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The Pilot, Irish Immigration, and Irish-American Identity, 1851-66

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The Pilot, Irish Immigration, and Irish-American Identity, 1851-66 “An Organ of the Irish Race on the Continent”: The Pilot, Irish Immigration, and Irish-American Identity, 1851-66 By 2018 Gamze Katı Gümüş Submitted to the graduate degree program in American Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________ Chair: Cheryl Lester _______________________ David Roediger _______________________ Maryemma Graham _______________________ Christopher M. Perreira _______________________ Laura Mielke Date Defended: May 10, 2018 The dissertation committee of Gamze Katı Gümüş certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: “An Organ of the Irish Race on the Continent”: The Pilot, Irish Immigration, and Irish-American Identity, 1851-66 _______________________ Chair: Cheryl Lester Date Approved: June 7, 2018 ii Abstract This dissertation analyzes the history of the Pilot, an ethnic newspaper for the Irish Catholic, and its fictional and non-fictional printed material from the period between 1851 and 1866. The Great Famine (1845-1851) and the Civil War (1861-1865) act as milestones for this study, as its aim is to understand the evolution of the Famine immigrant into a naturalized citizen fighting in the ranks of the Union. The Pilot assumed a prominent place within the immigrant guidance tradition of the mid-nineteenth century as it aimed to construct Irish-American citizens out of immigrants. The transformation of the Irish immigrant into an Irish-American citizen mirrors the simultaneous transformation of the Pilot from an immigrant newspaper into an ethnic newspaper, and highlights the value of the Pilot as an institution working to elevate the standards and representation of the Irish race in the States. In order to break down the transformation of the immigrant, this study focuses on three questions in relation to the immigrant’s identity: how to be an ideal immigrant on the way to assimilation and naturalization; how to be an ideal laborer elevating the representation of the Irish race as a whole; finally, how to be an ideal Irish- American citizen proving the national belonging of the Irish to the Union. In an attempt to answer these questions and understand how the Irish acquired their white identity and racially charged discourse through print culture, this study derives greatly from whiteness studies, and examines the Pilot in order to understand how it situates the black man as the nemesis of the Irish. This dissertation examines the guidance offered by the Pilot to Irish immigrants on their way to becoming ideal immigrants, an ideal labor force, and ideal citizens; and it studies the paper’s role as the platform of an imagined community for Irish-Americans where they could come together under shared values of Catholicism, Irishness, Americanness, and whiteness. iii Acknowledgements First, I want to thank Cheryl Lester, for being the best advisor I have ever known, for guiding me through good and bad, for pushing me to do better, for supporting me through all the hard times, and of course, for showing patience with my procrastination. This dissertation would have been impossible to complete without your mentorship and much-valued friendship. I am also grateful to the rest of my committee for the valuable information they provided throughout this long process. David Roediger, it was your great book The Wages of Whiteness that opened the doors of whiteness studies to me. I am grateful to you for all the wisdom you shared with me inside and outside the class. Laura Mielke, thank you for pointing out things that I missed, and sharing your vast knowledge of nineteenth-century literature with me. Maryemma Graham, I am thankful for all you taught me on the agency of the individual and its reflection on literature; it was in your class that I learned that one’s personal story could mean more than just an autobiographical statement. Christopher Perreira, thank you for imparting your knowledge on correctional facilities and their hegemonical effect on people - if it were not for your lectures on prison culture, I would not have developed the idea of institutions that was essential to this study. I am grateful to all of you for individually contributing both to my academic and personal development, as well as to the development of this dissertation. I want to thank Devrim Kilicer, without whom all of this would just be a dream. Thank you for, literally, forcing me to pursue a Ph.D. education in the United States. You were the first person to ask me if I had considered an academic career, and you were the first one to open my eyes to studying outside Turkey. You are the person I feel proud to have as a professor and a friend, and to you I am forever grateful. I also want to thank my colleagues and friends at Ankara iv University, especially Nisa Harika Güzel Köşker, for their continuous support during the period I wrote this dissertation. Mom and dad, thank you for always supporting me throughout my never-ending years of education. Thank you for your patience, compassion, and unconditional love. Mom, I would not have completed this if you had not supported me along the way, telling me that I am your strong- willed girl. And dad, if it were not for that set of eighty world Classics you bought me in elementary school, I would not have known the magical world of literature and started this long journey in the first place. Last but not least, Sercan thank you for loving me through all of this, reassuring me when I needed it the most, and of course for telling me that you would wait for me when I went to the United States, and eventually marrying this dissertation-obsessed woman. And if he could read, I would thank my cat, Homer, for he was by far the most comforting one during long nights of writing sessions. v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I: “An Authentic Gazette of Irish and Catholic Affairs:” Development of the Boston Pilot as an ethnic newspaper and the Irish use of the Pilot .......................................................... 13 The Pilot: A History of The Irishman’s Bible .......................................................................... 15 The Ethnic Press: The Pilot’s Role as the Archive, Patriarch, and Print Media ....................... 24 The Irish and their use of the Pilot ............................................................................................ 36 Chapter II: “Which is better? To have them grow up assimilated to American ways … or have them remain foreigners …?”: Guiding the Irish Emigrant .......................................................... 45 Reverend J. O’Hanlon’s “The Irish Emigrant’s Guide:” Citizens by Guidance ....................... 47 I. How to Become an American? .......................................................................................... 50 II. How to Remain Irish? ...................................................................................................... 55 “Willy Burke” and the Glorification of the Successful Immigrant ........................................... 57 Between Assimilation and Property: Becoming White, Owning Whiteness ............................ 72 Belongings and Belonging: Citizenship via Property ............................................................... 90 Chapter III: “One really industrious and sober Irish emigrant”: Guiding the Irish Laborer ....... 100 The Irish on the Job Market: A Laborious Ode to Whiteness ................................................ 105 Lessons for the Laborer: Acknowledging and Defending the Irish-American Labor Force .. 124 “Practical Lessons”: Guiding the Laborer .............................................................................. 130 Dorsey’s “Dummie”: Excavating Labor from a Lost Work ................................................... 145 vi Chapter IV: “What are the Irish Catholics fighting for?” : Guiding the Irish-American Citizen 153 A Matter of Forgetting and Remembering: The Archive ....................................................... 156 Seeking Justice: “Records of Irish-American Patriotism” as an Alternative Archive ............ 162 Nationalism in Fiction: “Rosa Gaery” and “Nora McIvor” .................................................... 168 Draft Riots: The Black Man as the Nemesis of the Irish ........................................................ 181 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 203 Works Cited ................................................................................................................................ 211 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 220 Notes ..........................................................................................................................................
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