Folk Medicinal Uses of Indigenous Plant Species of Barroha, Bhara Kahu and Maanga in Islamabad, Pakistan

Full Length Research Paper

Folk medicinal uses of indigenous plant species of Barroha, Bhara Kahu and Maanga in Islamabad, Pakistan

Fizza Rauf, Rahmatullah Qureshi* and Humaira Shaheen

Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

Accepted 13 April, 2011

Ethnobotany is the study of mutual relationships of plants and people. An ethnomedicinal study covers the utilization of plants by the native people as remedy against various ailments. The aim of present study was to evaluate the folk medical uses of the study area. For this purpose, the study areas: Barroha, Bhara Kahu and Maanga had been visited regularly from October 2009 to February 2010. Semi- structured questionnaire and formal interviews from the elderly known people, herbalists (Hakeems) and merchants (Pansaars) had been conducted for the extraction of folk knowledge of native plants. A total of 34 plant species of medicinal importance belonging to 27 families and 32 genera were recorded, which are being used by the inhabitants as a source of medicament. These species are being used to treat 64 ailments of humans and their cattle as well. Sexual diseases of humans, that is, leucorrhoea and spermatorrhoea were also cured by the local people by using wild plant species.

Key words: Indigenous species, Hakeems, Barroha, Bhara Kahu, Maanga.

INTRODUCTION

While discussing the human history, it would be Ethnobotanical studies of many medicinal plants in incomplete without the role of plants (Qureshi et al., various parts of the world has been carried out during 2006), because early man was directly dependent on successive years (Murray, 1881; Kirtikar et al., 1935; plants for his needs. Pre-historic man was also aware of Dastur, 1952; Nadkarni, 1954; Chopra et al., 1949; the curing of diseases and their prevention (Gill and Tewari, 1979; Caius, 1986; Zafar, 1994; Cole, 1996; Ogbor, 1997), especially in South Asia (Bawa and Mhaskar et al., 2000; Behl and Srivastava, 2002; Godoy, 1993). Even now, about 80% of the world Sharma, 2003; Everest and Ozturk, 2005). All these population is dependent on plants as their first aid ethnobotanists contributed a lot of services to record the treatments (Wambebe, 1990). Patients prefer to use indigenous knowledge in the curing of hydrophobia indigenous health care methods for the curing of (rabies), dysentery, earache, epilepsy, eye and liver ailments, when modern health care systems e.g. complaints, fever, hair loss, snake-bits and toothache, allopathic system fails to cure (Bhattarai, 1988; Justice, etc. 1981). But with the advancement of the health care Ethnomedicinal uses of plants of Himalayan and Hindu systems, people have began to use modern systems of Kush Ranges of Mountains has been studied separately medicines due to urbanization and industrialization. In by many workers e.g., Ethnobotany of flora of Himalayas this way, indigenous knowledge which is inherited from that is, National Park of Margalla hills have been generation to generation of indigenous flora is going to be documented with their conservation status (Shinwari and extinct. So, surveys to extract the folk knowledge from Khan, 1998; 1999; 2000). Besides these individual works, the aboriginal people are significant to save this heritage. no comprehensive and significant work about the ethnomedicinal aspects has been done with reference to Bhara Kahu, Barroha and Maanga. Therefore, the present study provides information about the traditional *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. uses of native plant species in medicine. 2062 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Ethnomedicinal inventory.

Family Acanthaceae Botanical name Adhatoda zelyanica Medic. (84) Common name Bhaikar, Barg-e-baansa and Arrusa Parts used Whole plant as well. Occurrence Very common This plant is highly blood purifier and also used for cough and phlegm. The whole plant is used as fodder for the proper digestion in domestic animals. Foaming of mouth of cattle is treated by using 1 the leaves of this plant and dharaik (Melia azedirach) as fodder. The powder of leaves with neem (Azadarechta indicum) and gum of kikar (Acacia nilotica) are highly effective for the treatment diabetes. Ethnomedicinal uses Leaves are used to give away the smell of armpits and feet. The ash of leaves is mixed with mustard oil and externally applied on the pustules and pimples. Flower is also used for asthma and diabetes when mixed with rennet and mokhri (Solanum surattense) after grinding. Flower is also effective to cure jaundice. Latex of plant is externally applied on the pustules.

Botanical name Barleria cristata L. (41) Common name Kal pouth Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Ethnomedicinal uses Whole plant is boiled in water for the treatment of cold and flu.

Botanical name Diclyptera roxburghiana Nees (65) Common name Andhoosi 3 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Ethnomedicinal uses Whole plant is used to avoid sun stroke in buffaloes.

Family Adiantaceae Botanical name Adiantum incisum Forssk. (68) Common name Pakhi 4 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence: Rare Whole plant is grounded and used with desi ghee is local treatment Ethnomedicinal uses to cure hepatitis, jaundice and sun strokes in summer.

Family Apocynaceae Botanical name Carissa opaca Stapf. en Haines (9) Common name Grinda Parts used Leaves, root and fruit Occurrence Very common 5 Juice of leaves of this plant is used for jaundice. Powder of leaves of Carissa opaca and Adhatoda vasica are used in the treatment of cold and flu in children. Decoction of leaves is used to cure Ethnomedicinal uses hepatitis, diabetes, blood purification and for thinning of blood as well. Decoction of roots of this plant is also helpful in curing of diabetes and hepatic diseases. Fruit of plant is laxative in nature and used to cure hepatic disease as well.

Family Asclepiadaceae Botanical name Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. (16) 6 Common name Ak, Gul e madaar Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Rare Rauf et al. 2063

Table 1. Contd.

Latex is externally applied on pimples and pustules. Mixture of latex and turmeric in the ratio of 1:15 is very effective for tuberculosis. Ethnomedicinal uses This plant is used in arthritis, blood pressure and in heating of the body. Over usage of this plant is harmful. Flower is used in vigor medicines.

Family Asteraceae Botanical name Cichorium intybus L. (37) Common name Kaasni 7 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Whole plant is used for the preparation of green potherbs which is Ethnomedicinal uses very effective for the hepatic ailments. This plant is also a blood purifier.

Family Boraginaceae Botanical name Cynoglossum denticulatum DC. (29) Common name Pitrus (Kashmiri) Parts used Root 8 Occurrence Rare The grinded form of root is used for the treatment of abdominal worms, colic pains. This part is blood purifier. The powder of root Ethnomedicinal uses after mixing with milk is applied on pimples and pustules. Also used in pediatric diseases.

Family Caesalpiniaceae Botanical name Cassia fistula L. (10) Common name Amaltas, Kinjol Parts used Legume Occurrence Rare 9 The pulp of legume is very effective for intestinal infections and constipation. Decoction of legume with sugar is effective herbal remedial measure for constipation of adults and infants as well. Ethnomedicinal uses This decoction is also given to women who have recently brought forth to expel after birth materials and obesity. Pulp is also used in the treatment of inflammation.

Family Cannabaceae Botanical name Cannabis sativa L. (53) Common name Bhang 10 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common This plant has sedative property and used in vigor medicines. Ethnomedicinal uses Flatulency of buffaloes is treated by this plant in the form of fodder.

Family Celasteraceae Botanical name Maytenus royleana Wall. ex M. A. Lawson) Cufod (27) Common name Patakhi / Sumbal (Hindkoh) 11 Parts used Bark, leaves Occurrence Very common Bark or leaves in the grinded form is herbal remedy for bone Ethnomedicinal uses fractures.

2064 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

Family Convolvulaceae Botanical name Ipomea bederceas Choisy (49) Common name Mushki 12 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Less common Ethnomedicinal uses This plant is used to cure sores after crushing.

Family Cupressaceae Botanical name Cupressus sempervirens L.(87) Common name Saru 13. Parts used Seeds Occurrence Fairly common Ethnomedicinal uses Seeds are crushed and used for the treatment of piles.

Family Euphorbiaceae Botanical name Euphorbia prostrata Ait. (67) Common name Thandi booti, Makhni booti 14 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Whole plant is crushed and given with water to buffaloes to cure Ethnomedicinal uses fever. This crushed form of plant when mixed with butter is remedy for jaundice.

Family Geraniaceae Botanical name Geranium rotundifolium L. (46) Common name Saanchal/ Gul bakhsh 15 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Fairly common Ethnomedicinal uses Whole plant is cooked after drying and is eaten to cure constipation.

Family Lamiaceae Botanical name Micromeria biflora Buch-Ham.ex D. Don. (70) Common name Persia o washan 16 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Decoction of plant is very effective treatment for cold, flue, and Ethnomedicinal uses lungs infections.

Botanical name Ottostegia limbata (Bth.) Boiss. (63) Common name Chitta jand 17 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Less common Ethnomedicinal uses Leaves are crushed and used for acidity of stomach.

Family Liliaceae Botanical name Aloe barbadensis Mill.(89) Common name Ghee gawar, Kanwaar gandal Parts used Leaves, Pulp Occurrence Common 18 Pulp is mixed with flour of barley so after cooking the bread it becomes very effective for diabetes. Pulp tightens the skin which can be directly applied or with milk. Sweet dish of pulp is used to Ethnomedicinal uses cure backache. Small part of plant is engulfed for the treatment of piles. This plant is also used to cure ulcer and acnes. It also increases the milk production. Rauf et al. 2065

Table 1. Contd.

Family Malvaceae Botanical name Malvestrum coromendelianum L. (83) Common name Phabchi 19 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Very common Fresh leaves are crushed and are used to treat diabetes. Seeds are Ethnomedicinal uses used for curing of leprosy.

Botanical name Sida cordata Burm. (24) Common name Tuman 20 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Common Ethnomedicinal uses This plant is given as fodder to goat at the time of delivery.

Family Mimosaceae Botanical name Acacia modesta Wall. (88) Common name Phulahi, Reenn 21 Parts used Gum Occurrence Fairly common Gum is used in backache, tonsillitis, arthritis, rheumatism, diabetes Ethnomedicinal uses and leucorrhoea. Gum in grinded form, mixed it in fried egg and using it with milk is the best recipe for arthritis and rheumatism.

Botanical name Acacia nilotica L. (79) Common name Jangli kikar, Babool Parts used Flowers, Lumentum, Bark, Gum, Root Occurrence Common Flowers are used in male and female related sexual diseases. Spermatorrhoea and leucorrhoea are cured by utilizing the 22 compound of fresh lomentum (green lomentum), sugar candy and cardamoms. To sit on the bark is the indigenous method of curing Ethnomedicinal uses backache and leucorrhea. Bark is also used for toothache. Powder form of bark is used with betel nut; alum and maju in equal quantity are mixed and applied for toothache. Gum is used for backache, joints pain. Gum is warmed at low flame. After the crushing of this gum it is used to cure leucorrhoea.

Family Moraceae Botanical name Ficus carica L. (76) Common name Anjeer 23 Parts used Fruit Occurrence Less common Ethnomedicinal uses Fruit is laxative and used for piles and constipation as well.

Family Myrtaceae Botanical name Eucalyptus cammoldulensis (75) Common name Safaida Parts used Leaves 24 Occurrence Very common By rubbing the leaves between palms, sniffing it and its fumigants Ethnomedicinal uses also is used to cure cold and flu. Other use Leaves are used to charge the battery of mobile phones.

Family Oleaceae 25 Botanical name Olea ferruginia Royle (66) Common name Kahu/ kohi 2066 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 1. Contd.

Parts used Leaves Occurrence Very common Chewing of leaves cures the mastitis of mouth and the heat of stomach and also effective for the production of milk. Ash of leaves Ethnomedicinal uses is mixed with mustered oil and applied on tooth for toothache. Its leaves are used as fodder for cattle to save them from the influence of pyrexia.

Family Oxalidiaceae Botanical name Oxalis corniculata L. (35) Common name Khatti meethi/ khatti booti/ teen pati 26 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Very common Leaves are used for jaundice, hepatitis A,B and C. Leaves are Ethnomedicinal uses crushed or boiled to use for this purpose. It strengthens the power of vision if its leaves are crushed with collyrium.

Family Papilionaceae Botanical name Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (58) Common name Taali 27 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Fairly common After the grinding of leaves add amla (Embilica officinalis), reetha Ethnomedicinal uses and harr are used to wash hairs. Poultice of leaves are applied on the area around the pustules and pimples to cure them.

Family Pinaceae Botanical name Pinus roxburghii Sargeant (86) Common name Cheer 28 Parts used Gum Occurrence Common Gum is grinded with milk and is used for backache. Gum is burnt on Ethnomedicinal uses pan after grinding it is used for backache. Young shoot is fried on pan and after adding it in the milk of cow it is used for measles.

Family Poaceae Botanical name Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. (7) Common name Khabbal ghaas 29 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Very common Fresh plant is warmed and applied as plaster for the treatment of Ethnomedicinal uses hurt.

Family Rhamnaceae Botanical name Zizyphus mauritiana L. (25) Common name Bairi 30 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Common Decoction of leaves strengthens hairs. Fruit is laxative. Lessens the Ethnomedicinal uses heat of blood.

Botanical name Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.) Wight and Arn. (40) Common name Jangli bairi Parts used Fruit, Leaves 31 Occurrence Fairly common Fruit is laxative in nature and blood purifier. Leaves are used for the Ethnomedicinal uses hair nourishing medicines Rauf et al. 2067

Table 1. Contd.

Family Sapindaceae Botanical name Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (57) Common name Sat-barga 32 Parts used Whole plant Occurrence Fairly common Ethnomedicinal use This plant is used for cardial diseases.

Botanical name Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (15) Common name Sanatha Parts used Leaves 33 Occurrence Very common Leaves are grinded, mixed in water and bath is taken by this water Ethnomedicinal uses to treat itching and pustules.

Family Verbenaceae Botanical name Lantana indica Roxb. (4) Common name Soi 34 Parts used Leaves Occurrence Less common Ethnomedicinal uses Decoction of leaves is used for indigestion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS which are being used by the inhabitants of the studied villages. The detailed uses are given under Study area ethnomedicinal inventory (Table 1). The information are Bhara Kahu and its surrounding areas, namely, Barroha and arranged alphabetically like plant family, botanical name, Maanga are about 20 km away from Islamabad. These areas are local name, parts used, occurrence and ethnomedicinal located between 33° 44’ 14° North and 73° 10’45° East in the East uses as shown in Table 1. of Islamabad. Islamabad is situated at the elevation of 507 m (1,660 ft). On the east side of the city lies Murree and Kotli Satian, while Haripur district of NWFP is located on the north boundaries, Kahuta is located on North East, Taxila and Wah Cantt., and Attock are Common diseases and selection of medicinal herbs located on North West, Gujar Khan, Kallar Sayadan, Rawat and Mandrah are located on North East and Rawalpindi forms the South Thirty eight diseases of humans were treated by 34 plant West boundaries of Islamabad. However, Islamabad city has humid species. Four diseases, namely, skin infections, diabetes, and sub humid climate (Anonymous, 2009). hepatitis/jaundice were found prevalent in the area and treated by high number of species (7.14% each), followed Ethnobotanical survey by cold and flu, pimples and pustules and backache

This study was carried out during August 2009 to February, 2010 (5.71% each). The other ailments were treated by from Bhara Kahu, Barroha and Maanga villages, Islamabad using number of species ranging from 1 to 3 (Table 2). semi-structured questionnaire (Qureshi, 2002). Twenty five people with 25 to 80 age groups including male and female, Hakeems and Pansaars were interviewed to extract information about medicinal Ethnoveterinary medicinal uses of plant species uses of native species. Information like local names, method of preparation, part(s) used, dosage and administration were recorded and provided under detailed inventory. During the survey, plant Veterinary diseases are treated by different plant species specimens were collected from the field areas and identified with by the local people, namely, pyrexia of cattle (Olea the help of scientific literature (Nasir and Ali, 1970-2000; Nasir and ferruginia), delivery of goat (Sida cordata), buffalo’s fever Rafiq, 1995; Ali and Qaiser, 2001-2008). The identified specimens (Euphorbia prostrata), flatulency of buffaloes (Cnnabis were deposited in the Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid sativa), sun stroke in buffaloes (Diclyptera roxburghiana), Agriculture University and Rawalpindi for further record and foaming in cattle (Adhatoda zelyanica) references.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Use of different parts for the preparation of medicines The present survey reveals that there are 34 plant species distributed across 32 genera and 27 families, The highly used part for the preparation of medicines was 2068 J. Med. Plants Res.

Table 2. Human diseases treated by number of species.

S/N Disease No. of plant species Age (%) 1 Blood purification 5 7.14 2 Diabetes 5 7.14 3 Hepatitis 5 7.14 4 Jaundice 5 7.14 5 Cold & flue 4 5.71 6 Pimples and pustules 4 5.71 7 Backache 4 5.71 8 Constipation 3 4.28 9 Piles 3 4.28 10 Toothache 2 2.85 11 Vigor medicines 2 2.85 12 Strengthening of hair 2 2.85 13 leucorrhoea 2 2.85 14 Boils 1 1.42 15 Abdominal worms 1 1.42 16 Thinning of blood 1 1.42 17 Arthritis 1 1.42 18 Rheumatism 1 1.42 19 Tuberculosis 1 1.42 20 Blood Pressure 1 1.42 21 Obesity 1 1.42 22 Spermatorrhoea 1 1.42 23 expulsion after birth materials 1 1.42 24 Inflammation 1 1.42 25 Bone fractures 1 1.42 26 Leprosy 1 1.42 27 Intestinal infections 1 1.42 28 Acidity of stomach 1 1.42 29 Mastitis of mouth 1 1.42 30 Cardiac pain 1 1.42 31 Measles 1 1.42 32 Hurt 1 1.42 33 Itching 1 1.42 34 Indigestion 1 1.42 35 Heating of stomach 1 1.42 36 strengthening of vision 1 1.42 37 Heating of blood 1 1.42 38 Tonsillitis 1 1.42 39 Ulcer 1 1.42 40 Colic pain 1 1.42 41 Acnes 1 1.42

the whole plant (37.20%), followed by leaves (27.90%), whereas, 9 species were rarely available (Figure 2). gum, roots (6.97% each), fruit and legume/lomentum (4.65% each), while rest four parts were used nominally (2.32% each) (Figure 1). Conclusion

Occurrence of medicinal plants After interviewing the local inhabitants of Barroha and Bhara Kahu, it was found out that Parthenium Out of 34 plants, 19 were commonly available in the area, hysterophorus and Lantana camara are not local plant Rauf et al. 2069

20 ercentage ercentage P 15

0 Whole Leaves Gum Root Fruit Legume/ Bark Flower Pulp Seeds plant Lumentum

Figure 1. Percentage of parts used in preparing medicines.

20 ccurrence ccurrence

O 15

0 Common Very common Fairly common Less common Rare

Figure 2. Classification of medicinal plant species on the basis of occurrence.

species but they are invasive ones. They are growing to other areas in which invasive species are going to be very fast and dominating over the native useful plant dominated day by day due to the disturbance in the species. So, these invasive species are damaging the native environment of these two areas, that is, Bhara native flora of these areas. Kahu and Barroha. By comparing the flora of these three areas, it becomes As far as indigenous knowledge of people about native clear that Maanga has its native vegetation as compared species as medicaments is concerned, the inhabitants of 2070 J. Med. Plants Res.

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