con­ ference agenda. The 'critical mass' of interest required for plan­ ning history to be a viable, legitimate, ongoing research area- rather than simply the isolated or esoteric concern of the odd individual - is s till sometime away. Perhaps, it has to break out into the mainstream of urban and social history. This was, after all, the really important breakthrough made in England in the early 1970s, but it has yet to happen in any significant way in Australia or its near neighbours.

1 Plnnnmg History Voi.IO No.3 Notices Plannlng History Vol.lO No.3 Notices

RIBA committees covering over 100 years of the In­ disposal systems have all become necessary in v arious stitute's history. forms.

Notices BAL Archivist, Angela Mace said, "This grant is a most The intense development pressures of cities have also welcome contribution to the challenging task of ensur­ resulted in the loss of historic districts and buildings ing that the Institute's historic records are preserved in which reflect the distinct identity and character of our ''The Garden City Abandoned: Public Policy and the FOURTH INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY good condition for the benefit of future generations. cities. All these undoubtedly have also had a great im­ Urban Poor in the American Metropolis." GROUP CONFERENCE The RIBA archive is a unique record of the develop­ pact on the environment. Urban problems within the ment of the architectural profession in Britain and is built environment and their impact on societies vary "TH E BOURNVILLE CONFERENCE" DR DANIEL SCHAFFER, University of Tennessee, ional from city to city and each has made attempts to solve The Garden City Tradition Re-examined United States: ''The Garden City Tradition in an Age of now recognised as an important part of our nat archival heritage. its problems. Westh ill College, Bournville, Birmingham UK, Conservatism." 3rd - 7th September 1989 The project to 'rescue' the archive was initiated a few Singapore's rapid urbanisation is an appropriate con­ DR SHUN-I CHI W AT ANABE, Building Research In­ years ago, with the help of two generous grants from text in which to discuss the various urban issues and to stitute, Tsukuba Science City, Japan: ''The Japanese cess­ exchange experiences. It is our intention that planners, Promoted Jointly by the Planning History Group and Garden City Versus The Land Question." the Interbuild Fund, and the first stage was suc the Bournville Village Trust. fully completed by the recent publication of a guide to architects, engineers, developers, legislators, estate thanks manager, builders and other professionals concerned 6. In addition, the following have already accepted the archive and history of the Institute. Now, to this timely grant by the British Library from the with city growth will contribute to the continued devel­ 1. This, the fourth international conference of the Plan­ our invitations to contribute seminar papers: ning History Group, will focus on the theme of the Wolfson Foundation, we can embark on the next stage opment of theory and practice of Urban Planning, ed Housing and Design. Garden City tradition in planning and urban develop­ DR MERVYN MILLER, Chartered Architect and Town of the project, in which essential repair work is carri ­ ment. Co-organised by the Planning History Group Planner, Baldock, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. out on the most important and heavily-used docu and the Bournville Village Trust, it marks the 150th an­ ments." This convention will cover topics on: 1. Urban Design and its Implications niversary of George Cadbury's birth (1839). It also Katholieke Universiteit PROFESSOR MARCEL SMETS, 2. Economic and Urban Development serves to commemorate the important 1901 conference Leuven, Belgium. of the Garden City movement held at Bournville. 3. Urban Development and its Influences on Transport­ AMERICAN URBAN HISTORY ASSOCIATION ation PROFESSOR ANTHONY SUTCLIFFE, University of 4. Conservation and Revitalisation 2. The Conference will be held at Westhill College, Leicester, United Kingdom. situated o n the Bournville estate. The College pro­ The Annual Luncheon of the American Urban History 5. Information Technology and its Influence on Urban Development vides residential accommodation in a spacious green Institute of Technol­ Association will be held on Saturday, April 8, 1989, at DR MARC WEISS, Massachusetts 6. Resource Conservation and its Impact on Urban setting, four miles from the centre of Birmingham. ogy, United States. Noon in the Adam's Mark Hotel in St Louis, Missouri. The luncheon is being held in conjunction with the Form 7. Public Participation and Urban Development. 3. The programme will include keynote addresses by 7. Call for Papers meeting of the Organisation of American Historians. invited speakers and seminar sessions comprising a Graeme Davison, Harvard University and Monash All enquiries and correspondence relating to t he con­ combination of invited and selected papers. A general call for papers is now made. Titles offered University, will present a paper entitled," Australia: vention should be addressed to: Throughout the Conference there will be a range of should be relevant to the main theme of the conference The First Suburban Nation?" Blaine A. Brownell and other related activities, including field visits, film and may relate to the experience of any countries. It is Mark H. Rose will chair the session. Tickets will be The Convention Manager shows and a conference dinner. some measure of financial as­ available a~ part of the pre-registration package for the hoped to be able to offer "2nd International Convention on Urban Planning, sistance to those whose papers we select. Those OAH meettng or at the OAH Registration. As the num­ Housing and Design" 4. The Planning History Group is grateful fo r gener­ wishing to offer papers should be in a position to sub­ ber of tickets is limited, purchase through 5001 Beach Road 08-31, Golden Mile Complex, ous grants to meet speakers' expenses and other costs mit them in a complete typed form not later than the pre-registration is encouraged. For additional informa­ : RS 39250 from the Bournville Village Trust and local charitable end of June 1989. Proposed titles and 250 word ab­ tion, contact: Blaine A. Brownell, College of Social and Singapore 07 19. Tel:2970440, 2970347, Telex MRC, Fax: (65) 2913214. trusts. stracts should be submitted as soon as possible, and Behavioral Sciences, University of Alabama at Birming­ not later than the end of February 1989, to Dr Stephen ham, Birmingham, AL 35294, 205-8934-5643; or Mark 5. The main framework of the Conference is provided V. Ward, Programme Organiser, School of Planning, ~·Rose,. T~e Program in Science, Technology, and So­ by t he keynote speakers: Ciety, M1ch1gan Technological University, Houghton, Oxford Polytechnic, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OBITUARY: TREVOR GIBSON OX3 OBP, United Kingdom (Facsimile 0865 819073). • MI 49931, 906-487-2115. PROFESSOR GERHARD FEHL, University of Aachen, West Germany: "Garden City Against Suburbia: The 8. Booking Details A valued link with the early post-war planning of Can­ Struggle of German Urban Planners to Bring Order berra has been severed with the death in July 1988 of Into Chaos 1910-1950". These will be circulated in March 1989 together with 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON URBAN Trevor Gibson. He came to Canberra in 1949, then more complete programme information. PLANNING, HOUSING AND DESIGN with a population of only 20,000 and for ten y ears DR ROBERT FREESTONE, D.C. Research, Sydney, Aus­ 27-29 JULY 1989 headed the town planning section of the Common­ tralia: "Reassessing Australian Responses To The Raffles City Convention Centre, West Stamford and wealth Department of the Interior. He was the first Garden City Tradition: The Getting of Wisdo_m or The town planner to be appointed since the d eparture of Cultural Cringe?" AlBA ARCHIVE Westin Plaza, Singapore. Waiter Burl~y Griffin in 1920. Gibson was one of very f~w Austrahans pro~essionally qualified in town plan­ In troduction . For five M. JEAN PIERRE GAUDIN, University of Paris, The Royal Institute of British Architects has been mng and he came w1th overseas experience nderry in France: "Designing the "Citl~" in France at the Begin­ awarded a grant of £12,000 by the British Library, to­ The 1~t International Convention on Urban Planning, years he had been county planner for Londo timely 5 by ning of the Century." wards the preservation of the RIBA archive under the Housmg and Design was held in July 1986. it is Northern Ireland. Gibson, who retired in 197 wi'n be re­ terms of the award of grants from the gift to the British now for all professionals concerned with urbanisation which time Canberra had grown to 200,000, and rapid g.rowth of cities to meet once again to dis­ of DR DENNIS HARDY, Middlesex Polytechnic, United Library by the Wolfson Foundation and Family Trust. membered as a significant figure in the history Kingdom: ''Themes in Planning History: A Review of cuss urban 1ssues and share experiences. Urbanisation Canberra's p lanning. in va­ The Garden City Campaign." The subvention will be used by the British Architectu­ ha.s occurred in almost every part of the world rymg intensities. To cope with this situation new Austplan ral Library to help conserve the papers, reports and [Extract from Obituary by Peter Harrison in net­ September 1988). ' PROFESSOR KENNETH T. JACKSON, Columbia records of the RIBA, which include 19th and early 20th housing, in? ~stry, commerce, efficient transport University in the City of New York, United States: century Fellows' Nomination Papers and minutes of works, suff1c1ent water supply, drainage and refuse

2 3 Planning History Vol. tO No.3 Articles Articles Planning History Vol.lO No.3

Fitzgerald was considered to have 'the sweetest The two stalwarts of the planning movement in of all speaking voice', it is not clear if the other N.S.W. patched up their differences however, and members responded favourably to his ideas. The collaborated on a number of projects in the next Articles stated views of John Sulman, the president of the few years. In 1919 Fitzgerald created a Town Town Planning Association of N.S.W. would Planning Advisory Board with Sulman as chair­ local newspaper, Daily Telegraph, for support in a seem to be almost the complete opposite to those man. Its most noted achievements were the John D. Fitzgerald And campaign for a 'Greater Sydney' system of local of Fitzgerald. When Sulman gave evidence to the publication of a series of general ad visory bulle­ government whereby all the various local and Royal Commission on Housing in Melbourne he tins on planning, but it also inspected plans a nd The Town Planning state bodies responsible for the city would be suggested the use of labour colonies and eugenics designs submitted to them voluntarily by local to counteract the activities of the undesirable in­ authorities or the Housing Board. In 1919, Fitz­ amalgamated into one overriding metropolitan 2 Movement In Australia authority. The editor counselled patience how­ habitants of the slums. An important factor to gerald again appointed Sulman to chair a ever, and suggested a more reformist approach to be considered is the Irish Catholic background of government body, this time a departmental com­ municipal matters. The advice was well con­ John D. Fitzgerald, for the obvious Irish Catholic mittee to advise on the design and planning of Neil O'Fianagan sidered, for although Fitzgerald campaigned for a origins of much of the working class in Sydney war memorials. Simultaneously, Fitzgerald in­ 'Greater Sydney' for the rest of his life, he was no doubt encouraged him to take a more sympath­ serted a clause in the 1919 Local Government Bill Urban Research Unit, never to see it implemented, even as a Minister etic view of the slum dwellers than many of those which he was preparing, to make it compulsory for Local Government. The reasons that lie be­ with Scottish or English origins. In addition, he that every design fo r a memorial sho uld fi rst ob­ Australian National University hind this are complex, but it is likely that a too referred often to the Christian obligation to im­ tain the approval of the Minister before the ready importation of English ideas to circumstan­ prove the living conditions of the poor memorial could be erected. As a consequence, encouraged in the papal encyclical "Rerum Nova­ Sulman and his committee inspected 214 designs A founder member of the Town Planning Associ­ ces wholly different to those prevailing in rum", published in 1893. As the years went by, it over the next five years before the compulsory in 1913, John England played a part in the failure of the ation of New South Wales, formed was certainly Sulman who felt more at ease in the clause was repeated by the Lang Government. those most readily 'Greater Sydney' scheme. Daniel Fitzgerald was amongst Town Planning Association of N.S.W. than Fitz­ planning in Aus­ It 1919 Local Government Act that domi­ identified with the cause of town The direct importation of English or British con­ gerald. The latter twice resigned from the was the , Walter Burley nated the final working years of Fitzgera ld rathe r tralia. Along with John Sulman cerns also played a part in Fitgerald's interest in Association, once in 1915, and again in 1917. The planning. But this is not to say that Griffin and Charles Reade he is a crucial figure in state housing. He constantly urged the state to cause of the first resignation is still something of than town in Austra­ necessarily distinct; certainly Fitz­ the history of the planning movement take a leading role in the provision of decent a mystery but the reasons lying behind his resig­ the two were lia in the early twentieth century. His most housing for the working class in the city. For his nation in 1917 was the result of a public dispute gerald saw little reason to make a distinction involvement in reform and planning. When outstanding feature was his dual efforts, he was made chairman of the state ap­ between him and Sulman. The dispute highlights between municipal in the political life of red the first Great Sydney Bill in 1915, the planning movement and pointed Housing Board, formed in 1912, with the the differing political nuances of Fitzgerald, in his he sponso was actively in­ it provisions for a Civic Planning New South Wales. Fitzgerald responsibility of providing rented public housing capacity as wartime Minister for Local Govern­ he carried with electoral politics volved in the cut and thrust of in Sydney. The Housing Board was somewhat ment and Public Health, and the Town Planning Commission. This would have consisted of the from the 1890s until his death in 1922. less than successful. The sum total of the houses Association led by Sulman. Mayor of Sydney, and two other members, and it would have been instructed to draw up a long In this respect, he was unique in the planning built as its most ambitious project, Daceyville, The conflict arose over the decision of Fitzgerald term scheme for arterial roads in the Metropoli­ In addition, came to just 315, out of the 1400 originally movement that was based in Sydney. to allow Sydney Hospital to extend the rear of its tan area, and to advise on the opening of new in the city held planned. Very few other houses were built by the few other advocates of planning premises into the Domain, a public park, in order roads and on subdivisions. The defeat of the as a means of Housing Board which was disbanded in 1924 quite the same hopes for planning to erect a temporary venereal disease clinic. Sui­ Greater Sydney Bill in the legislative assembly ameliorating the social and economic conditions over allegations of corruption and waste. man led the charge against the proposal, alleging put an end to the hopes fo r a comprehensive of city dwellers, and in particular, of the poor. Underlying the problem of state housing was the that the extension would lead to a permanent en­ town plan for Sydney for the time being. The de­ Not surprisingly, his political concerns often led concept of environmental determinism, again a croachment on the Domain, as the board of cision to put together planning and municipal him to clash with many of the other planning ad­ derivation from English social reform. It was a Sydney Hospital had long desired to extend its reform might have been unwise, but in the case of vocates. concept ever present in the thoughts of Fitzger­ premises. Neither did he believe that a venereal Sydney where over 50 local councils and state of it from It was probably John Burns, the future Minister ald, who may well have first heard disease clinic was suited to be adjacent to a public boards operated, it was impossible to avoid. for Local Government in Britain, who introduced John Bums, apparently the author of a phrase recreation area. After a number of weeks in town planning advocates in The 1919 Local Government Act is therefore all Fitzgerald, in 1890, to the possibilities inherent in much quoted by ":'hi~h ~ulman mobilised the Town Planning Asso­ th7 ~ore remarkabl.e for its grafting of planning municipal reform and urban politics. The two Sydney, ' mean streets makes the mean man.' Fit­ ctatlOn m a public campaign, the cabinet decided pnnctples upon a vtbrant system of administra­ men met in England when Fitzgerald was sent gerald consistently noted the debilitating effects not to adopt Fitzgerald's proposals. It was a hu­ tion entirely removed from the British experience there as a delegate to raise funds for the striking of slums upon the slum dwellers, but he differed miliating experience for him, and apart from from which many of those principles were d rawn. maritime workers in 1890. Burns was tne London from many others who used the notion of environ­ resigning his membership of the Association, he In this respect it is a truly indigenous piece of organiser of the strike committee so it was inevit­ mental determinism in that he avoided the use of refused to talk to Sulman for many months after­ l egis latio~ . The thrust of the act was ultimately able that the two men would meet. Bums was the notion as a condemnation of the poor because wards. The issue was a complex one, but it is conservative, and granted to local councils con­ already well versed in the vocabulary of local gov­ of their association with poverty, crime and in­ difficult not to sympathise with Fitzgerald, who siderable autonomy over the zoning and ernment and Fitzgerald could not have received a sanitary conditions. As he told the members of had ' to balance the beautification of the city in a 3 subdivision of the area under its jurisdiction. Al­ better introduction to the legislative changes that the Town Planning Association of New South small instance against the welfare of the race', though this left the councils open to the pressure were occurring by the end of the nineteenth cen­ Wales in its first meeting in 1913, that while it bearing in mind that the proposals dated to early of corruption, they were at least able to lay out tury in response to the growth of the Victorian was true that criminals were the products of the 1917, when thousands of Australians were fight­ the area according to their wants, whether for en­ cities. He was immediately struck by what he slums 'they were judged too harshly for being the ing in E~rope. Sulman's concerns seem p etty by tirely residential purposes or for a mixture of saw and heard for no sooner had he returned to product of conditions for which they were not re­ companson. industrial and residential zones and such like. Sydney than he began his own crusade for munici­ sponsible but for which the people who 1 Needless to say, the Town Planning Association pal reform. In 1891 he petitioned the editor of the permitted the slums had to answer'. Although

4 5 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Planrung History Vol.lO No.3 Articles Articles was dissatisfied with the limited planning aspects NOTES sections of the business community to welcome of the 1919 Act, and it continued to press for a re­ Local Government new industries to share rate costs and to reduce the volume of unemployment which contributed gional town plan for the laying down of main 1. Building (Sydney) 12th November 1913, p.89. roads, housing schemes and for the setting aside Initiatives In Urban so much to the rate burden. So great was the of public space. This was a reasonable cause, but 2. Royal Commission on Housing Conditions of Regeneration 1906-32 number of unemployed that industrialists did it did not find fruition until the 1919 Act was the People in the Metropolis, 2nd Progress Re­ not, at that stage, see new firms as a threat to amended in 1945 to make way for the Cumber­ port, V.P.P. 1917, Vol.2, p.298, 6386. their own cheap labour supply. Some businesses were more directly affected by urban decline. land plan. 3. John D. Fitzgerald, Papers, Ms Q 266. The Story Of Derby's Borough House builders, brick manufacturers and stove In spite of the obvious differences that existed be­ 4. Punch (Melbourne), 23 September 1915, p.10. grate makers were particularly concerned at the tween Fitzgerald and many of the other planning Development Committee low level of house building which they attributed advocates, the esteem held of him rarely dim­ to waning prosperity? It was, however, the s hop­ inished. He was twice made President of the keepers, the dominant group on the Borough Australian Town Planning Conference, in 1917, Reference has also been made to the Fitzgerald Papers (Dixon Library, State Library of New South Council, who took the first steps towards setting and 1918. During the latter conference in Bris­ Mary Bonsall up the Borough Development Committee. They bane in 1918 he could not bring himself to talk to Wales); and the Sulman Papers (Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales) ML.Mss 4480. clearly recognised that their difficulties were Sulman because of the Sydney Hospital affair, Urban regeneration is not a problem unique to caused by the weaknesses in the manufacturing and he may not have been a member of the Town our own times. The necessity for industrial re­ section of the local economy and it was in their or­ Planning Association of N .S.W. at the time. Ac­ structuring in order to combat declining ganisation, the Chamber of Trade, that the cording to the Melbourne 'Punch', he stood 'head 4 prosperity, urban decay and unemployment faced problems of attracting new industry was first ad ­ and shoulders over most of his acquaintances' in many local authorities at the beginning of the dressed4 terms of intellectual ability, and as we have men­ Twentieth Century. Their response was to set up The Borough Development Committee was event­ tioned, he was a v ery attractive speaker. were to persuade new indus­ committees which ually established as a result of an initiati ve of the tries to locate themselves in their towns. It was His troubled connection with the planning move­ whole business community. The shopkeepers in to be the last chance for local authorities to create ment mirrored his uneasy links with the labour the Chamber of Trade involved the Chamber of By the end of the Second World movement. A founder member of the Labour their own future. Commerce, which represented the interests o f War central government had taken control of in­ Electoral League in N.S.W., he was elected to Par­ manufacturers, and together they approached t he in order to help distressed areas. liament in 1891 but lost his seat in the next dustrial location Borough Counci1.5 As the Council at that time This ended the 'free for all' in which local auth­ election. Over the next fifteen years he moved in largely consisted of members of those two bodies, with each other to offer the best and out of labour politics, usually on a matter of orities competed it is not surprising that their recommendatio ns terms to prospective manufacturers. principle. He finally broke with the party he had were graciously received and acted upon. When helped found, during the war, over the question Derby's industrial development committee was established, the Committee consisted of eight of conscription, and became a member of the Hot­ one of the earliest to be established. Luton's in elected members, seven of whom were members man government in opposition to the 1899 may have been the first. Derby set up its of one or other of the two Chambers. In addition anti-conscriptionist stand of the labour move­ committee in 1906 in response to long-term indus­ three members of each Chamber were coopted ment. Thus he found himself in a similar position trial decline intensified by the Depression of onto the Committee. Those six had equal voting to that which he found himself in the planning 1902-5. The town began to perceive that it was rights with the eight Council members. In effect, movement of N.S.W., the sole person of Irish over-dependent on the Midland Railway Com­ then, the Committee was managed by the busi­ Catholic origins. pany, which in the Nineteenth Century had ness community. They also appointed one of provided its economic growth and prosperity. In their own members, a civil engineer in private It is perhaps his tendency to remain on the mar­ 6 gins, whether of his political colleagues, his the 1840s when the Railway Company established practice, to act as secretary. It was he who did fellow planning advocates, or his Irish back­ its locomotive and carriage and wagon works in the real work. He made the initial contacts with ground that provides much of the originality of the town it ensured that Derby would develop as prospective firms, conducted negotiations and his ideas and interests, such as local government, an engineering centre. At the end of the Century, acted as a liaison between the firms and the Coun­ housing and public health. In many respects he however, constructional engineering was in de­ cil Committees responsible for setting the terms shares the preoccupations of English social refor­ cline. The Railway was cutting back on its own under which the new industries would establish mers of the period, and his obsession with engineering workforce and other prestigious en­ themselves in the Borough. Because the Commit­ gineering firms such as Handysides and tee was prepared to exist on an annual Greater Sydney and public housing may repre­ 1 sent a simplistic use of foreign ideas. His major Eastwood Swingler were close to liquidation. expenditure of £300 there was little opposition legislative achievement, the Local Government Townspeople began to regret their lost textile in­ from even the most bigoted exponents of 'rigid Act of 1919, however, suggests that he overcame dustries, and in particular that silk had been economy'. The consequence was, however, that allowed to decline. They were beginning to ap­ there could be no large scale advertisement of this derivative failing, a failing which may have 2 been more prevalent in the planning movement at preciate the virtues of industrial diversification. Derby' s locational advantages, for as one council­ large. His transformation from English social re­ The rate factor, above all else, was responsible for lor put it, one advertisement in the Daily Express former to Australian legislator is perhaps his bringing the Borough Development Committee would have cost virtual~ the whole of the Com­ major achievement. into being. At the time, unemployment was a di­ mittee's annual budget. Despite such rect burden on the local rates and the most parsimony, before the end of the First World War obvious cause of rate increases. For that reason the Committee had established almost thirty new existing manufacturers were as anxious as other firms in the town, the most significant for the fu­ ture being Rolls Royce and British Celanese.

6 7 Articles History Vol.lO No.3 Planning History Vol. tO No.3 Articles Planning

These two firms joined the Railway Company as which, because it needed bulky fuel supplies, tied mer' and this considerably s trengthened the expo­ which used cheaper powered coal to fire it. The th.e three largest firms in Derby. Its prosperity is them to coalfield sites. Industry became 'foot­ nent of Gladstonian retrenchment. The schemes Derby station became the model for many new shlllargely dependent on this triumvirate. loose' and able to move nearer to its markets, and and endorsed by the Borough Develop­ power stations including those of Paris and Ber- presented . 17 so to reduce transport costs. Moreover, electrical were the offering of the business 1m. The initial success of the Borough Development ment Committee motors were cheaper to buy than steam engines. to the town, from both Liberal and Committee was the result of a happy collabora­ community The story of the Borough Development Commit­ In Derby motors could be hired from the Elec­ They were not ill-considered or im­ tion between business expertise, cooperative Conservative. tee in the post-war years is one of growing tricity Committee with options to purchase later. or the work of socialists. The man Council Committees and a complacent Borough practical antagonism, as it became the storm centre o f the For new firms short of capital this was a very at­ for planning the future of Council. Derby did, of course, have some natural largely responsible battle for the implementation of town planning tractive facility indeed. It may have been this was W.G. Wilkins, a Progressive Liberal, a.dvantages. The town's central geographical loca­ Derby schemes based on Wilkins' ideas. The political ad­ which, in the case of the relocation of Rolls manufacturer and member of the tion at the heart of the national railway network wallpaper vantage lay with the opponents of reform who Royce, finally ' tipped the scales' in favour of Chamber of Commerce. He had also helped to was of great significance for its continuance as an 10 firmly entrenched themselves in the new Town Derby. found the National Housing Reform Council and engineering centre, for coal, iron, steel and ma­ 11 Planning Committee in order to inhibit the adop­ was its treasurer from 1903-13. According to chine tools were all n~arby and accessible on the After 1918 the Borough Development Committee tion of those plans by the Council. Wilkins, it was he who persuaded Cad­ Midland's main lines. The Railway was itself a had little further success. Perhaps partly as a re­ his own account despite his well known expertise, was never initial bury and Lever to support the indigent valuable source of skilled engineering labour and sult of its earlier achievement Derby's 12 allowed to join the Town Planning Committee Wilkins also organised many of some manufacturers did admit that this was an advantages had largely disappeared. There were organisation. which he had pioneered over such a long period the Council's visits abroad to study town plan­ important reason for choosing Derby. Some, less few large industrial sites left to offer and there of time. Politically, the tide was turning even fur­ Germany and America and invited openly, appreciated that Derby was a 'cheap la­ was a growing shortage of labour and housing. ning in ther against him. The growing support for the of the town planning movement, such as bour' town and that there was little trade union Other local authorities were developing their elec­ leaders Labour Party caused Liberals and Tories to close 9 Richmond, to lecture militancy. Other factors in industrial location in tricity stations and in other ways becoming very ~orsfall '\~d Thompson of ranks, and for political advantage to back away . . In 1913 he resigned as treasurer to Derby were, however, more dependent on local competitive in the race to acquire new industries. m Derby from municipal spending so that the Labour his mayoral year to persuading Derby to government initiatives, for the role of local gov­ The Development Committee pleaded in vain for devote Party could be isolated as wasters of the rate­ town planning legislation and to initiate ernment is to create the infra-structure without reforms which would enable Derby to compete adopt payer's money. Very soon the Labour Party changes in the town.14 He held an which industry cannot function efficiently. By again; for land reclamation to provide sites, new far reaching found itself as virtually the only supporters o f exhibition to show the historical evolution of 1906 the Borough Council had undertaken three roads to give access to them, and for housing. Wilkins' schemes, th~ heirs to his vision of the and to display his plans for its future. All 1 important development schemes without which it The Committee also tried to explain to the Coun­ Derby Derby of the future. As the Labour Party took the elements of the schemes which were to be is very unlikely that new industry would have cil that industrialists could be deterred from control of the Council the Borough Development again in 1918 were there in his 1913 ex­ been persuaded to settle in Derby. How those re­ moving to a place which had a bad reputation, as presented Committee changed in composition. The elected hibition. There was to be the reclamation of the forms were able to overcome the opposition of Derby had, for dullness and drabness. The coun­ businessmen of the Liberal and Tory Parties were to create industrial sites and a central the 'Ratepayers Interest' is fascinating but outside cillors totally rejected this view. In the face of Riverlands replaced by Labour men and the coopted mem­ improvement scheme to clear the riverbanks of the scope of this paper. pleas for essential urban renewal, and for the pro­ bers deserted it when they lost the voting rights tly buildings in the town centre and re­ vision of the infra-structure needed by new unsigh they had exercised for so long. The Committee first essential development was for a sewage place them with riverside walks, recreational and The industry the 'ratepayers interest' had only one re­ was then left without the business expertise it so system, completed in 1908 and one of the cultural facilities. There was even a plan for a disposal sponse. This was that there was only one factor badly needed. Only the secretary survived until, in the country. It had been resisted by the P~lace'. Finally, there was to be a 'ring last in industrial location and that was the level of the 'Peo~le's in 1932, when the Tories temporarily regained 'economy' section since the 1870s when it had to reheve the town centre of traffic conges­ rates. Industry would come, of its own accord, if r?ad power, he was dismissed. This short sighted vin­ been made illegal to tip untreated sewage into the It no use explain­ tion and open up the new industrial sites on the rates were sufficiently low. was 15 dictiveness reflects the hatred that the Borough ver. The second scheme provided an abundant Riverlands. ri ing that rates were only a small proportion of an Development Committee and its secretary had in­ supply of water suitable for industrial use. The industrialist's costs and that they were much In 1918 Wilkins' schemes were carefully redrawn curred for their long standing advocacy of Borough had participated in the Derwent Valley more concerned about the price of electricity and costed by the civil engineer who was secre­ reform. The secretary, a Tory businessman him­ Water Scheme which ensured that the headwaters ate bill. The which could be over ten times their r tary to the Borough Development Committee, but self, was an inconvenient reminder that there of the Derwent would be shared by a number of 'economy' group firmly resisted reform, even the there is no doubt that they were Wilkins' could be reformers in all political parties and that local authorities, in order to prevent their acquisi­ provision of municipal housing which, after 1919, schemes, and that it was he who persuaded the the battle between 'economy' and 'reform' tran­ tion by one authority for its own exclusive use. 16 was to be largely financed by national govern­ c.ommittee to adopt them. They were all con­ scended party boundaries. After he had gone the The third project was of paramount importance, ment and not the rates. By so doing they vmced, at that stage, that without them no work of actively seeking new industry ceased . for Derby set up one of the earliest electrical seriously impeded the work of the Borough Devel­ important new firms would be attracted to the generating stations in the country. As a result of long By 1933 the Labour Party had regained its ma­ opment Committee and injured the Town's t?wn. As businessmen they recognised that the a fortunate decision to use it to power its tram jority but they did not reconstitute the Borough term prosperity. hme had come to make substantial investments in system the Council injected sufficient capital to Development Committee. They did implement se­ order to reap financial rewards in the future and enable it to be used for the generation of indus­ In 1918 the members of the Borough Develop­ verely truncated versions of Wilkins' ambitious pressing by so doing secure Derby's long term prosperity. trial power and not be limited to lighting as ment Committee were almost united in plans but on so small a scale that there was little running out. 1921 was the last year in envisaged. Through the appointment for reform, regardless of their political allegian­ Tu~e wa~ in either the appearance of the originally whtch a ftrm of any significant size moved to improvement of a first class electrical engineer to run the sta­ ces. There was, for a few years, a brief town or in its ability to provide suitable sites for could have Derby, and this was for a very exceptional reason. tion and the enthusiastic cooperation of the opportunity in which the Borough new industry. Instead of a People's Palace on the industry was ex­ International Combustion moved to Derby be­ Chairmen of the Electricity Committee, an effi­ opted for massive growth, for prime sites by the river, in the centre of the town throughout cause W.G. Wilkins as Chairman of the Electricity cient and cheap power supply was generated panding into the domestic markets there was built the new Council House, the Polic ~ of relocation. The Company was able to promise that if they did so which could compete with any other Authority at the 1920s and in the process Station, Magistrates Courts and a Bus Station all on that scale again. th~ ftri? could install their experimental new that time. Electrical power supply was, then, the chance would not be available rip~ access to the river by its towns- ' began to reinforce bmler m the Corporation's electricity station. The obscu most potent factor in the relocation of industry. Moreover, party politics soon people. Perhaps the schemes were lost in the nomiser' and 'refor- result was that engineers came from all over the No longer were firms dependent on steam power, the old division between 'eco massive reform programme with which the La- world to test the effectiveness of the new boiler

8 9 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Articles Articles Planning History Vol.lO No.3 bour Council became involved, particularly in Wilkins called this vision 'The City which is to 16. Borough Development Committee: Minutes education, housing and health. Much was done, be'. 1918-19; Derby Borough Council: Minutes 1918- in financed by Derby's unprecedented prosperity In 1935 it was a Conservative, Arthur Aiton, an in­ 19; Press Reports. the 1930s. The Borough was then reaping the dustrialist, and founder of the very first firrn the or­ benefit of the expansion of those industries estab­ 17. W.G. Wilkins 'Forty Years Service in the C Borough Development Committee persuaded to poration of Derby' op cit. lished by the Borough Development Committee move to Derby, who warned the town against the First World War. The town before the end of complacency and of the necessity to continuef to 18. W.R. Raynes, Worthwhile, unpublished m em­ weathered the 1930s Depression with unemploy­ promote industrial development. In an effort to oirs c.1918. In this he claims that non-Labour to those of London and the ment levels close get the Borough Development Committee recon­ supporters of the Riverlands scheme were 0 lowest in the country. By 1936 South West/ the stituted he warned: warned of the serious consequences to them­ when Rolls Royce began to fulfil government con­ selves if they persisted. tr acts for Merlin aero-engines Derby was inciting 'If Derby goes to sleep and thinks what it has 19. Wilkins did warn of the foolishness and short national envy for its prosperity. In this compla­ done is good enough, then I am afraid that in an­ sightedness of this; see Derby and Chesterfield Re­ cent atmosphere the need for new industry other thirty years time, Derby will be a distressed 23 6.1.27. In 1988 when the 1920s bus station seemed irrelevant. Industrial structure was still area.' porter was demolished a new Magistrates Court was insufficiently diversified. It had exchanged a de­ If Derby has not become a distressed area neither erected on this crucial riverside site, thus com­ pendence on one industry, the Railway, for a has it escaped the problems of the 1980s as it did original 'foolishness'. three, the Railway, Rolls Royce pounding the dependence on those of the 1930s. and British Celanese.21 In the early 1970s when 20. Unemployment Indices 1927-39, Ministry of Rolls Royce was declared bankrupt there was Employment. panic in the town, and people rushed to take their NOTES 21. Industrial Census 1951 ; Board of Trade Indus­ money out of the Derbyshire Building Society. trial Survey 1948. This was obviously an irrational response but a This article is based on Dr. Bonsall's Nottingham measure o f local residents' recognition of their de­ Ph.D thesis: 'The Derby Borough Development 22. It was not revealed until 1929 just how seri­ pendence on the Company. Committee, 1906-32'. ous that threat had been. When, in 1929, J.H. Thomas was made an honorary freeman of the Bo­ The early success of the Borough Development 1. Chamber of Commerce spokesman: Derby and rough it was then acknowledged that Derby had Committee was Derby's good fortune. Without Ch esterfield Reporter 21.1.02. kept its railway engineering works only because the new industries it brought to the town its fu­ 2. Derby Trades Council spokesman: Derby and of the efforts of Thomas. Derby Mercury 4.10.29. ture would have been very bleak. It would have Chesterfield Reporter 3.7.03 with little work become a depressed railway town 23. Derby Advertiser 27.12.35. for either its male or female workforce. It could 3. Annual Reports of Chamber of Commerce. have been even worse than that, for in 1923 when 4. Derby and Chesterfield Reporter 28.10.03. the Midland merged into the London Midland and Scottish Railway Company there was a very 5. Derby Borough Council: Minutes April1906. real danger that Derby would lose its railway en­ 22 6. Borough Development Committee: Minutes gineering works in the ensuing reorganisation. May 1906. Because success had been achieved with so little expenditure or effort on its part, the Borough 7. Derby and Chesterfield Reporter 22.10.09. Council singularly failed to recognise how nar­ 8. Rolls Royce Minutes: Royce and Johnson to Di­ rowly they had escaped from poverty and rectors 22.7.07. decline. It did not understand when the moment came to make a massive contribution to the work 9. E.G. Boissier Letter 29.7.69. of urban regeneration in order to secure future 10. It is well known that the new firm of Rolls economic progress. In the few years the Council Royce was very short of capital. See, for instance had left to determine Derby's fate civic improve­ W.J. Oldham The Hyphen in Rolls Royce, 1967. ment needed to go hand in hand with industrial development. It is perhaps Derby's misfortune 11 . National Housing and Town Planning Associ­ that with the advent of the Labour Party the real ation: Minute Book 1903-13. issuer. of urban renewal were never seriously ad­ 12. W.G. Wilkins 'Forty Years Service in Derby dressE.d by the community as a whole. They were Corporation' Derby 1936, published version of his lost in a smokescreen of political rhetoric and valedictory address. prejudice. This successfully obscured the most real division in local government which was not 13. Ald. Thompson of Richmond said of Wilkins between Conservative, Labour and Liberal but be­ 'he is known and renowned in every capital of Eu­ tween those who saw the role of local rope as an expert on the subject of town government as 'reactive', waiting on market planning', Derby and Chesterfield Reporter1.5.14. forces, and those who believed that it is necessary 14. Town Planning Review 4, 1913-14, p.261. to plan long term goals, invest in the future in o rder to win greater rewards later on, and by so 15. Derby Mercury 27.6.13, Derby Advertiser 4.7.13. doing create better environments for its citizens.

10 11 Planning History Vol. tO No.3 Planning History Voi.IO No.3 Articles Articles

sometimes being taken over by a local corpora­ up.8 Meanwhile in central Bournemouth, Peter rough who masked the iron and glass structure The Winter Garden And tion or replaced by more lucrative ballrooms or Tuck and another local architect, E.J. Cumber, with a Second Empire style stone fa cade. Both theatres. had become founder subscribers of the Bourne­ companies were London based but the successful The Development Of The mouth Winter Gardens Co. Ltd., set up in 1873 venture, incorporated in 1876, drew shareholders intended for The earliest seaside winter garden with a nominal capital of £10,000. Tuck produced from the middle classes throughout the country use by the public was not the product of a joint English Seaside Resort a site plan for the winter garden in February but raised too little capital and was wound up in by botanist 12 stock company, but was designed 1875, and the London greenhouse and conserva­ 1883. Henry Phillips and built at Hove by architect tory firm Fletcher, Lowndes & Co. contracted to A.H. Wilds in 1832-33. It was to have contained Architect John Watson was o ne of the founders of build a winter garden to their own design in 1875- Lynn F. Pearson gardens and an amphitheatre, but when almost the Torquay Aquarium, Winter Garden and Skat­ 76. Tuck and Cumber supervised the work, complete collapsed on 21 Augt!St 1833 after the ing Rink Co. Ltd. in 1876, and also one of the Architectural Historian, which cost over £12,000. Although over 6000 .3 The earliest joint designers of the winter gardens with another scaffolding had been removed shares in the company had been taken up, mainly the winter garden local architect William Harvey. The Harvey fam­ Newcastle upon Tyne stock company venture into by Bournemouth residents, many of these had not business occurred in 1864 when the Torbay Hotel ily of architects, Jacob and his sons William and J. been fully paid up, and as a result of financial dif­ and Winter Garden Co. Ltd. was incorporated, 9 T., were responsible for much of the development ficulties the company was wound up in 1878. It The English seaside winter garden is a building but as with a further six companies, this was sim­ of Torquay from the 1820s to the 1860s. The com­ was replaced by a company formed by Chris­ type with a peculiarly unhappy history, but one ply a SP.eculative venture which never actually pany pushed on with the project despite a slow topher Crabbe Creeke, the first surveyor to the which can act as a demonstration of the effect on traded.4 These companies generally originated in inflow of capital, with less than 1000 of the orig­ Town Commissioners of Bournemouth. Creeke, the seaside townscape of the work of groups of London in the boom year for investment of the inal 10,000 shares sold in the first year of trading. who laid out much of Bournemouth and South­ nineteenth century speculative developers, which 1870s and 1890s; the Southsea (1874), Weymouth The ironwork was carried out by the C rescent bourne in the 1860s and 1870s, intended to often included architects with a local or regional (1876), Bexhill (1899) and Brighton (1899) com­ Iron Works of Willenhall, Staffordshire, and pay­ develop the winter gardens but could find no fin­ connection. Previous work on resort develop­ panies were all London based, while the New ment was made partly in shares; the company ancial support and his company collapsed.10 ment has concentrated on land ownership and Brighton (1876) and Bridlington (1895) specula­ also failed to pay Watson and Harvey in cash, speculation, with less attention paid to architectu­ tions origina!ed from Lancashire and Yorkshire In southern England, other winter gardens were and was dissolved in 1885. The winter garden ral styles and, as Walton points out in his respectively. Although some of these companies built by joint stock companies at Eastbourne in never prospered, and after Torquay Town Coun­ excellent history of the English seaside resort, the went so far as to issue a prospectus, none ever 1874, where the company founder and director cil refused to take it over it was bought by Great building industry.1 This research on the winter reached the stage of share allotment, although was speculative builder George Ambrose Wallis, Yarmouth Council for £1300 on 22 April 1903, 11 garden is part of a larger project on English sea­ Habershon and Pite, a busy London architectural Margate in 1877-78 and Torquay in 1878-81. and taken away by sea to be re-erected on ~ rea t side architecture, and seeks to clarify the part practice, did produce a towered gothic design for The Margate winter garden was built by the sec­ Yarmouth sea front where it stands today.1 played in resort development by architectural Scarborough attempt the task, the Margate the New Brighton winter garden. ond company to The local corporation also took the initiative at Il­ practices which had a large input into specific re­ rated in 1892 with Hall, Swimming Baths and Winter Gardens Ltd., incorpo Skating Rink, Concert fracombe, where the Victoria Pavilion was built sorts or groups of resorts, usually on a regional the Borough Treasurer as a founder shareholder, Aquarium Co. Ltd. Its architect was A. Bedbo- by Local Board architect W.H. Could in 1887-88, basis. Their involvement can be ascertained did function as a company but became entangled through archival sources such as the BT31 series in a legal argument concerning land purchase of Joint Stock Company records held by the PRO and was wound up in 1893. Bexhill Winter Gar­ at Kew. dens Ltd., incorporated 1907, was a Bexhill and Only three seaside winter gardens survive from London based theatrical speculation. It issued a and instructed Bexhill councillor and the dozen which were built in English resorts in prospectus architect J.B. Wall to draw up a ground plan for the nineteenth century. Great Yarmouth's, origin­ 6 the winter gardens, but proceeded no further. ally sited at Torquay, is the best preserved whilst Blackpool's is largely buried beneath later im­ provements; the Tynemouth winter garden still The South Of England exists but has lost its glass roof and is in a sad The companies formed in the early 1870s were the state of disrepair. The other nine winter gardens most successful in building winter gardens. In have either been pulled down, bombed or other­ Bournemouth, the South Bourne Winter and Sum­ wise removed, continuing their remarkably mer Gardens Co. Ltd., was incorporated in 1871 unsuccessful history as mass entertainment build­ with a nominal capital of only £2500, its sub­ ings. Walton has pointed .out ~he burs~ o~ scribers including landowner and developer Or investment in purpose-butlt leisure butldmgs Thomas Armetriding Compton and local architect which took place in the 1870s, and indeea of the Peter Tuck. Within three years the company had 27 joint stock companies which gave the construc­ purchased the winter garden from Tidworth tion or purchase of a winter garden as o~e of . House near Andover for a few hundred pounds, their aims on incorporation, 15 were registered m its original cost (probably around 1860) being 2 that decade. The second boom in seaside invest­ £20,000. The winter garden was erected in South­ :..- ment came in the 1890s, when a further seven bourne and proved popular; des~ite this, the such companies were registered. Alm~st inv~ri­ company was wound up in 1882. It was fol­ 3 ..:; - - a r -- ably early aspirations towards promotmg rational lowed by a Bournemouth based company having and educational recreations were soon replaced Compton as a large shareholder and a greater by a move down market in an effort to attain nominal capital; this found some local support profitability, but despite thi~ mo~t ~f these com­ and continued until 1890 before being wound Gt. Yarmouth winter garden, originally built Torquay 1878-81 panies were short lived, their butldmgs

12 13 Articles Planrung History Vol.lO No.3 Articles Planning History Vol.lO No.3 and a t Southend where the Pier Hill Buildings, port; in addition F.W. Maxwell had a large share­ Tyneside for the Tynemouth Aquarium and and William Harvey, prominent in Torquay's d e­ w hich included a small winter garden, w ere holding in the company formed after the collapse Winter Garden Co. Ltd., incorporated in 1875 velopment. Architect Hans Fowler Price, ~ nown erected in 1896-98 to a design by James Thom­ of the first venture, due to a lack of response to with a nominal capital of £50,000. The company for his work in Weston and C leved on, des1gned pson. A w inter garden had been m ooted for the final share issue in 1879. The new company had 251 shareholders in March 1876, by which and subscribed to the Weston winter garden. In Sou thend in 1879 b y the Southend Marine Palace lasted only from 1898 until 1902 when although time London architects John Norton (who had a the north of England, Maxwell and Tuke b u ilt Co. Ltd., but although over £5000 was raised, this almost 80,000 shares had been taken up, the debts large country house practice) and Philip E. massively in several resorts, as well as designing was not eno ugh t o achieve the main aim of the totalled £100,000. Yet another company, South­ Masey, a shareholder, had produced a spectacular and being financially involved in the Sou thport company which was to build a palace of entertain­ port Opera House and Winter Gardens (1905) design for the winter gardens which w as to be winter garden. Mangnall and Littlewood of Man­ ment requiring £70,000 capital, and the company Ltd. then took over responsibility for the build­ situated above the beach at Tynemouth. Building chester, who worked in Morecambe, Blackpool was wound up in 1881. A massive Marine Kur­ ing.15 began in 1876 and the winter garden opened on and Southport, had an interest in the abo rtive saaJ or winter garden was s uggested as an The Blackpool Winter Gardens and Pavilion Co. 28 August 1878, the cost being estimated at scheme to erect an "Eiffel" tower in Brig h ton. addition t o the seaward end of Brighton' s Chain Ltd. held a competition for the design of a winter £82,500. It was not a great success; the builders Only by means of more specific research into Pier by pier engineer Eugenius Birch, but the pressed garden in 1876 which was won by Thomas Mit­ for payment and the company was those architectural practices which appeared to scheme was abandoned in 1883 after being in­ wound up in 1879. A new company was fo rmed 14 chell and Macleod of Oldham and Manchester. specialise in seaside work will the scale o f the con­ cluded in an Act of Parliament. to take over the building but lasted only a few The winning design cost £106,000 to build, more nection between those practices and the growth months.18 than double the original estimate, and was op­ and development of the resorts becom e apparent. The North Of England ened on 10 July 1878. The Morecambe winter It seems clear that a v ery few big N orthern ci ty In th e north of England, the appearance of several garden was built by an unknown architect for a After The Boom practices had an interest in the building of several resorts was changed by the construction of Bradford based company incorporated in 1876; al­ The only privately funded winter garden t o be north western resorts, while in the south local massive winter gardens in the 1870s. Southport' s ways undercapitalised, the company was erected in England in the 1880s was at Weston architects-cum-developers built not only w in ter was first t o open on 16 September 1874, followed dissolved in 1894 and replaced by Morecambe super Mare, where a locally based company gardens but housing and o ther places o f entertain­ by winter gardens at Blackpool, Morecambe and Winter Gardens Co. Ltd. which bought the winter formed in 1881 built a small winter garden which ment. In East Anglia, architect George Skipper Tynemouth in 1878. The Southport Pavilion and garden for £44,000, approximately its building acted as a foyer to the Victoria Hall . The com­ built in several seaside resorts. This local or re­ Win ter Gardens Co. Ltd. was incorporated in cost. The new company added a pavilion and pany's nominal capital was o nly £3000, but gional connection has previously been 1872 with a nominal capital of £40,000, raised to converted the winter garden to a ballroom in investment was slow and the company had t o bor­ overlooked in what little consideration h as been £150,000 over the next six years. It was a South­ 1897, the architects being Mangnall and Little­ row money to build the winter garden. The given to the subject of seaside architecture. port based company which had about 350 wood of Manchester who also designed the architects were Hans Fowler Price and Wooler, a Empress Ballroom at the Blackpool winter garden shareholders at its peak, most of whom held a local firm, and the building opened in January Acknowledgements sm all number of shares. The winter gardens (1896). Morecambe Winter Gardens Co. Ltd. had 1885. Price, a founder member of the company, I would like to thank the Twenty-Seven Founda­ architects, Maxw ell and Tuke of Bury, were also debts of over £50,000 by 1901 when it went into was responsible for much of the d evelopment o f . 'd . 17 tion for the grant which a ssis ted this research, resp onsible for the towers at Blackpool (1891 -94) 11qu1 at10n. Weston super Mare and also built in Clevedon. and the numerous record offices and libraries and New Brighton (1897-1900), the original plan The company went into debt in 1902 and was dis­ The Tynemouth winter garden was also finan­ 19 which have contributed information. of St Annes and several other buildings in South- cicllly disastrous, despite wide support from solved in 1907. No further iron and glass seaside winter gardens References were built; although Brightwen Binyon of Ip­ All papers with the prefix BT31 are to be fo und in swich won the Felixstowe Spa and Winter Garden the PRO at Kew. Company's competition for a design in 1897, the scheme was never carried out.20 Brighton "Eiffel" 1. John K. Walton, Th e English Seaside Resort, Lei­ Tower and Winter Gardens Limited was incorpor­ cester U.P., 1983, p.3. ated in 1891, two years after the opening o f the 2. Ibid, p .170. Eiffel Tower itself. It was a generall y upper class London venture with the aim of erecting a tower 3. John Hix, The Glass House, Phaidon, 1974 in Brighton or elsewhere in Sussex. Its nominal pp.l12-114; Georg Kohlma ier and Barna von Sar­ capital was £210,000 and amongst the 67 founder tory, Houses of Glass, MIT, 1986, p .259; Brighton shareholders were architects Mangnall and Little­ Museum and Art Gallery, Victorian Visions of wood with 25 shares; it traded fo r a year witho ut Brighton, 1987, p.3. ever achieving a hi:flh capital base, and was 4. BT31 / 948/1260C. wound up in 1892. . 5. Southsea BT31/2056/9040; Wey:nou th Conclusions BT31/ 21 84/ 10217; Bexhill BT3 1 /83~ 1 /60929 ; Brighton BT31/ 8365/60785; New Brighton The winter gardens at Bournemouth, Torquay, BT31/2212/10419; Bridling ton BT31 /6509/45813. Southport and Weston super Mare were built by architects who had a personal stake in the com­ 6. Building News, 28 July 1876, vol.31, p.92; pany initiating or controlling the project. In BT31/5264/35862;BT31/ 11957/ 93204. Bournemouth, Tuck and Cumber were founder 7. BT31/1638/5633; David S. Young, subscribers of the first winter garden company, The story of Bournemouth, Robert Hale, pp.93-94; Nikolau s Pev­ and supervised the erection of the winter garden sner and David Lloyd, Hampshire in 1875-76. The Torquay winter garden of 1881 and the Isle of Wight, Penguin, 1967, pp.602-603. Tynemouth winter garden, built 1876-8 was designed by founder subscriber John Watson

14 15 Planning History Vol.tO No.3 Planning History Vol. tO No.3 Articles Research in progress

8. BT31 /3229/ 18893. 9. BT31 / 1910/ 7789; Building News, 19 January 1877, vol.32, p.76. Research in progress 10. BT31/2431 / 12308; Pevsner and Lloyd, op. cit., pp.117 -118, 130, 600. thers (and of my children): Why only Sing About it? Battles For The Welsh (1930). He loved Welsh rural vernacular build­ 11. David Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: the aris­ ings but loathed native emulation of the worst of tocracy and the towns 1774-1967, Leicester U.P., Landscape,1920-50 English architectural vulgarity. His Portmeirion 1980, pp.282, 306-307. gave a dramatic demonstration of how careful de­ ; sign and planning could actually enhance a 12. BT31 / 1931 /7994; BT31/2222/10501 The 4 Builder, 8 September 1877, vol.35, no.1805, pp.909, Pyrs Gruffudd beautiful North Wales natural site. 911 ; Roger Dixon and Stefan Muthesius, Victorian Architecture, Thames and Hudson, 1978, p.90. Department of Geography, An Indigenous Movement? 13. BT31/2183/10209; A.C. Ellis, An Historical Loughborough University The C.P.R.W. never attracted Welsh popular sup­ Survey ofTorquay, Torquay Directory, 1930, 2nd port but Welsh rural planning, and in its wake ed., pp.377-378. the C.P.R.W., was nevertheless shaped by certain As inter-war authors happily included Snowdo­ key Welsh figures and two are worth mentioning 14. Lois Lamplugh, A History of Ilfracombe, Philli­ nia amidst the beauties of England so have recent briefly. T. Alwyn Lloyd was on the C.P.R.W.'s more, 1984, p.89; J.R. Smith, Southend Past: A studies not considered the difference between the original Executive Committee and became Chair­ Photographic record, 1865-1940, Essex Record Of­ preservation of English and Welsh landscapes. man in 1947. A strong idealism influenced his fice, 1979; BT31/2489/12788; Brighton Museum My research addresses this question and in this re­ work. He was architect to the Welsh Town Plan­ and Art Gallery, op. cit., p.14; Clive Aslet, 'Moder­ port I briefly outline some of the groups and ning and Housing Trust Ltd., formed in 1913 by ate Moresque beside the sea', Country Life, 23 July individuals involved. the philanthropic coal-owner Lord Davies of Llan­ 1987, vol.181, no.30, pp.92-93. dinam,5 which aimed to provide high standard the Preservation of Rural Wales The Council for housing in industrial and rural areas. By 1932 15. BT31 / 1781/6728; BT31/8036/57869. (C.P.R.W.), established in 1928 with scenic preser­ they had built 1050 houses, as well as 1325 for the if not sole, concern is 16. Brian Turner and Steve Palmer, The Blackpool vation as its primary, Great Western Railway. Story, Blackpool Corporation, 1976, pp.29-30; considered in detail. Their aims matched the Building News, 19 July 1878, vol.35, p.52. C.P.R.E.'s and indeed the origins of both can be Alwyn Uoyd was also a Council member in the traced to Patrick Abercrombie.1 The C.P .R.E. in­ Welsh Housing and Development Association 17. BT31/2239/10634; BT31/7128/50289. itially managed Welsh affairs but Abercrombie (W . H.D .A~, formed in 1916 with Lord Davies as 18. BT31/2158/10027; BT31/2642/14022;Mark felt that an indigenous movement for preserva­ President. It was an educational organisation Girouard, The Victorian Country House, Yale U.P., tion was desirable. He had known North Wales concerned with a range of planning issues and 1979, p.18; Building News, 21 January 1876, vol.30, and particularly Anglesey since his boyhood and was, in many ways, a precursor of both C.P.R.E. pp.60, 66; Lynn F. Pearson, 'Sand Palace', Country grew concerned about its future. He urged, for in­ and C.P.R.W? He was also architect to the Welsh Life, 22 September 1988, vol.182, no.38, p.188. stance, the improvement of Anglesey's decrepit Land Settlement Society Ltd., established in 1936 rural housing and eradication of the insanitary to settle on the land families from the South 19. BT31/2870/15834; John Bailey, ' Round conditions and overcrowding which were sustain­ Wales Special Area. By 1938, they had estab­ About', Weston Mercury, 23 November 1979. ing high rates of T.B. and infant mortality.2 Any lished 6 settlements, many in the form of small 20. Felixstowe Society Newsletter, 1986, p.8; The solution, however, had to give all due regard to villages with houses grouped around a green re­ Builder, 15 May 1897, vol.72, no.2832, pp.441-442. local tradition and custom. It was Abercrombie's flecting a collective organisation of work unusual sensitivity to Welsh distinctness that made him in­ in contemporary land settlement schemes.8 fluential in promoting the idea of a separate 21. BT31/5173/34961. On its formation the C.P.R.W.'s Chairmanship Welsh council? Informal discussions were held was held briefly by Alfred T. Davies, Permanent at the Mold National Eisteddfod of 1923, but not Secretary to the Welsh department of the Board of until 1927 were there significant developments Education. A most renowned figure, he was ex­ when Abercrombie himself directed matters in co­ perienced in planning and landscape matters. In operation with London-Welsh society, the 1903 he won the first prize given by W.H. Lever Cymmrodorion, whose Holyhead Eisteddfod at the Birkenhead Eisteddfod for a smdy of hous­ meeting in 1927 saw the C.P.R.W.'s birth. ing reform in Wales, and later sat on committees Another figure central to both Councils was of the W.H.D.A. and its predecessor, the Welsh Clough Williams-Ellis whose fiery language pro­ Housing Association. But his greatest work was vided welcome publicity for the C.P.R.W. which perhaps his promotion of natural beauty in he chaired from 1928 to 1947. A complex charac­ schools. He believed that teachers could help fos­ ter worthy, of considered attention, Williams-Ellis ter a culture which recognised the need for believed the Welsh to be inept in all matters of natural beauty and proposed a less rigidly natural beauty and his philosophy was stamped defined school curriculum allowing more scope firmly on the C.P.R.W. pamphlet Land of my Fa- for direct studies of the local area, thus encoura-

17 16 Planning History Vo1.10 No.3 Plllllning History Vo\.10 No.3 Research in progress Research in progress

14 which David Davies was Vice-President and Presi­ ~ngc}'a tri o t ism ~ n~ love of the native country­ endowed from Lord Davies's fortune. Fleure underlay it nor for the persistence of that tradi­ Side. School bu1ldmgs could also be improved, and his colleagues were profoundly aware of the tion, language and community. dent respectively. he argued, for threat to old ways of life and were engaged in re­ These criticisms grew in strength and inevitably 7. Abercrombie is believed to have modelled the search which chronicled the historical ". . a child' s o utlook on life may- nay, must - be conflict occurred concerning landscape and ru­ C.P.R.E. on the W.H.D.A. development of cultural regions and stressed the rality in Wales. My research examines major sensibly affected for the rest of its days by what it importance of maintaining old values in an age of 8. Journal of the R.l.B.A. (1939) "Land Settlement sees and by the subtle influences with which it instances of such conflict, including the military Scheme in Wales (Architect T. Alwyn Lloyd)" rampant materialism. Their research included, requisitioning of Welsh land- which aroused con­ becomes surrounded when it is within the pre­ for instance, an anthropometric survey which de­ Vol.46, No.14, pp.719-24. cints of the place in which its education is carried siderable hostility from cultural and political limited particular physical types within certain campaigners but very little from the C.P.R.W.­ 9. Alfred T. Davies (1912) The Cult of the Beautiful on. The extent to which, in these matters, men­ areas, explaining the distribution in terms of his­ and good, well-meaning men - not merely neglect and post-war reconstruction and particularly the in the School Oxford University Press/Henry torical shifts of population. On the uplands of role of tourism. The stormy history of Billy But­ Frowde. Its arguments are echoed by Lea vis and but commit outrages upon Nature and are at central Wales remnants of the original Welsh type pains to shut out the Beautiful from the vision of tin's Pwllheli holiday camp is chronicled from its Thompson in Culture and Environment. could still be found supporting Fleure's belief origins as an Admiralty training centre to Butlin's the child is sad in the extreme." that continuity and persistence were remarkable 10. lbid, pp.7-8. 15 victory in the face of apparently national (Welsh) In some of Davies's most comprehensive work in features of Welsh rurallife. Likewise Iorwerth opposition and amidst allegations of corrupt 11. One of those commemorated within its walls Glynceiriog, Clwyd the aims of inculcating pa­ Peate, who studied the relationship between deals with government. was Robert Owen, the founder of New Lanark. triotism, educating, and protecting the landscape crafts, folklore and language in Wales, found were combined. In 1909, he founded a village in­ traditional practices surviving in remote western The conclusion dwells on the relationships be­ 12. Welsh Department, Board of Education stitute opened by Lord Davies and later extended areas. But these areas, hitherto protected by the tween a nation and its landscape in a period of (1919) Scheme for the Collection of Rural Lore in by Alwyn Lloyd. Commemorating the poet Cei­ Cambrian Mountains, were threatened for geo­ emerging political nationalism and on the ques­ Wales, London: H.M.S.O. any organisation which failed, as riog it provided - through memorials and a fine graphy was "likely to count for less and less in tion of whether 13. lbid, p.11. these days of powerful charabancs, listening-in did the C.P.R.W., to consider community, lan­ collection of paintings, sculpture and books- a 16 model of how love of country and community and universal education." The crafts were in de­ guage and sovereignty could have succeeded in 14. Davies was a passionate enthusiast for a might be fostered by recalling the achievements cline and mass-produced goods available even in eliciting significant support in Wales at the time. League of Nations and for a world view of politi­ of local men and women.11 Davies successfully remote rural areas. Peate' s study of Welsh archi­ A glance at membership figures suggests not. cal and moral problems. In 1919 he founded a evoked the historicity of the Ceiriog Valley in a tecture further noted a twentieth century erosion chair of International Politics at Aberystwyth, the nised in 1922 to oppose the of vernacular qualities as bricks and tiles replaced first of its kind in Britain. campaign orga 17 Notes p lanned drowning of parts of the valley for reser­ local materials. He was a member of the 1. Patrick Abercrombie (1926) The Preservation of 15. H.J. Fleure (1923) "Problems of Welsh Archae­ voirs serving Warrington. Published by the C.P.R.W. from its earliest days and worked close­ Rural England, Liverpool University Press/Lon­ ology" Archaeologia Cambrensis 7th series, Vol.3, Cymrnrodorion, his pamphlet Evicting a Com­ ly with T. Alwyn Lloyd, on whose Rhiwbeina don: Hodder & Stoughton; and (1928) "The pp.225-42; p.241. This reflection of continuity munity argued that the simple valley folk estate in Cardiff he, and several of the Welsh intel­ Preservation of Rural Wales", Transactions of the should be seen in the light of Fleure's internation­ embodied all the values that were lacking in mod­ ligentsia, lived. He translated Alwyn Lloyd's Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session 1926- alism and anti-racism. It is a markedly different em society. pamphlet on colour-washing into Welsh and occa­ 7, pp.156-69. attitude to that of the agricultural scientist R. sionally advised the largely; Anglicised C.P.R.W. Stapledon for instance, also at Abe­ 18 2. Patrick Abercrombie (1918) Mona Nova: The Fu­ George Executive on Welsh affairs. rystwyth between the wars, whose respect for the Anthropology and Architecture ture Development of Anglesey (with special reference eived in more o penly Anthropological arguments in the defence of com­ Peate's concern for cultural invigoration was also to housing after the war), Cardiff: W.H.D.A. It was ' country stock' was conc t terms. On this academic work see Pyrs munities, extolling the relationship between a reflected by his initial role in the Welsh Nationa­ claimed that five Welsh rural counties had the eugenicis (1989) "Anthropology and Agriculture: community and its land, were symptomatic of an list Party, formed in 1925. The Party promoted highest death rates from T.B. in Britain. Report of Gruffudd Between the Wars" in attitude to the rural areas prevalent in Welsh aca­ the craft and peasant communities, which Peate the Council, 1911 London: Welsh Housing Associ­ Rural Planning in Wales M. and Gruffudd, P. (ed s.) A Land Fit demic work. In 1919, for instance, Alfred Davies had studied, as preservers of the Welsh cultural ation. Heffernan, initiated a scheme fo r the collection of Welsh heritage, and in this respect there are interesting fo r Heroes: Essays on the Human Geography of Inter­ rural lore. Its educational virtues were clear as comparisons to be made with nationalist tenden­ 3. See Abercrombie's (1924) "Wales: a Study in War Britain, Loughborough University, the material - place-names, details of rural indus­ cies elsewhere in Europe. The Party was also the Contrast of Country and Town" Trans Hon Soc Department of Geography, Occasional Paper tries, dialect works, use of old agricultural concerned to preserve Welsh landscapes for a var­ Cymmrod, Session 1922-3, pp.179-92. No.14, pp.B0-109. implements etc. - was to be collected by school iety of reasons- spiritual, territorial and 4. Pyrs Gruffudd (1987) Taming the Octopus: Port­ 16. H.J. Fleure (1924) Wales and Her People, Wrex­ children and their teachers. Direct observation economic - and campaigned for a national plan­ meirion and the Inter-War Landscape Ideal, ham: Hughes & Sons., p.2. might thus supplant text books for ning authority for Wales. Its members visited Loughborough University, Department of Geo­ rth C. Peate (1944) The Welsh House: a Portmeirion and heard Alwyn Lloyd discuss the graphy, Occasional Paper No.12. 17. Iorwe ".. there is a special danger of such books taking planning of the South Wales valleys. They in­ Study in Folk Culture, Liverpool: Hugh Evans & no account of the traditions and environment of a itially welcomed the C.P.R.W.'s formation but 5. I mention David Davies, a Liberal MP, only in Sons Ltd./Tl'.e Brython Press. Welsh country child. Instruction based on such strong criticisms soon emerged from the Party's passing in this article. He founded, in 1910, with materials fa ils to kindle that spirit of intellectual belief that to protect the beauties of Wales it was a donation of £125,000 the Welsh National Memo­ 18. C.P.R.W. (1931 ) Brighter Welsh Villages and curiosity which lies at the root of all true educa­ vital to respect her culture, traditions and lan­ rial to King Edward VII which aimed at How We Can Obtain Them , Pamphlet No.5, Lon­ tion, as well as of right mental development, and guage. A land became desecrated, ugly and prey eradicating T.B. in Wales. His fortune came from don: C.P.R.W. does not foster in the child that many-sided inter­ to exploiters when national spirit and pride in the Ocean Coal Company Ltd., one of the first in est in his own district which is one of the surest South Wales to experiment with pithead baths. . . h' .. 13 tradition waned. The only method of protection, foundations o f usef u 1 c1tlzens 1p. they claimed, was self-government. The Anglo­ 6. It was formed after the amalgamation of the its growing number of Associated with the scheme was H.J. Fleure, Pro­ Welsh C.P.R.W., argued Welsh Housing Association and the South Wales fessor of Geography and Anthropol?gy at critics, cared only for the externalities of Welsh Garden Cities and Town Planning Association of Aberystwyth University, whose chau had been beauty and not for the centuries of tradition that

18 19 History Vol.IO No.3 Research In progress Planning Planmng History Vol.lO No.3 Research In progress

to municipal housing projects.4 The necessity subject to subsidy under the 1923 and and shares transferred to Cadbury Schweppes xiliaries argues that this Society created in 1925 1924 Housing Acts to counter the effect of high Works Housing And The PLC. The latter contemporary company was help­ study also be seen to refl ect fin emphasis on co­ building costs and to maintain r ent levels at the ful in allowing me access to the Society's papers should housing associations and level of Bristol's municipal estates, between 2 and Garden City Movement at Somerdale and the Cadbury Schweppes PLC operative, artisan contained in the con­ 6 miles away. archives at Bournville; the Bournville Village "authorised associations", 1925 Town Planning Act, an emphasis Trust holds the original drawings. temporary The stud y discusses severa l problems en­ A Study Of Somerdale Village on Limited Dividend Companies to develop gar­ 5 countered by the Society. Fry"s workforce was den cities, garden suburbs and garden villages. . Bristol's Housing Society Ltd 'The Boumville Style' - w hat the ideal sur­ able to commute to Somerdale by train this Industrial municipal programme provided a wider range of a factory should be The study also demonstrates that roundings of Public Utility Society was unable to realise ambi­ house types and rents on several large low den­ ew site and the planning of The search for a n tious plans to build, if not a second Bournville, at sity estates- of over 9,000 dwellings added to was placed by the Board largely in the Keith Skilleter Somerdale least two sizeable industrial garden villages. The existing stock of 1931, almost half were Corpora­ of one of George Cadbury's sons, Egbert hands Society was authorised by the Board to borrow tion houses? Furthermore, the Society was Department of Town and Country Between 1921 and 1935 Fry's commer­ Cadbury. up to £500,000. Work commenced on the linear involved in a bitter dispute with the Rural Dis­ gradually moved out of r­ cial operations were layout on the main estate, but the second estate of trict Council over the highway standards adopted Planning, Heriot Watt Unive site in the country; the high Bristol to the new houses for sale was never built, partially because for the estate based on pre-First World War of employee welfare, including recre­ sity/Edinburgh College of Art standards of company reservations over re-sale outside its Boumville; the linear site around the factory was n grounds and allotments reflected the atio control. Nevertheless, with plans for something too constrained to allow easy widening of str eets inspired values of George Cadbury at Quaker between 350 and nearly 500 houses Somerdale and verges. The Company was drawn into the ar­ , although Fry's already had a notable Liberal industrialists are acknowledged to have Boumville might have provided a housing experiment on a gument, and in any event the study suggests that based 'social citizenship' at Bris­ 6 played a significant role in the origins of British record in urban scale roughly equal to New Earswick at York. the Company may not have seen the linear town planning. Early members of the Town Plan­ tol. The influence of the Bournville layout was layout as capable of completion; the garden vil­ was essentially the creation ning Institute in 1914 included George and evident in an early engineers plan which allo­ The Housing Society lage was really a pilot project for the second of ole of encoura­ Edward Cadbury as Honorary Members and cated factory space, but included a linear strip of the Company with the main r estate. George Cadbury Junior as an Associate. The im­ housing around the southern and western per­ ging employees to live near the new works in the portance of these individuals was wide-ranging, imeter of an 80 acre plateau. The plateau was country. It had a hybrid, and in many ways con­ covering the housing reform movement and sup­ surrounded by water meadows set in a loop of tradictory, character with a constitution based on Conclusions formed part port for Limited Dividend Companies linked to the River Avon, and unspoilt country beyond. the Garden Cities and Town Planning Associ­ The industrial public utility Societies town from the garden city movement such as Hampstead However, such ideal surroundings also provided ation's Model Rules. It was a good example of of the later evolution of the Company 2 that and Letchworth. This study for a MSc has concen­ a constraint on housing development. the late development of the ' traditional' 19th cen­ around 1914 to 1940. The thesis concludes tury company town into a more democratic during the inter-war period employee housing be­ trated on the plans for employee housing made contemporary Cadbury's publicity At Bournville, housing association, organised on co-operative came part of the layout of planned industrial by J.S. Fry and Sons Ltd. of Bristol - commercially the ideal and hygienic surroundings in stressed lines. Ebenezer Howard had hoped that workers estates. Chapter Two e mphasises the exceptional amalgamated with Cadburys in 1919. Somerdale which the product was made; a poster an­ in his Garden City utopia would form their own support of Cadbury Brothers Ltd. for early town provided a particularly good example of a model : 'CADBURY'S make fine chocolate in the nounced housing societies, but raising early finance was planning ideas and environmental education, private industrial estate, developed also as a dem­ village of BOURNVILLE' and illustrated garden the major difficulty solved when the employer some elements of which were reflected at Somer­ onstration of Company support fo r the garden by trees and sports grounds. factories surrounded necessary loans. dale. The Employee housing at Somerdale city movement. postcards and provided the Somerdale's publicity material (on completed the plan, summarising what I have de­ ries surrounded public utility so­ Although not commenced until 1921, Somerdale brochures) showed modern facto The study shows how at Bristol scribed as the "Boumville style". Somerdale was trees and model 1916 and 1918 at reflected one early object, approved by the Gar­ by playing fields, a belt of poplar cieties planned between a summary of a layout philosophy taking into ac­ (the latter based of such diffi­ den City Association in July 1903, which guided housing around a village green Avonmouth were stillborn because count the prevailing wind and incorporating vision was . land and raising finance. At the industrialist, voluntarily seeking to provide on the Society's houses). A company culties in acquiring ideas for an amenity belt between residential and Society enjoyed the early ad­ model working and housing conditions for the also presented of: least the Somerdale industrial areas discussed firstly by W. Alexander vantage of a secure source of loan finance and workforce: "Encouraging the tendency of manu­ "Model factories in a village away from smoky Harvey, the first Bournville architect, and then by land provided by the Company. Early experi­ facturers ... to move from crowded centres to towns (and) hundreds of decent homes springing George Cadbury Junior, in their respective writ­ ments in employee participation were reflected in rural districts, co-operating with such manufac­ up at Somerdale where little children shall be re­ ings on the design of garden city nei~hbourhoo ds 3 the ability to tenant members to elect their own turers and with public bodies in securing healthy ared in healthy and sanitary surroundings.' and park belts around factory areas. The in­ housing accommodation for the work people in representatives onto the Management Committee. 1 fluence of such a layout on the plan of proximity to the places of employment.'' the indus­ .. A Garden Village for a Model Industrial Letchworth has been recognised, with Limits on the Society's Activities trial area to the north east of the town. At the When Frys created a Public Utility Society at Estate build Works Housing the However, the major Company holding of loan detailed neighbourhood level Somerdale follows Somerdale in 1925 to The 'vision' of hundreds of decent homes in­ the expertise of the Bo.urn­ stock meant that it could appoint the other mem­ the arrangement at Bird's Hill where workmen's Company brought in cluded a role for the Society to build an employee George Cadbury Jumor to bers of the Committee and in practice dominate housing associations were separated from a fac­ ville Village Trust and village to virtually surround the new factories. on how it should be organised. The study policy and voting procedures. The garden village tory /workshop area by a screen of trees. This advise The choice of a Public Utility Society was almost Society was adapted from of 64 houses had a neat disciplined appearance broad land use relationship continued into the demonstrates ho w the inevitable because of the ' Bournville connection', mville to pro­ with simple cream coloured houses in both the first generation of New Towns as seen, for the Works Housing Society at Bou but also reflected the hopes of the Tudor Waiters the traditional 19th Century 'municipal style' of the 1920s and with clear example, in the plans for Hook and Harlow. vide a later model of Committee Report of 1918 that industrial em­ society managed the houses Bournville origins; tenants enthusiastically fol­ company town. The ployers would found such Societies to build The Housing Society demonstrated some limita­ on the west­ lowed the emphasis on horticulture evident at on a small industrial garden village industrial villages as well as planned schemes on tions inherent in the industrial Public Utility until 1984 when Bournville. T he housing programme was of em side of the industrial estate, the outskirts of cities, and to act as important au- Societies; although set up by the Company as a eo- it was converted into a limited liability company 21 20 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Research In progress Research In progress Planning History Vol.lO No.3 operative housing association on the lines of 6. See 'One Man's Vision' The ·story of the Joseph Boumville, there was an essential conflict be­ Rowntree Village Trust. George Alien and Unwin, The Hidden Urban tween reformist elements in the constitution and 1954, pp.13 and 36. At New Earswick 259 houses the strict requirements of Works Housing. By the were built between 191'9 and 1936. By 1939 the Designer 1920s the Society s truggled to compete with the New Earswick Estate amounted to 518 houses. municipal programme. However, it started a 7. Madge Dresser. 'Housing Policy in Bristol more gradual drift of employees to Keynsham, 1919-1930'. One of th ree area studies of state Halina Dunin-Woyseth which accelerated with an overspill agreement be­ housing contained in M.J. Daunton (ed) Council­ tween the City and District Councils in the 1950s lors and Tenants: local authority housing in English Oslo School of Architecture, Norway and 1960s. Somerdale was an early experiment in . Leicester University Press, 1984, the decentralisation of both modem industry and cities, 1919-1939 pp.163-166. the industrial workforce; an important theme in The physical aspect of urban history has often earlier in Norway and Germany, and a book en­ successive governmen t studies and the develop­ been presented as a history of styles in architec­ titled The Hidden Urban Designer is forthcoming. 8. W. Alexander Harvey. The Model Village and ment of a direction for town p lanning ideology ture and town planning; its subject of Bournville. B.T. Batsford, 1906, p.66. up to the Second World War. its Cottages: investigation was the consciously formed, de­ George Cadbury Junior, Town Planning - with spe­ signed part of the urban physical environment - (The author is a Senior Planning Officer at the De­ cial reference to the Birmingham Scheme. Longmans, its unique past. What shaped the remainder, the partment of the Environment; these are his Green and Co. 1915, pp.72-80. preponderant and undesigned portion that pro­ personal views and not those of the Department). vided the "motif de fond", the basis and background of the unique? Notes The aim of this project is to clarify how the "hid­ 1. Gordon Cherry, The Evolution of British Town den urban designer", i.e. urban legislation, has A in the United Planning. History of town planning shaped the urban built environment through Kingdom during the 20th Century and of the Royal time. It is based on the notion that urban legisla­ Town Planning Institute, 1914-74. Leonard Hill tion is among the factors shaping that undesigned Books, 1974, p.36. preponderance of the built city. The legislative 2. The choice of site expressed the ideas of Cad­ factor is seen as an expression of the total life situ­ bury Brothers Ltd. as to what the ideal ation of the people who have lived in urban areas surroundings fo r a factory should be. A second at any time in history. The project seeks to industrial estate was constructed from 1920 on­ examine the essence and extent of the relation­ wards by an Australian Consortium linked to ship between urban legislation and built forms, Cadburys. It was planned at Claremont, near Ho­ its desired and undesired results, and how such bart, Tasmania on a peninsula surrounded by a legislation acts as a constrainer or stimulator. river estuary and mountain scenery. Only some Professor Halina Dunin-Woyseth is conducting 23 key workers houses were constructed before this project with support from the Fulbright Post­ the Second World War; the industrial garden vil­ doctoral Research Program, with further support lage that was planned by the South Australian for this project from the Oslo School, the Nor­ Government Town Planner being put aside by weigian Royal Academy of Sciences, and the the Company. One account of Claremont by Rob Deutscher Akadernischer Austauschdienst. She Freestone is given in The Australia Garden City: A was with the Institute of Urban and Regional De­ Planning History 1910-1930. Doctoral thesis, velopment, University of California at Berkeley Centre for Environmental and Urban Studies, while on leave from the Oslo School of Architec­ Macquarie University, September 1984, pp.272- ture and the Norway Academy of Architecture. 276. Her project is based on national case studies in 3. J.S. Fry and Sons Ltd. The Home of the Frys: Bris­ England, Germany, Scandanavia, and the United tol and Somerdale. Publicity brochure to celebrate States. The time period covered is from the Fry's Bi-centenary 1928, p.36. Middle Ages (from the colonial era in the U.S.) 4. Report of the Committee appointed by tire Presi­ through to the present. dent of the Local Government Board and the Secretary Other researchers in Germany cooperated to pro­ fo r Scotland to consider questions of building con­ duce the case study of Germany in an earlier struction in connection with dwellings for the project phase. Professor Dunin-Woyseth con­ working classes in England and Wales and Scotland, ducted the case study of the U.S. while at the and report on methods of securing economy and des­ Institute. patch in the provision of such dwellings. (More commonly known as the Tudor Waiters Report). The next and final step in the project will be to 1918. Cd. 9191, p.5. process into a final report the materials collected 5. The Town Planning Act 1925. Section 16. (1)­ on the general past and for the case studies. Sev­ (15). eral papers and reports have been published

22 23 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Reports Reports Planning History Vo1.1 0 No.3

all left a distinctive mark on various planning sys­ The ending of this conference is, in one sense, the tems and on resultant urban form. beginning of the sequel, the Fourth International Conference, to be held in Bournville in September of the process is that of the Reports A simple illustration 1989. It is to be hoped that the momentum estab­ parks in Tokyo, where Yotabu­ pattern of modern lished in Tokyo is maintained, and that a that traditional Japanese ro Shirahata explained deepening as well as a b roadening of planning moving on to look at parallel processes in Britain, landscape designs had been rejected wholesale in history is achieved. Tokyo International Germany, France and the United States. Hear­ favour of Western models- purely because the lat­ gued that planning developed as an international ter were considered to be expressive of Symposium And Third phenomenon, but that there are many types of modernisation. International Planning planning, not just one. The major task for the fu­ ture is to make cities more humane. Sometimes (to the relief of Western delegates) this process of international transfer was an im­ History Conference Finally, Takashi Inouye (University of Tokyo) ex­ perfect process, even to the plained the significance of the 8th November, the point of rejecting particular Tokyo, November 1988 date of the presentation, as 'World Town Plan­ schemes. This imperfection ning Day', a commetl).orative occasion that dates of the process raised to the back to the 1930s, the brainchild of Professor Car­ surface the difficulties and, los Maria della Paolera. In many countries, the indeed, sensitivities in attempting to Dennis Hardy celebration of this day has lapsed and Professor transplant ideas from one culture to an­ Inouye was keen to see it revived once again. other. While this may have played its Middlesex Polytechnic Turning to the problems of Tokyo he argued that part, historically, some delegates were for too long housing had not been accorded a . sceptical about its continuing value. high enough priority. In response to more optim­ An understanding of different practices Two major events occurred in Japan in November istic views of Tokyo's growth, he expressed is one thing, and the selective adoption symposium 1988. The first was an international concern about the poor housing conditions in the of ideas has its place, but cultural diver­ centennial anniver­ (8-10 November) to mark the city that resulted from rapid growth. sity through locally-derived practices legislation in sary of modern urban planning emerged as a favoured goal. Learning the Tokyo Urban For planning historians, the symposium offered a Japan - a hundred years since from the past, planning historians are gathered stimulating introduction to the event that fol-. Improvement Ordinance. Delegates in a position to contribute, not to uni­ review a century of lowed, the Third International Conference. Etght from around the world to formity, but to cultural diversity. urban planning, and an important associated pub­ years had elapsed since the Second Interna!ional lication was produced by the City Planning Conference (held in Sussex, England), and It was Undoubtedly, the conference was a Institute of Japan, Centenary of Modern City Plan­ significant that the focus should move so far to watershed in the development of plan­ ning and its Perspective, 1988. The book contains the east. It was not simply a question of the same ning history, and, in his closing valuable comparative material, and it is hoped d('legates gathering in a different location, so remarks, Cordon Cherry pointed to that a wider circulation can be arranged in due much as a whole shift of emphasis in the focus of four markers for future research and course. interest. For, on this occasion, of the twenty discussion. Firstly, he reinforced that seven papers, twenty two were specifically on the process of international diffusion is the tone for the The four keynote speakers set Asian aspects of planning history and the ma­ an irrefutable part of planning history, symposium. Hidemitsu Kawakami _(President, jority of the remaining delegates were from Japan something that cannot be ignored in fu­ City Planning Institute of Japan) pamted an op­ and other Asian countries. Shun-ichi Watanabe ture work. Secondly, he called for a timistic picture of continuing e~pansion an~ and his Japanese colleagues are to be warmly con­ more theoretical approach to planning modernisation in the capital, with the prorruse of gratulated for all their efforts in organising the history, with political economy offer­ a higher quality of life for its residents. He ac­ event. ing a potential framework for research. knowledged that excessively high land values It is hard to exaggerate the significance of this Too much work continues to be descrip­ posed a problem, but believed that this will be tive. Thirdly, he noted that the solved through the release of additional land. shift of focus, and, indeed, the conference unear­ Plan for Tokyo 1889 thed a wealth of research that was new to an exchange of ideas is far from auto­ In turn, Shunichi Suzuki (Governor, Tokyo Metro­ international audience. Appropriately, the theme matic, and politan Government) also ~ocused on_ the growth of the conference was on the international process planning histo­ of the capital, acknowlecgmg th~ senotr~ prob­ of diffusion of ideas, with particular reference to rians can reveal lems associated with growth, while offenng a the interchange in Asia. where ideas have 4lt THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HI~TORY CONFERENCE seductive vision of 'My Town Tokyo'. In this, the been inappropri­ inhabitants would enjoy all the advantages of a Many papers served to demonstrate the extent to ately applied. --THE HISTORY OF INTER NATIONAL EXC HANGE world city, yet, at the same time, relate to each which early Western planning ideas were . Finally, we ig­ other on a human scale. adopted, often uncritically in the Orient. A_ dts­ nore cultural diversity at our peril, and a sensi­ OF PLA NN ING SYS TE MS tinction can be made between those countnes tive understanding of societal differences is Gordon Cherry (University of Birmingham, and which absorbed Western planning models essential to the achievement of a successful pro­ Chairman of PHG) offered a broad review of plan­ through a colonial process of domination, and cess of transfer. ning history in world cities. Appropr~ate~y, he Japan, where Western ideas were enthusiastically set the scene in Tokyo, where modernis~ _t_wn . received as a source of modernisation. Britain, 11-12 November 1988 TOKY O started in 1868, the beginning of the MeiJI penod; France, Germany, Belgium and the U.S.A. have

24 25 Planning History Practice Planning History Vol. lO No.3 Reports Planning History Vol.lO No.3

Silver Jubilee Declaration Of Europa Planning History Practice

Nostra At Heidelberg, some fruit trees. All the cottages were well built, 6-8 September 1988 The Bournville Village with light and airy rooms and good sanita tion. Trust His objectives were quite clearly set out in a At its Silver Jubilee Congress held in Heidelberg, pamphlet at the time. He intended ". .. to make it Federal Republic of Germany, from 6th to 8th Sep­ easy for working men to own houses with la rge tember 1988, attended by around 200 delegates gardens secure from the danger of being spoilt from 21 countries, and members of the Council of Philip Henslowe, either by ... factories or by interference with the Europe's Parliamentary Assembly, EUROPA NOS­ Bournville Village Trust enjoyment of sun, light and air ... ". TRA reviewed its activities since 1963. It Initially 140 acres of land were purchased, a nd considered first the impact which many of its in­ mortgages made available for would-be pur­ itiatives have had on national, regional and local In 1897 two brothers decided to move their fac­ chases on 999 year leases. certain conditions on public opinion. It governments as well as tory from the middle of a city into the were stipulated, however. The houses were to be noted that many important initiatives for the pres­ countryside. not less than a certain size, nor cost less tha n £150 ervation of Europe' s heritage, both natural and to build. 143 such cottages were built, work start­ man-made, were taken by non-governmental or­ George and Richard Cadbury moved their fa ctory ing on the 140 acre site in 1895. Subsequently ganisations, among them Europa Nostra. It from the middle of Birmingham, not only for prac­ more land was bought and more houses built, b ut urged all governments to pay more attention to tical, commercial reasons, but also for other, this time for rent. the importance of speeding up the process of con­ equally compelling ones. servation nationally, and the European The Foundation Of The Trust As a Quaker, George Cadbury, particularly, was conservation a more integral Community to make convinced that by providing working men, and In 1899 George Cadbury took a further step. In and social plan­ part of their economic, regional their families, with decent homes with gardens, order to preserve the Estate for the future, he de­ ning. on the edge of the city where they worked, they cided to turn his Building Estate into a T rust. Resolutions were adopted condemning current would benefit in many ways, principally in their Therefore, on December 14th 1900, a Charitable planning and rural policies in Romania, and re­ health. Trust called "The Bournville Village Trust" was disaster in Lisbon. created. gretting the recent fire The Boumville Building Estate Concern was expressed at the growing threat of The Boumville Village Trust, at its foundation, In the years following the move to Bournville, was given 330 acres of land containing 313 dwell-' air pollution to the environmental and man-made and with the business well established, he started and slowness of na­ ings, all of them unencumbered. This e nabled it heritage, and the inadequacy a Building Estate, open to anyone who wanted to agreement to to get off to a flourishing start and the Deed of tional legislation and international live on it. It had cottages, grouped in pairs of bring it under effective control. Foundation, by its wording, allowed for consider­ threes - each set back from the tree lined roads, able future scope. The Assembly also drew attention to the growing each with their own front gardens. Behind each need to extend protection not only to 19th cen­ cottage, there was a vegetable garden ending in Within a few years of its foundation, there were tury monuments, but to the best that the 20th parks and open spaces, a row of shops, the century has contributed to our common heritage. schools, an Arts and Crafts Institute, a nd places of worship providing for a true community in The Assembly affirmed that Conservation and ways previously unheard of, which were to Tourism should continue to work together, and become the model for those who came after. reinforce their cooperation in the common inter­ The Trust has always been quite separate to the ests of the people of Europe and the tourists in Firm that is so close on its doorstep, a ltho ugh the Europe. original Building Estate, and the Village, were built on land close to the factory. Later, the Estate was extended by the purchase, or acquisition of land nearby. Between The Wars Between 1900 and the start of the Second World War in 1939, much of the southern part of the Es­ tate was gradually developed, in a variety of ways. Special societies and housing co-opera­ tives were set up providing both houses for sale on 99 years leases, and also for rent, in addition Bournville in relation to the City of Birmingham to ordinary housing built by the Trust.

27 26 Planning History Practi ce Planning History Practice Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Planning I-Ustory Vol.lO No.3

Post War Development Estate, and so that the Trust could retain a measure of control over the development in the The end of the Second World War in 1945 and the future, a Scheme of Management was obtained first few years of peace brought severe ~hortages from the High Court, in 1972. as well as stringent government regulations. However, by the early 1950s, conditions had. grad­ The Estate today comprises over 7500 dwellings ually improved, regulations had eased, and It was of different types and sizes, ranging from one bed­ possible to build more houses on the Estate. room bungalows to five bedroom detached houses with large gardens. There are maisonet­ In the early part of the 1950s, with the rapid ex­ tes, flats, terraced and semi-detached houses as pansion of the West Midland~ ~nd the ur~ent well as shops, schools, churches and a whole demand in the region for additional housmg, the range of community buildings. Trust decided to embark on the largest, single de­ velopment scheme since its foundation in The Trust Today conjunction with the City. In today's terms, it is a far cry from the original This scheme consisted of 580 dwellings, with com­ Building Estate of 1895 with its 143 leased cot­ munity facilities. Higher housing densities . tages. demanded by the planners meant much more m­ In the 1930s the Trust acquired 2,700 acres of agri­ tensive use of the land available, and this was cultural land consisting of some woodland, farm achieved by introducing blocks of three-storey land and open spaces, most of which is leased for flats into the layout and the whole scheme was agricultural purposes or open to the public in financed by 60 year mortgages from the City. some form or another. During the 1960s and the 1970s work took place The Trust has now reached a significant point in on other parts of the Estate. Small, three-storey its existence. For the past 83 years, it has grown dwellings were built, to a design produced by an from a mere 313 houses on 330 acres of land outside, commercial firm of builders. Other Trust around the Factory, to a present day size of over designed housing was also built ~earb~, on an­ Bournville circa 1914 1000 acres containing about 7500 dwellings of all other site a total of 243 houses bemg bmlt, for sorts, and a population approaching 23,000. With rent. All of the new developments were made to har­ almost all the development land on the Estate stence monize with their natural surroundings and the The Scheme Of Management now exhausted, this phase of the Trust's exi is now drawing to a close. existing landscape. It was possible to achieve this In 1967, the Government passed the Leasehold by using the Trust's own in- house archi.tects to Reform Act, enabling leaseholders to purchase of design housing that was in sympathy with the en­ The Trust today is controlled by 12 Trustees, 9 their freehold after a qualifying period of whom are descendants of the founder or his vironment both in style and scale. residence. In order to protect the amenity of the brother. Reporting to them is a General Manager and 5 other Senior Managers, each responsible for different areas of the Trust's activities. In total there are 143 members of staff including a Direct Labour team of 75, a Landscape Section of 12 gar­ deners under a Landscape Manager, and a Forester.

Bournville Village Trust, circa 1983

29 Planning History Vol. tO No.3 Networks Publications Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Networks Publications

Princeton University Press, 1986, 279pp, $25.00, Europa Nostra Abstracts ISBN 0 691 07705 3

EUROP A NOSTRA is a confederation of inde­ Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (eds), Despite a promisingly provocative title, this vol­ pendent conservation associations which are The iconography of landscape. Essays on the symbolic ume draws essentially upon the much told tale o f working, throughout Europe, towards a general representation, design and use of past environments. conventional urban planning history in the improvement in the quality of life, both in the University Press, Cambridge, 1988, 318pp, £30.00 United States in a form recast to sustain a Marxist natural and the built environment. ($49.5Q.), ISBN 0 521 32437 8 urbanology. A succession of chapters deal with colonial planning, housing reform, parks, City Europa Nostra's wide ranging activities seek: In the publisher's 'Cambridge Studies in Histori­ Beautiful, Benjamin Marsh's anti-congestion cam­ • to awaken the pride of the European peoples cal Geography' series, the volume opens with a paign, along with Garden Cities and company in their common history and heritage of man­ discussion on the meaning of landscape, which is towns, and concludes with some highlights from made and natural beauty; followed by 14 contributions on the status of land­ the newly institutionalized planning of the 1920s. (\~ scape as a cultural image, 'a pictorial way of e to draw attention to the dangers which threaten this heritage, and to call for the pres­ representing, structuring or symbolising sur­ roundings'. Examples are drawn from the 16th ervation and better management of such Gibbney, Jim Canberra 1913-1953, Australian Gov­ irreplaceable treasures; century onwards and cover poetry and promo­ Q tional literature, architectural designs and urban ernment Publishing Service, 1988, 315pp, $A49.95 • to facilitate a full exchange of information, ex­ nial, maps and paintings. perience and ideas, and to participate in the ceremo Sparke, Eric Canberra 1954-1980, Australian Gov­ development of environmental education at ernment Publishing Service, 1988, 396pp, $A59.95 all levels, by means of conferences, study tours, publications, exhibitions and films; David Crouch and Colin Ward, The allotment. Its The bicentenary of British settlement of Australia in 1988 has spawned a considerable number of e actively to encourage high standards of appro­ landscape and culture. Faber and Faber, London, 1988, 322pp, £13.95, ISBN 0 571 15010 1 historical works. These two volumes will be of priate planning and architecture and more than passing interest to planning historians manage the environ­ measures to improve and in documenting the evolution of Australia's na­ ment in town and countryside; Explores the culture and landscape of the allot­ ment in Britain over the last 150 years, noting tional capital. Canberra is, of course, the • to make recommendations to local and re­ regional variations and new off-shoots like the country's most planned urban environment ­ governments, gional authorities, parliaments, family leisure garden with its chalet and lawn. In­ even 'the supreme achievement of European man the Council of Europe and the European Com­ ternational comparisons are made in an on the continent' according to a former head of munity; assessment of the future role of the allotment as a the National Capital Development Commission, e to support activities of its member organisa- source of food and recreation, and expression of the city's planning agency since the late 1950s. tions by all appropriate means. everyone's right to manage a patch of land. These complementary official histories provide The Europa Nostra symbol incorporates seven ele­ standard reference works for all the major plan­ ments representative of the natural and ning events in the city's development: from the 1911 international design competition won by architectural heritage: a mountain, a river, a tree, ed, Paris 1979-1989. New York Sabine Fachard, Griffin through the work of the Senate Select a cathedral, a church, a castle and a row of Rizzoli, 1988, 192pp, $37.50 ISBN 0 8478 0899 8 ' houses. All are important; and all can be threat­ Committee, William Holford in the 1950s, and to the present day. The flavour is generalist, urban ened. includes commentaries by govern­ This anthology and social history but the making of the built en­ with statements by Europa Nostra is financed by subscriptions from ment officials, together vironment is unavoidably a major theme. its member organisations, donations from com­ architects justifying their design decisions regard­ mercial and non-commercial organisations and ing nine building projects supported by the individuals, and by grants from the European Mitterand administration. While physical renova­ eds. Community and other European bodies. If you tion in Paris usually evokes bitter controversy, Howard Gillette, Jr and Zane L. Miller, would like more information about Europa Nos­ the contributors to this volume uniformly em­ American Urbanism: A Historiographical Re­ tport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1987, tra, or wish to support its activities by covenant phasize the positive. In spite of its limited scope view,Wes 328pp, $45.00 cloth ISBN 0 313 24967 9 or donation, please contact: and biased presentation, the volume provides a survey of significant additions to the Paris built This collection of fourteen essays reviews the lit­ Europa Nostra environment. erature of American Urban History. The topical 9, Buckingham Gate organization of the book includes separate chap­ London SW1E 6JP ters that cover directly and indirectly the field of Tel: 01-821-1171 Richard E. Fogelsong, Planning the Capitalist City: planning history in the United States. Separate The Colonial Era to the 1920s, Princeton, N.J., c ~apters on i~ra-structu~e , institutional city plan­ mng, and architectural htstory are most directly

30 31 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 Publications Publications Planning History Vol.l O No.3 relevant but so are many others in this significant that their intention ' has not been to construct a Volume Four: Public Health, Municipal Services, anthology. comprehensive history of planning, much less Community Welfare. This volume includes en­ push some particular brand of historiography. tri e~ in the following areas: Hygiene, Irrigation, Rather, it is hoped that this special issue will sim­ Dram_age, Water ~upp ly , Working Class Housing, ply make a small contribution to advancing Peter C. Could, Early green politics. Back to nature, Hosp1tals, Factones, Prisons, School Buildings, interest in, and the study of, planning history in socialism in Britain, 1880-1900, Inns, Taverns and Restaurants. Total number of back to the land , and Australia.' Diverse contributions from 14 authors Harvester Press, Sussex, St Martins Press, New entries: 18885. run the gamut from colonial town plans to the ISBN 0 7108 1192 6 (Harvester) York, 1988, 225pp, role of consultants in post-war planning. A bibli­ ISBN 0 312 01952 1 (St Martins) ography of Australian planning history is included. [Inquiries to Professor Stephen Ham­ Perceptions of rural decline, urban crisis, and im­ nett, School of the Built Environment, South CATALOGUES minent social catastrophe gave rise to a 'back to Australian Institute of Technology, North Ter­ which in turn had a pro­ the land' movement, race, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000]. found effect on the early development of British Historic City Plans and Views socialism and thinking on the possible integration Catalogues 32 (1988) and 33 (1989) -available of town and country. from Historic Urban Plans, Box 276, Ithaca, New Urban Policy and Research, Special Australian His­ York 14851, USA- provide details of fascimiles of torical Issue, Vol.6, No.3, September 1988, 47pp. town plans and perspectives. The coverage is in­ ternational. Edwards Relph, The Modern Urban Landscape, Lon­ Historical articles on public housing and health don, Croom Helm, 1987, 279pp, £30.00 hardback administration in Sydney and Victoria. A forum Historic Town Planning ISBN 0 7099 2231 0, £10.95 paperback ISBN 0 7099 section edited by Robert Freestone is devoted to 4270 2 planning history with contributions on swings in Inch's Books, List 41 - available from 3, St. Paul's planning fashion (J. Floyd), the persistence of Square, York Y02 4BD, England -contains details This is a worthwhile book that encourages its planning ideas in Adelaide (A Hutchings), Com­ of current stock. Headings include UK Town readers to look for themselves with fresh eyes at monwealth plans for reconstruction (M. Howard), Planning pre-1940; 1940s Planning, Blitz and Rec­ townscapes and cityscapes as they have evolved the Rocks and the Sydney Cove Authority (J. onstruction; Garden Cities and New Towns· Mass since the 19th century. It is especially attentive to Thompson), and reflections on public involve­ ~ousing and Slums; Foreign Planning and Urban­ these issues since the 1960s but includes an his­ ment in urban planning (J. Haskell). [Enquiries to ISm pre-1940; and post-1950s. torical section that looks at the origins of modern Oxford University Press Australia, GPO Box urban townscape since 1880. 2784Y, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001]. Architecture, Planning and Design Catalogue C88- available from Vivian Wright, Fennelsyke, Raughton Head, Carlisle - lists cur­ G.P. Webber, ed., The Design of Sydney: Three De­ T.M. Russell, The Built Environment: A Subject rent titles under the headings of Architecture cades of Change in the City Centre, Sydney, The Index 1800-1960, Gregg Publishing, September Planning, Design and Art. ' Law Book Company Ltd., 1988, 220pp, $A60.00, 1988, 4 volumes £350.00 ISBN 0 576 40006 8 ISBN 0 455 20727 5 Volume One: Town Planning and Urbanism, Handsomely presented collection of articles on Architecture, Gardens and Landscape Design. In­ major urban planning, civic design and housing cluded in this volume are subjects such as issues in the Sydney central business district in a Architectural History and Theory, Domestic turbulent period marked by massive injections of Architecture, Ecclesiastical and Sacred Architec- · international capital and political conflict. Chap­ ture, Botanical Gardens and Gardening. Total ters on the planning of a central city pedestrian number of entries: 17319. network, the design of major civic spaces and Volume Two: Environmental Technology, Con­ promenades, the redevelopment of traditional structional Engineering Building and Materials. inner city working class neighbourhoods, and the This volume covers areas such as Heating, Venti­ Darling Harbour precinct. [Inquiries to Law lation and Gas Engineering, Electrical Book Company Limited, 44-60 Waterloo .Road, Engineering, Acoustics, Structures and Architectu­ North Ryde, NSW, 2113]. ral Engineering. Total number of entries: 16268. Volume Three: Decorative Art and Industrial De­ sign, International Exhibitions and Collections, Australian Planning, Australian Planning History, Recreational and Promotional Arts. Subjects Special theme issue, Vol.26, No.3, September covered in this volume include Aesthetics, Indus­ 1988, 43pp. trial Art, Furniture Design, Museums, Libraries, Theatres and the Cinema. Total number of en­ nnial' planning history issue This special 'bicente tries: 17711. was previewed in Planning History Bulletin, Vol.9, No.2, 1987. The guest editors, Robert Freestone and Alan Hutchings, state in their introduction,

32 33 Planning History Vol.lO No.3 PHG PHG Planning History Group

Working Party On Membership

Historic Planning Kindly note that annual subscriptions are now due for 1989. Enclosed with this isssue is a sub­ Records scription form, to be returned to the Membership Secretary. The Planning History Croup, inaugurated in In 1980 the above working party was established, 1974, is an international body. Its members, with Michael Simpson of the Department of His­ d rawn from many disciplines, have a working tory, University of Swansea, acting as convenor. interest in h istory, planni ng and the The intention of the working party was to pro­ environment. mote t he better care of historic archives and to make them more widely available to scholars. Chairman With the keen and skilled cooperation of Altair Profe ssor C.E. Cherry Publishing, the working party has been able to Department of Geography issue a considerable number of microfilms of the Uni versity of Birmingham records of the major institutions. It is intended to PO Box 363 fo llow these w ith microfilms of the papers of out­ Birmingham standing individuals. Another outstanding task B15 2TT fo r the working party is to compile a national 021-41 4 5537 ea talogue of records. Because of changing research priorities, Michael Membership Simpson has handed on the convenorship and edi­ Membership of the group is open to all who torial tasks to Stephen Ward and Dennis Hardy. have an interest in planning history. The a nnual subscription is £10 (currency equivalents It remains, though, to acknowledge, on behalf of available on request). the Planning History Group, the very consider­ Membership Secretary: able contribution Michael Simpson has made over Or Pat Garside nearly a d ecade. His successors are especially in­ Planning History Group d ebted, and will endeavour to continue the good Department of Civil Engineeri ng work. Salford Uni versity The Crescent Salf ord M5 4WT 061-736 5843

Professor Cordon Cherry is Joint Editor with Professor Anthony Sutcliffe of an international journal concerned with history, planning and the environment: Planning Perspectives. There is a link beh·veen Planning History and Planning Perspectives and members of the Planning History Croup are able to s ubscribe to the latter journal at very favourable discount rates.

34