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Municipal Solid Waste Collection Route Optimization Using MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ROUTE OPTIMIZATION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF TWO METROPOLITAN CITIES OF PAKISTAN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Syeda Mahlaqa Hina In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Transportation and Logistics February 2016 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COLLECTION ROUTE OPTIMIZATION USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF TWO METROPOLITAN CITIES OF PAKISTAN By Syeda Mahlaqa Hina The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Joseph Szmerekovsky Chair Dr. Eunsu Lee Dr. Limin Zhang Dr. Pan Lu Approved: 4/15/2016 Dr. Denver Tolliver Date Department Chair ABSTRACT The population growth in many urban cities and its activities in developing countries have resulted in an increased solid waste generation rate and waste management has become a global environmental issue. Routing of solid waste collection vehicles in developing countries like Pakistan poses a challenging task. In the process of solid waste management, collection and transportation play a leading role in waste collection and disposal, in which collection activities contributed the most to total cost for solid waste collection activities. Therefore, this study describes an attempt to design and develop an appropriate collection, transportation and disposal plan for the twin cities of Pakistan by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to determine the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection paths for the transportation of the solid wastes to the landfill sites. In addition to this, identification of solid waste disposal sites and appropriately managing them is a challenging task to many developing countries and Pakistan is no exception to that. The existing landfill sites for the twin cities are not technically viable and environmentally acceptable and are thus damaging to the environment due to their location and the type of waste dumped. Therefore, the second aim of our study was to find out the suitable landfill sites for the twin cities and the study employed Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) methods to combine necessary factors considered for landfill site selection for the twin cities. Hence, our present study has proved that GIS is a tool that can be used in integration with other techniques such as MCE for a identifying new landfill sites and it can help decision makers deal with real-world developmental and management issues. Finally, the study has developed a Wed-Based Decision Support System (DSS) via Application Programming Interface (API) which will help decision-makers to search for cost- iii effective alternatives and it can be operated by people who don’t have knowledge of GIS. The proposed study can be used as a decision support tool by the municipalities of the twin cities for efficient management and transportation of solid wastes to landfill sites, managing work schedules for workers, etc. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of writing this thesis was a wonderful learning experience in my academic life, which was filled with challenges and rewards. The completion of the present study leads a new beginning and a step forward towards my future and when writing this preface, a quotation by the famous Scottish Physicist James Clark Maxwell came to my mind. Maxwell once stated “What is done by what is called myself is, I feel, done by something greater than myself in me”. The question is justifiable. Did I really do this? Did I really manage to get it all together? First, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr.Joseph Szmerekovsky for his valuable supervision, never-ending support, encouragement and good nature during the process. I am very thankful to him, that he has given me this pleasure to use his valuable comments, feedbacks and suggestions during the time that I have been working on this thesis and he has presented a new world for my further academic research. I believe that one of the main gains of my PhD program was working with Dr.Joseph Szmerekovsky and gaining his guidance and trust. I am greatly indebted to him for his continual encouragement and support. Apart from a wonderful professor he is great human being and I respect him from the depth of my heart. Secondly and most importantly, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my mother who has always supported and encouraged me in all walks of life. She has devoted her life for my disciplined training and upbringing. I offer special thanks for her boundless love and sincerity, which hearten me to achieve success in every sphere of life. Without her encouragement and moral support, the present study would have been a mere dream. Her emotional involvement during the thesis writing kept me on my toes. My mother is my angel; my role model and my best friend I ever had. I owe her much. I would like to thank my younger v sister Arooj for her support and love during some of the most challenging moments of thesis writing process. My sister was through thick and thin as well. Arooj thanks for being my little sister. Above all, I extend heartfelt thanks to my husband Jehanzeb Khan. His help throughout the course of this dissertation, thorough proof reading and editing it, has not only been priceless but also extremely inspirational. I sincerely thank him for always being there for me and I owe all the achievements of my life since I know him including this thesis to him. His unending love, sacrifices and support both financially and emotionally throughout the time when I was doing this dissertation was indispensable. Lastly, my sincere thanks also go to all my committee members of for their input, help, guidance, valuable feedbacks and support during my dissertation. vi DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my loving husband Jehanzeb Khan for all his love, care, support and sacrifices during this PhD program. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................iii... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………. v DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................................vii # LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................xiv # LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................xv # LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................xv.........iii # 1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND .................................................................................1 # 1.1. Broad1.1 Overview…………………………………………………………….. 4 1.1.1. What1.1 is.11 Solid.1. 2 Waste ? ......................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Background ................................ ................................................................................................5 ...... # 1.2. Research Aims and their Significance………………………….…………... 13 1.3. Research Objectives……………………………………...………….…….... 15 1.4. Potential + Innovative Contribution of the Research Methodology….…..… 15 1.4.1. Methodological Innovative Strengths……………………................ 16 1.4.1.1 . Analyzing the Urban Land Use with GIS Technology and Remote Sensing……………………………….………..… 16 1.4.1.2 . Optimization of Routes……………..……….……...……. 16 1.4.1.3 . Web -Based DSS………………………………...……….. 17 1.4.2. Potential Contributions as Organizational Benefits …….………… 17 1.4.2.1 . Identification of Suitable Sites for Solid Waste Dumping…………..…………………………………….. 17 1.4.2.2 . GIS Technology as a Solid Waste Collection Optimization Tool………………….………….…….…... 17 viii 1.4.2.3 . Identification of City Routes for General Services…...…. 18 1.4.2.4 . GIS- As a Decision Support System (DSS)…………....... 18 1.5. Constitution of the Study ……………………………..…..……................... 19 2. BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW…..…….…………..…................ 21 2.1. Literature Review ……………………………..……………………..…….. 22 2.1.1. Unsanitary Landfill or Dumping ................................................................24................................ ..... # 2.1.2. Landfill Gases …………………….…………………..…………… 25 2.1.3 . Site Selection Criteria for the Landfills ................................................................26 .......................... # 2.2. Role of GIS ………………………………….………………….…..………. 28 2.3. Geographic Information System. …………………..…………..……...…… 29 2.3.1. History of GIS…………………………..………………..……...…. 29 2.3.2. Mechanism of GIS ………………………………………...…..…… 30 2.3.3. Definitions of the Term……………….………………...…..……... 32 2.3.4. GIS Vs Contemporary Computer Techniques ................................................................34 ................. # 2.3.5. GIS- An Innovative Technology ................................................................3................................7 ..... # 2.4. Importance of GIS in Solid Waste Management Systems and Route Optimization……………………………………………………………….… 40 2.5. Importance of GIS in Landfill Site Selection Process Using Multicriteria
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