CONTENTS

Forewords 2 Introduction 4 Venue Information 5 Keynote Speaker 7 Conference Programme 8 Oral Presentation Abstracts 11 Presenters’ Biographies 26 List of Poster Presentations 32 List of Participants 33 Organising Committee 34

©2017 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains

The authors are responsible for the contents on their pages

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FOREWORD

Prof. Dr Mokhtar Saidin

Director

Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Praise to the Lord the Almighty, because of His Mercy and His Grace, CGAR has managed to host the MAAC 2017. Continuous support from USM in many ways has contributed towards the realisation of this conference. This has enabled CGAR to convene experts from the Malay Archipelago and other parts of the world who will hopefully impart fundamental and specialised knowledge on various research areas in Malay Archipelago archaeology to the MAAC 2017 members.

Part of the conference objectives is to bring together various distinguished expertise in archaeology throughout Island and provide a platform for the dissemination, discussion and debate of ideas. Apart from knowing first hand our heritage of the region, it is also an excellent opportunity for networking, socialising and bridging future collaborations.

Last but not least, it is hoped that this conference will be held successfully and every participant will benefit from the series of panel discussions. A thousand thanks to the committee members that have worked tirelessly in making this conference a reality.

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FOREWORD

Dr. Eng Ken Khong

Conference Chair

Malay Archipelago Archaeology Conference 2017

As Conference Chair, I am delighted to welcome you to the Malay Archipelago Archaeology Conference (MAAC) 2017, held at George Town, , Malaysia. A UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in Penang, George Town is ideally located to hold the conference. Not only does it house archaeological sites such as and many other heritage buildings, the vibrancy of the city would also provide an excellent opportunity for networking, socialising and bridging future research collaborations.

The MAAC 2017 is organised by the Centre for Global Archaeological Research (CGAR, USM) with a particular interest on Malay Archipelago archaeology. Through the theme “Connecting People Through History”, MAAC 2017 aims to bring together scholars in the fields of prehistorical Malay Archipelago, archaeozoology, historical Malay Archipelago, ethnoarchaeology, heritage management, archaeotourism, linguistics, maritime archaeology and archaeological sciences, to discuss and offer inputs into existing and contemporary archaeological issues in the Malay Archipelago. The range of topics that is covered in this conference is highly reflective of the breadth of research within CGAR and it is hoped that many fruitful sustainable collaborations will be generated through this conference.

I hope that you will enjoy the conference and benefit from the diversity of research presentations and discussions. On behalf of my organising committee, I would like to thank you for attending this conference and we hope that you will have a great time in George Town.

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INTRODUCTION

MALAY ARCHIPELAGO ARCHEOLOGY CONFERENCE 2017

Malay Archipelago, also called the island Southeast Asia, covers the countries of Indonesia, , Brunei, Singapore, East Timor and the Philippines. The Malay Archipelago Archaeology Conference will be held in Penang, Malaysia with a theme of Connecting People through History. We hope to bring together various distinguished expertise in archaeology throughout island Southeast Asia and provide a platform for the dissemination, discussion and debate of ideas. Apart from knowing first hand our heritage of the region, it is also an excellent opportunity for networking, socialising and bridging future collaborations.

Malay Archipelago Archaeology Conference aims to bring together scholars in the fields of prehistorical Malay Archipelago, archaeozoology, historical Malay Archipelago, ethnoarchaeology, heritage management, archaeotourism, linguistics, maritime archaeology and archaeological sciences, to discuss and offer inputs into existing and contemporary archaeological issues in the region and its environs.

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VENUE INFORMATION

About Bangunan UAB

The conference venue is Bangunan UAB, which is located at the junction of Gat Lebuh China and Lebuh Victoria. This Art Deco building-turned-event space was built in the 1930s and used to house the Indian Overseas Bank, which is now owned by Khazanah Nasional. There are two event halls on the ground floor and a multi-purpose hall on the first floor.

All presentation sessions will take place in the multi-purpose hall (MH). Lunch and tea breaks will be provided in the event hall (EH), where a poster presentation will also be taking place.

Multi-purpose hall Event hall

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Address : No. 21-35, Gat Lebuh China, 10200 George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia GPS : 5.41554, 100.34199

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KEYNOTE SPEAKER

Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mokhtar Saidin

Centre for Global; Archaeological Research

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mokhtar Saidin obtained his Bachelor of Science (Hons) degree in Geology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 1987. Then, he pursued his studies in Universiti Sains Malaysia where he received his Master’s degree in Archaeology in 1993 and his PhD degree in Archaeogeology from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 1998 through a doctoral coursework at Harvard University. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mokhtar Saidin is the first Malaysia’s archaeogeologist. His expertise is in the field of palaeoenvironment, Palaeolithic culture and stone tools. With 30 years of experience in archaeological research throughout the country, he has led Palaeolithic studies in Peninsular and East Malaysia, covering key sites in Southeast Asia such as Bukit Temelong, Bukit Bunuh, Lawin, Tingkayu and Mansuli. He is also involved in international archaeological research and projects such as Kashmir Smast of Pesahwar, Pakistan and international research collaboration on the Islamic archaeology of Nusantara.

In terms of consultancy works, he has been a committee member and archaeological consultant to several projects, such as the Bakun Dam Project, , and UEM Nusajaya Project and Petronas Gas pipeline in . Currently, he sits in several national experts committees that oversee the research, development and protection of Malaysian Cultural and geological heritage, such as acting as the Head of National Archaeological Expert under the National Heritage department, a member in a focus group to enhance preservation of the Environment, Culture and Heritage for Rural Areas under the EPU Transformation Program, Prime Minister’ Department, and also a member of the National Geopark Committee. Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mokhtar Saidin has been playing a key role in the formation and development of the Malaysian Archaeological Museum such as The Archaeological Museum and a few archaeological heritage parks across the country such as Bukit Tengkorak, Agop Batu Tulup and Mansuli in , Lenggong Valley in and Sungai Batu in .

He has produced over 100 publications both at national and international levels, and several books especially on Malaysian archaeology and its impact to the regional and world history. Since 2005, he has served as the director for the Centre for Global Archaeological Research at Universiti Sains Malaysia.

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CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

03-Oct-17 8.30 am - 9.10 am Registration & Breakfast (EH 1) 9.10 am - 9.20 am Opening 9.20 am - 10.20 am Keynote Speech by Mokhtar Saidin (MH) SESSION 1 MH Chairman: Nasha Rodziadi KHAW 10.20 am - 10.25 am Theme: Palaeolithic & Neolithic Title: Palaeolithic Evidence in Malaysia 10.25 am - 10.45 am Speaker: Mokhtar SAIDIN Title: Evidence from the Gua Pelangi Excavation 10.45 am - 11.05 am Speaker: Rasydan MUHAMMAD Title: Palynological Evidence from Lenggong Valley 11.05 am - 11.25 am Speaker: Nur Khairunnisa TALIB Title: Guar Kepah and Its Context in Malaysian Neolithic Period 11.25 am - 11.45 am Speaker: Shaiful SHAHIDAN Title: Gravity Survey on Bukit Bunuh Crater 11.45 am - 12.05 pm Speaker: Shyeh Sahibul Karamah MASNAN 12.05 pm - 12.30 pm Q & A Poster Presentation (EH 1) 12.30 pm - 1.00 pm Roundtable discussion by Deborah La Gorce Kramer (MH) 1.00 pm - 2.00 pm Lunch (EH1) SESSION 2 MH Chairman: Stephen CHIA 2.00 pm - 2.05 pm Theme: Archaeological Sciences Title: Geoarchaeology in Tropical Southeast Asia: Reconstructing the 2.05 pm - 2.25 pm Life and Death of an Archaeological Site Speaker: Mike W. MORLEY Title: Phylogenetic Study Using Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Major 2.25 pm - 2.45 pm Ethnic Groups from Sabah: Haplogroup Source Profile Speaker: Yee Min GAN Title: Mollusc Remains from Bukit Kamiri, Semporna, Sabah: A 2.45 pm - 3.05 pm Taphonomic Analysis Speaker: Deejay Daxter A. ALBERT Title: Digital Technology: The Application and a Framework for 3.05 pm - 3.25 pm Interpretation of Archaeological Sites in Sungai Batu Speaker: Siti Hajar SHAHRIN Title: Method Comparison in Platinum Group of Elements (Pt, Ru, Rh, 3.25 pm - 3.45 pm Pd, Os, Ir) in Bukit Bunuh Archaeological site Speaker: A. Mutalib ABDULLAH 3.45 pm - 4.10 pm Q & A 4.10 pm - 4.30 pm Tea Break 4.30 pm - 6.00 pm Guided tour to Fort Cornwallis

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04-Oct-17 8.30 am - 9.00 am Breakfast (EH 1) SESSION 3 MH Chairman: David Kyle LATINIS 9.00 am - 9.05 am Theme: Rock Art Title: Methods, Modelling and Historical Ecology Approaches in Rock Art 9.05 am - 9.25 am Studies Speaker: David Kyle LATINIS Title: Rediscovering Prehistoric Rock Art of : A Community 9.25 am - 9.45 am Collaborative Heritage Project in Malaysia Speaker: Hsiao Mei GOH Title: Rock Art of Harimau Cave: Austronesian Culture? 9.45 am - 10.05 am Speaker: Karina ARIFIN Title: A Preliminary Study into the Ancestral Link of Orang Asli in Perak 10.05 am - 10.25 am to Tambun Rock Art, Perak, Malaysia Speaker: Chaw Yeh SAW Title: Boat as Depicted in Rock Art in Celebes, Indonesia 10.25 am – 10.45 am Speaker: R. Cecep Eka PERMANA 10.45 am – 11.10 am Q & A SESSION 4 MH Chairman: MOHD NAWAWI Mohd Nordin 11.10 am – 11.15 am Theme: Archaeological Sciences Title: Brick Mansonry from A Church Convento Ruin in the Philippines: A 11.15 am - 11.35 am Chemical Characterisation Study of Spanish Colonial Period Bricks Speaker: Jan-Michael C. CAYME Title: Integrating Pathological Data and Animal Remains in Archaeology, Bioarchaeological Approach for Reconstructing Fishing Techniques 11.35 am - 11.55 am among Prehistoric People in Gilimanuk Speaker: Dicky CESARIO Theme: History of Local & Abroad Title: Was Lamreh A Commercial Sea Port In The Past? 11.55 am – 12.15 pm Speaker: Amir HUSNI Title: The Usage and Comparison of Indus Seals with Egypt and 12.15 pm - 12.35 pm Mesopotamia During Incorporation Era (2600-1900) BCE Speaker: Irfan ULLAH 12.35 pm - 12.55 pm Q & A 12.55 pm - 1.55 pm Lunch (EH 1) SESSION 5 MH Chairman: Elizabeth MOORE 1.55 pm – 2.00 pm Theme: Cultural & Heritage Management Title: Cultural Carriers of An Ideological Ritual: A Case Study of 2.00 pm – 2.20 pm Confucian Ancestral Worship in Peninsular Malaysia Speaker: Siaw Chan CHONG

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Title: Living Religious Sites – Heritage Management Issues in Wider 2.20 pm - 2.40 pm Bagan Speaker: Elizabeth MOORE Title: Pulau Penyengat as Heritage Site of the Malay Nation: An 2.40 pm – 3.00 pm Archaeological Assessment and Value Identification Speaker: Supratikno RAHARDJO Title: Community-Based Preservation on Cultural Heritage Through 3.00 pm – 3.20 pm Social Media in Indonesia Speaker: Burhanuddin AZIZ Title: Public Archaeology as the Heart of Heritage Management: An 3.20 pm - 3.40 pm Indonesian Experience Speaker: Ahmad Zuhdi ALLAM Title: Archaeology Significance and Selection on Heritage of Onrust 3.40 pm – 4.00 pm Island: Preliminary Study Speaker: R. Ahmad Ginanjar PURNAWIBAWA 4.00 pm - 4.30 pm Q & A 4.30 pm Tea Break & Closing

Legends MH Multi-purpose Hall 1st Floor EH 1 Event Hall 1 Ground Floor

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ORAL PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

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Session 1: Palaeolithic & Neolithic Palaeolithic Evidence in Malaysia Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Archaeological record of Palaeolithic research in Malaysia showed that it has begun since the early 1900s. Among the early recorded sites are the open sites of Kota Tampan, Lenggong, Perak and the cave site of Gua Niah, Sarawak. Until 1987, the oldest Palaeolithic site in Malaysia with chronometric dating is Gua Niah with a date of 40 ka, with research done by Tom Harrisson. Meanwhile, Kota Tampan was recorded by Collings in 1938 as a Middle Pleistocene site without any chronometric date. However, 30 years (1987-2017) of research done by the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia revealed evidence that both the Peninsular and Sabah-Sarawak are very important areas during the Palaeolithic period. Evidence reveals that the Peninsular has been inhabited since over 1.83 Ma, whereas Sarawak and Sabah since 235 ka. Because Lenggong and Mansuli Valley revealed an undisturbed Palaeolithic stone tool workshop sites, the association of artefacts (raw materials, finished as well as unfinished tools, and tool-making debris) is clearly visible. This assemblage of artefacts has revealed and made possible the identification and classification of multiple tool types with specialised functions and is evidence of a Palaeolithic lithic technology in Southeast Asia as sophisticated as anywhere else in the world. Furthermore, this in situ stone tool workshop provides a means to understanding the cognitive behaviour of the tool makers. Their choice of raw material, an understanding of lithology, and an efficient method of production reveal a rational and systematic approach to tool-making. This has made the Lenggong and Mansuli Valley Palaeolithic sites as important global references for Palaeolithic stone tool- making. Therefore, the archaeological research history from the 1900s until today show that Malaysia is very important during the Paleolithic period.

Keywords: Palaeolithic, Lenggong, Mansuli, stone tools

Evidence from the Gua Pelangi Excavation Rasydan Muhammad1 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Research in prehistory of Peninsular Malaysia is hugely contributed by sites in the northern region such as Lenggong Valley in Perak and Ulu in Kelantan. Excavation in Gua Pelangi by the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia has provided new data on prehistory in Peninsular Malaysia. The site is the only Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene site found in and the southern-most site in Peninsular Malaysia. The prehistory of Gua Pelangi covered the time range between 14,000 to 9,000 BP. Excavation revealed artefacts of Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene such as bifacial pebble tools, flake tools and food remains (freshwater shells and animal bones). In total, 13 trenches were excavated and showed very clear association of stone tools with food remains and a hearth, probably for food processing. The evidence of Epi- Palaeolithic occupation at Gua Pelangi allows for a re-interpretation of the prehistory of Peninsular Malaysia and regional comparisons in Southeast Asia in terms of chronometric dating, site location and prehistoric culture.

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Keywords: Epi-Palaeolithic, Gua Pelangi, pebble tools, faunal remains, Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene, Southeast Asia

Palynological Evidence from Lenggong Valley Nor Khairunnisa Talib1 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Archaeological research in the Lenggong Valley which started in 1938 found that this area was inhabited by a Palaeolithic society continuously since the Early Pleistocene until the Late Pleistocene. Since then, Lenggong Valley has become a Paleolithic society route and transit during the migration to the south of Southeast Asia. Palynological study has been done at the open Palaeolithic areas in the Lenggong Valley, such as Bukit Jawa (200,000 years ago), Temelong (100,000-200,000 years ago), Kota Tampan (74,000 years ago) and Bukit Bunuh (40,000 years ago). The objective of this study is to reconstruct the existence of plants and palaeoenvironment during the occupancy at that area. Pollen analyses were carried out in the excavated trenches. The samples were taken from gravel layer where Palaeolithic evidence was found. The pollen content in the sample varies from poor to moderate. From palynological analysis, pollen and spore are found to be dominant at the pond and lake areas, riverbank, tropical rain forest and grassland. The finding supports the statement that the existence of the ancient Lake of Chenderoh in the Pleistocene era was used as an adaptation area by the Palaeolithic society. Moreover, Gramineae and Casuarina pollen from savanna plants that were found at Bukit Jawa and Kota Tampan shows evidence of Lenggong Valley being affected by the dry climate during the Mid-Pleistocene until the Late Pleistocene. As a conclusion, the surrounding environment suggests that the Lenggong Valley was a part of the “Savanna Corridors” that was a choice for the Palaeolithic society as a route and transit during the migration to the south of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene era.

Keywords: Palaeolithic, Pleistocene, palynology, savanna, lake

Guar Kepah and its Context in Malaysian Neolithic Period Shaiful Shahidan1, Mokhtar Saidin1, Shyeh Sahibul Karamah Masnan1, Nurul Amira Md Isa1 & Nor Khairunnisa Talib1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Guar Kepah is a group of shell middens located near the Muda River in Penaga, Penang. Being one of the earliest shell midden sites excavated in Southeast Asia, Guar Kepah yielded an existence of early activities of Penang ancient society, circa 5,000-6,000 years ago. A series of archaeological investigation from the mid-19th centuries have revealed human skeletal remains, stone tools, food remnants, beads and potsherd. A recent excavation since April 2017 has uncovered an in-situ skeleton as well as a defined perimeter of the shell mound. In light of the recent findings, this paper will re-examine and re-evaluate Guar Kepah and its context in Malaysian Neolithic period, as well as an issue on prehistoric coastal adaptation in the western part of Peninsular Malaysia.

Keywords: Guar Kepah, shell midden, Hoabinhian, Neolithic

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Gravity Survey on Bukit Bunuh Crater Shyeh Sahibul Karamah Masnan1, Rosli Saad2 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2 School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Gravity survey is one of the geophysical methods to determine subsurface information based on sediment thickness and rock density. Lenggong Valley is believed to contain evidence of meteorite impact. Thus, the three main objectives are (i) to study the gravity subsurface response of the Lenggong area; (ii) to verify the fault and fracture zone using the Bouguer gravity anomaly map; and (iii) to locate the area and type of meteorite impact crater. There are two phases of survey design – the regional and final phase. Data is acquired using a gravitimeter (model Autograv CG-5) and a portable Garmin GPS. Looping method is applied to remove drift effects. Other corrections include latitude, free-air and Bouguer corrections. All data is arranged and processed using the software Microsoft Excel version 1609 and Golden Software Surfer version 13.0.383. Bouguer anomaly is the final result for the interpretation process and is correlated with other supporting data such as borehole, fault and fracture zone, suevite distribution and the density of impacted rocks. Six gravity profiles are used to observe the change in Bouguer values with the topography of the study area. Based on objective (i), a high Bouguer anomaly is believed to represent the centre of impact located at Bukit Bunuh that shows a rebound attribute with a diameter around 699 m. Meanwhile, the low Bouguer anomaly is believed to represent the crater floor with the diameter of the crater rim around 7 km and the diameter of the crater floor around 5.7 km. The results of observation for objective (ii) delineate the fault and fracture zone from the contour line of the Bouguer anomaly. Finally, objective (iii) shows that Bukit Bunuh is at the centre of the meteorite impact and it is a complex type crater.

Keywords: Bukit Bunuh crater, gravity survey, Bouguer anomaly, complex crater

Session 2: Archaeological Sciences Geoarchaeology in Tropical Southeast Asia: Reconstructing the Life and Death of an Archaeological Site Mike W. Morley1 1 Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong

Tropical Southeast Asia is a critically important region for reconstructing the mode and tempo of Late Pleistocene modern human (Homo sapiens) dispersals out of Africa and across the globe. There is an increasing number of archaeological and fossil sites from the region that are yielding information regarding this process, and even a single tooth holds the potential to re-write (and re- route) the history of our species. This being the case, the stratigraphic and depositional context of these finds needs to be very precisely constrained. In this paper, I will explore how geoarchaeology should be employed to provide such fine-grained contextual information to archaeological and palaeoanthropological material. Using the cave site Liang Bua—home to Homo floresiensis, aka. ‘The Hobbits’ — as a case study, I will show how geoarchaeological techniques can reconstruct the

14 depositional and post-depositional histories of an archaeological site. I will also showcase new geoarchaeological methods and approaches that are helping to shed light on the processes that form, preserve or destroy sites located in humid, tropical environments.

Keywords: Geoarchaeology, archaeological science, tropics, human evolution

Phylogenetic study using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of major ethnic groups from Sabah: haplogroup source profile Yee Min Gan1, Ken Khong Eng1, Nazalan Najimudin2 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Through archaeological and linguistic evidence, it has been suggested that proto-Austronesians and rice farmers from South China spread to Taiwan about 5,500 years ago, and Austronesians spread to Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Oceania about 4,000 years ago. All native people in Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia) speak Austronesian languages such as Dusun and Bajau languages; this marks the invasion of Austronesians in Borneo after 4,000 years ago, or an acculturation with the locals. However, recent genetic studies show that the situation is much more complex than this. Nonetheless, only a small number of phylogeographic studies have been conducted in Sabah as compared to neighbouring countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines. In this study, we have conducted a phylogenetic study using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) conducted on major Austronesian language- speaking ethnic groups, namely Kadazan-Dusun, Bajau and Rungus. In this paper, we will present the profile of haplogroup source of these ethnic groups, and compare them with published mtDNA control region studies from Malaysia and/or surrounding regions, where applicable.

Keywords: Phylogenetic study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ethnic group, Sabah

Mollusc Remains from Bukit Kamiri, Semporna, Sabah: A Taphonomic Analysis Deejay Daxter A. Albert1, Velat Bujeng1 & Stephen Chia1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Taphonomic analysis of mollusc remains is very useful to provide interpretations on ancient prehistoric societies’ behaviour, as well as the palaeoenvironment of the archaeological site. This paper discusses the taphonomic analysis of ancient mollusc remains excavated from the Neolithic and Metal Age cultural layers at Bukit Kamiri in Semporna, Sabah. The excavation was done by the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang in collaboration with the Sabah Museum Department and the National Heritage Department, in 2007. The results of the analysis revealed that most of the specimens are fragmented due to natural processes while there are some specimens which are probably modified by the prehistoric societies, possibly for food processing or artefact production.

Keywords: Taphonomic analysis, mollusc remains, archaeomalacology, Bukit Kamiri, Sabah

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Digital Technology: The Application and a Framework for Interpretation of Archaeological Sites in Sungai Batu Siti Hajar Shahrin1 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Constant advancement in science and technology welcomes some positive changes in the heritage sector. Specifically, documentation, analysis and presentation of heritage are revitalised along with digital technologies. Its application, often introduce as digital heritage can be seen as an appropriate tool to generate the diversity in the medium of dissemination and references for research and education purposes, cultural heritage management and tourism material. However, the lack of approach to maximise the use of digital technology seems to restrain its development in the heritage sector. This is most probably due to the limitation of skills and knowledge on how to apply the appropriate method and relevant technique. This paper aims to present the potential framework in implementing the digital interpretation and visualisation of the Sungai Batu archaeological site. Prior to constructing the framework, the paper will introduce a case study highlighting the application of digital technology (computerised instrument and graphic software) meant for documentation, proposing restoration and interpreting historical monument. Further discussion on the framework implies three phases of guidelines in digital heritage visualisation. The introduction of digital heritage helps in better documentation, planning and site preservation and it also potentially develops into digital information storage or archive and as an educational tool to communicate with the public.

Keywords: Digital technology, framework, Sungai Batu, computer graphic, historical monument, digital heritage

Method Comparison in Platinum Group of Elements (Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir) in Bukit Bunuh Archaeological Site A. Mutalib Abdullah1, Mokhtar Saidin1 & Hamzah Mohamad1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Bukit Bunuh is situated in the Lenggong Valley, Perak, Malaysia. It was discovered by Mokhtar (2001) during a palaeoenvironmental survey. Bukit Bunuh revealed an important evidence of meteorite impact and Palaeolithic stone tools. Based on archaeogeological evidence, this impact happened at 1.83 Ma and bombarded a Palaeolithic workshop at Bukit Bunuh. The crater was mapped by geophysical method; with a diameter 8 km, it was full of meteorite impact rocks, i.e suevite. In some of this suevite, there are some Palaeolithic stone artefacts such as handaxes. This paper discusses the geochemistry perspective of the meteorite rock samples to strengthen the evidence of impact. The analysis involves the Platinum group elements (PGEs). PGEs are commonly analysed in impact- melts and impactites to confirm the meteorite impact event. In Earth’s crust, PGEs are strongly depleted compared to the meteorite impact site. For example, concentration of Iridium in bulk continental crust is only 0.037 ppb, while in chondritic meteorite it contains at least 300 ppb. Thus, geochemical data of PGEs in every impact site is a useful to support the evidence of impact. There are several methods used to measure the concentrations of chemical elements such as XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray), NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis), AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) and ICP-MS (Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy). Based on the

16 findings, the most suitable method used for PGEs analysis in Bukit Bunuh is ICPMS after Nickel- Fireassay pre-concentration based on a few factors such as detection limit, cost analysis and accessibility to the instruments.

Keywords: Bukit Bunuh, archaeogeological, Platinum group elements (PGEs), Nickel-Fireassay pre- concentration, ICPMS, meteorite impact

Session 3: Rock Art Methods, Modelling and Historical Ecology Approaches in Rock Art Studies David Kyle Latinis1 1 Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre, ISEAS Yusof-Ishak Institute, Singapore

The Kanam Rock Art site in Cambodia will be highlighted to discuss methods for addressing historical ecology questions. Comparative examples from Southeast Asia will explore Austronesian and other cases. The intent is to emphasise new methods, questions, results and implications.

Keywords: Rock art, methods, historical ecology, Southeast Asia

Rediscovering Prehistoric Rock Art of Tambun: A Community Collaborative Heritage Project in Malaysia Hsiao Mei Goh1, Chaw Yeh Saw1, Mokhtar Saidin1, & Shaiful Idzwan1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

This paper explores the contemporary community heritage engagement in Malaysian archaeology with a special focus on Gua Tambun (Tambun Cave) - a national heritage site containing one of the most pristine prehistoric rock art collections in the country. It argues that the existing community heritage engagement practice and policy often disenfranchise the community knowledge, more to serve as an act of tokenism and highly conform to a top-down model. The examination into the heritage engagement of Gua Tambun pointed out a pattern of exclusion, in which the consultation with and the inclusion of the local community in management planning is fairly low. In response to these issues, a community-driven engagement project known as Gua Tambun Heritage Awareness Project (GTHAP) has been developed, aiming at encouraging community engagement in rock art conservation through the promotion of heritage awareness and local capacity building. Thus far, GTHAP is the first community heritage engagement project in Peninsular Malaysia, which is fully funded through public crowd-fund. It gives way to the local community to invest and foster a sustainable heritage conservation program through capacity building and long-term partnership. Under the initiatives of GTHAP, a public archaeology program known as “Embracing Tambun Rock Art” and a heritage volunteer program known as “TRA-Rangers” have been successfully launched. Given that the community-driven approach is a relatively new alternative in heritage management, GTHAP serves as a new benchmark to reflect the pitfalls and prospects in the future delivery of a sustainable conservation management of archaeological heritage in Malaysia.

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Keywords: Community-driven, heritage engagement, capacity building, sustainable conservation

Rock Art of Harimau Cave: Austronesian Culture? Karina Arifin1 & R. Cecep Eka Permana1 1 Department of Archaeology, Universitas Indonesia

Studies on the dispersal of Austronesian-speaking people and their culture have attracted many scholars for the last few decades. Remains of Austronesian-speaking people and their culture can be seen in Sumatra. However, research on Austronesian culture in this island is still in its early stage. The discovery of Harimau Cave in Padang Bindu Village, Semidang Aji District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province in 2007 has triggered intensive research in this cave as well as the surrounding area. Until now there are more than 80 individuals from burial context recovered from this cave together with their burial goods. The abundance of other archaeological remains indicates that the cave has been exploited since the pre-Neolithic up to the Palaeometallic era, and it was occupied by Austromelanesoid as well as Mongoloid people. The latter are most probably representing Austronesian-speaking people. Besides human remains, the most interesting discovery from Harimau Cave is the presence of rock art. This is the first rock art site found in Sumatra. Previously rock art sites were only found in the eastern part of Indonesia. In this paper, the probable relationship between the people who were buried in this cave and the rock art will be discussed. Are they produced by the Neolithic people of this cave, the Austronesian, or do they belong to an older period?

Keywords: Austronesian, rock art, cave burial, Harimau Cave, Sumatra

A Preliminary Study into the Ancestral Link of Orang Asli in Perak to Tambun Rock Art, Perak, Malaysia Chaw Yeh Saw1, Hsiao Mei Goh1 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

To date, more than 600 forms of rock art motifs have been documented since the discovery of the rock art site in 1959. However, the traditional ownership of Tambun Rock Art and relationship with the Orang Asli community remains unknown. Since the blooming of tin mining sectors in Kinta Valley in 1900s, rapid modernisation and drastic modifications of landscape have significantly changed the demographic of the region. Archaeologists always believe that there is a possibility the descendants of the original settlers or artist of the Tambun Rock Art were being relocated. Thus, this study serves as a preliminary study to explore possible cultural link between the Orang Asli in Perak and Tambun Rock Art. The study adopts both quantitative and qualitative methods, including (1) a study into the ethnographic records by early ethnographers and researchers, (2) non-participant observations on the material cultures of Orang Asli in Ulu Kinta, and (3) examine the perception of Orang Asli towards the Tambun Rock Art.

Keywords: Gua Tambun, prehistoric rock art, Orang Asli, indigenous perspective

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Boat as Depicted in Rock Art in Celebes, Indonesia R. Cecep Eka Permana1 & Ingrid H. E. Pojoh1 1 Archaeology Department, Universitas Indonesia

Celebes is rich with its prehistoric rock art, particularly in Muna Island in Southeast Celebes and Maros-Pangkep in South Celebes. Among the depicted pictures are boats. Analysis on the motifs shows similarities with traditional boats that are still used by recent fishermen. As boats are related to maritime culture, this paper discusses the forms of boats depicted in prehistoric caves and its relationship with maritime culture in the past.

Keywords: Boat motifs, rock art, maritime culture, Celebes

Session 4a: Archaeological Sciences Brick Masonry from A Church Convento Ruin in the Philippines: A Chemical Characterisation Study of Spanish Colonial Period Bricks Jan-Michael C. Cayme1 1 Chemistry Department, De La Salle University, Philippines

The Philippines is the only country in the Malay Archipelago that was heavily influenced by the Spanish empire, being its former colony for almost 380 years. One of the legacies of this colonial period was the imposing Catholic Church structures that dominate almost every major town in the country. This study will investigate the chemical composition of a surviving brick masonry wall ruin that used to be part of a huge brick convento in Quipayo, Camarines Sur. It is believed to be built around the 17th to 18th century. This structure is an important missionary station of the Franciscan Religious Order of Friars Minor or OFM in coordinating activities within the Camarines Sur region.

The bricks were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Results from the X-ray techniques indicate that the percentage of silicon (11.0 to 30.0%), aluminium (6.0% to 14.0%), iron (3.0% to 4.5%) and calcium (0.8% to 1.7%) are relatively abundant in the brick sample. Silicates and aluminates are the basic inorganic components in sand and clay, which is a major part of the brick’s components. The surface morphology of the sample was observed by SEM. The presence of the minerals; quartz, feldspar, hematite and calcite, which is consistent with the elemental composition, was detected from XRD.

Keywords: Brick masonry, X-ray analytical techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), church convento, Philippines

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Integrating Pathological Data and Animal Remains in Archaeology, Bioarchaeological Approach for Reconstructing Fishing Techniques among Prehistoric People in Gilimanuk Dicky Cesario1 1 Universitas Indonesia

Through its existence, Gilimanuk has been excavated several times in the past. Due to its location in Gilimanuk Bay, this prehistoric site has been stated as a fishers’ community site (Ramelan, 1988; Azis, 1995). From 1963 until 1985, nearly 220 individual remains were recovered from this site. Until present day, research schemes that integrate human remains with other archaeological data (i.e. artefactual, ecological and animal etc.) is still countable and limited in the Gilimanuk site. This research aims to build a preliminary point of view from published data on the Gilimanuk human remains as a foundation to reconstructing past lifestyle of this prehistoric community. By using a pathological condition called enthesopathies as the primary data, this research aims to induce fishing techniques as part of their daily activities. Other data that is also used in this research is the presence of aquatic animals remains, which derives information about the habitat and catching techniques. By integrating both pathological and animal remains, this research shows that the Gilimanuk prehistoric community probably did not choose aquatic source as their primary food source.

Keywords: Enthesopathies, bioarchaeology, Gilimanuk

Session 4b: History of Local & Abroad Was Lamreh A Commercial Sea Port In The Past? Amir Husni1, Said Achmad Kabiru Rafiie2 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia 2 Universitas Teuku Umar, Indonesia

Early evidence of ceramics trade in dates back to as early as the Southern Song Dynasty in the 12th century. This evidence derives from the discovery of ceramics at Ujong Pancu, on the coast to the west of Banda Aceh, the provincial capital. Recently, a massive new discovery of a large amount of ceramics was made at Lamreh, another coastal site northeast of Banda Aceh. This discovery has provoked discussion as to whether the area of present day Lamreh was once used as a seaport. These ceramics also seem to originate predominantly from the Southern Song Dynasty. In light of this, this study examines the possibility that the Lamreh site did indeed once function as a commercial seaport, as the discovery of the ceramics there suggests. The study also seeks to provide greater understanding of the historical links between Aceh and foreign states. The data collection methods used were exploration, surveys and documentation. Meanwhile, four methods of analysis were employed, namely morphological analysis, technological analysis, contextual analysis and

20 relative dating. The aim of morphological analysis was to ascertain the shapes and decorations of the ceramics, while technological analysis sought to determine the raw materials from which the ceramics are made. Contextual analysis addressed the relationship between the ceramics and the site where they were found, while relative dating traced the period in which the ceramics were made. The results of the study show that most of the ceramics from the Lamreh site come from China and date back to the Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279). Some were also derived from the Yuan Dynasty during the 13th-14th centuries and the Ming Dynasty during the 14th-17th centuries. There are also small amounts of Southeast Asian ceramics from Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand dating from the 14th-15th centuries. The ceramics from the Lamreh site are closely related to the arrival of foreign traders who brought these ceramics as part of their merchandise. This would seem to suggest that Lamreh was a commercial seaport in Aceh before the 15th century where many merchants from other states carried out economic activities. Lamreh was also likely a transit port for crossing the Straits of Melaka, before ships continued their voyages west or east.

Keywords: Lamreh, trade ceramics, commerce sea port

The Usage and Comparison of Indus Seals with Egypt and Mesopotamia During Incorporation Era (2600-1900) BCE Irfan Ullah1 & Mokhtar Saidin1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

The Indus or Harappan civilisation (2600-1900 BCE) represents one of the world’s earliest urban societies in the South Asian subcontinent. Contemporary with ancient Bronze Age polities in Egypt and Mesopotamia, today its material remains are distributed over large and diverse regions of modern Pakistan and northwestern India. Although the Harappans were literate, using a writing system inscribed on a variety of mediums to encode and transmit culturally significant information, the script has not been deciphered. Because of this, our understanding of the Indus civilisation has been informed almost exclusively through archaeological excavations at numerous sites throughout the region. Seals are one of the most commonly found objects in Harappan or Indus valley cities. Inscribed seals are among the most analytic forms of material culture from the Indus civilisation, often used to recognise the Harappan character of a site. They have been recovered from a wide variety of archaeological contexts at sites throughout Pakistan, and are varied in form, iconography, and purpose. Among their many purposes, they would have been used by governing elites as symbols of prosperity and power, serving vital administrative functions and strengthening social- economical, and political systems in Indus. There is no iconography of individual rulers, no large caches of sealings and seal impressions, or contextual associations with tombs, palaces, temples, or storehouses for goods controlled by kings and priests in the Indus at present. This paper conducts a comparison of the seal used in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Indus. The study reveals important distinctions and similarities that reflect larger social, political, economic, and ideological structures that distinguish and unify the Old World’s earliest civilisations. Even without being able to read the inscriptions, seals were used differently in Indus than in Egypt. While there are some similarities with Mesopotamia during the Akkadian and Ur III Periods, there are differences too. The usage of seals as

21 an administrative tool makes them valuable for investigating the social-economic and political organisation order (state) of early civilisations. That all three societies used seals is not a coincidence; for nearly 7000 years they have served important administrative functions that assist elites in maintaining structures of power, control, and inequality.

Keywords: Indus valley seal, Mesopotamia, Egypt, usage of seals

Session 5: Cultural & Heritage Management Cultural Carries of An Ideological Ritual: A Case Study of Confucian Ancestral Worship in Peninsular Malaysia Siaw Chan Chong1, Ken Khong Eng1 & Stephen Chia1 1 Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Cultural carrier of an ideological ritual appeared to be a powerful tool as it enables an ideological ritual to transcend the temporal limits and subsequently contribute to cultural transmission. This paper aims to review the practical appearance of an ideological ritual’s cultural carriers in the past and present. This is to learn how each cultural carrier has been utilised to configure a long-term and transmittable social memory for an ideological ritual. Confucian ancestral worship is one of the ideological rituals that is braced by several cultural carriers simultaneously. The cultural carriers can be texts, songs and rhythms, myth and legendary stories, paintings, symbols, monuments and people with high social influence. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 320 respondents in Peninsular Malaysia and several in-depth interviews with seasoned stakeholders who actively maintained the social memory of Confucian ancestral worship. It was found that in Peninsular Malaysia, although cultural carriers of Confucian ancestral worship were kept intact, the cultural transmission appeared to falter. It was learned that the social memory of Confucian ancestral worship was inconsistent among the Chinese families in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the practicality of cultural carriers was likely to positively influence the social memory formation. Therefore, social memory of other similar ideological rituals could be retained and transmitted by understanding the nature of each cultural carrier and identifying the best approach for cultural transmission.

Keywords: Cultural carriers, Confucian ancestral worship, ideological ritual, social memory, cultural transmission

Living Religious Sites – Heritage Management Issues in Wider Bagan Elizabeth Moore1 1 SOAS, University of London, UK

Buddhism in Myanmar has an unbroken tradition of circa 2000 years. Within this history, the ninth to thirteenth century CE capital of Bagan is an exceptional testimony to Buddhist cultural traditions and civilisation in its art, architecture, the development of state and the localisation of Buddhism. Its

22 legacy includes thousands of monasteries, temples and stupas, mural paintings, stucco, architectural ceramics, stone inscriptions and important literary works. The remains of more than 3600 monuments are concentrated within forty-five square kilometres, the approximate Nominated Property of an in-process nomination for the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Property Zone is surrounded by a substantially large Buffer Zone. Within the Bagan Archaeological Area administered by the Department of Archaeology, some living monuments are managed by Pagoda Trustee Committees, laymen who manage donations and interface with the Sangha.

While the concentrated area of monuments occupies an ecological niche on the banks of the Ayeyarwady River, there is no outer wall of the ancient Bagan capital with many monuments throughout the country having been built during the Bagan period. ‘Wider Bagan’ uses ten manmade and natural criteria to assess the geographical distribution, ancient remains and living traditions of sites outside the Bagan capital. Of circa 150 sites tabulated to date, only one is included within national cultural heritage regulations of the Department of Archaeology. The rest are administered through formal and informal Pagoda Trustee Committees. Retention of ancient material form is not a priority at these sites, but rather the sustenance of the Buddhist legacy and teachings.

This paper queries issues of heritage management in Myanmar. It uses evidence from Wider Bagan to argue that the sustenance of the living tradition and the ancient remains should lie with the local communities to achieve a sustainable balance between lay and religious, and local and international norms.

Keywords: Bagan, Buddhism, heritage issues, religious sustenance

Pulau Penyengat as Heritage Site of the Malay Nation: An Archaeological Assessment and Value Identification Supratikno Rahardjo1 1 Universitas Indonesia

As one of many centres of the Malay civilisation, Pulau Penyengat is a special heritage site for the Malay nation that is now spread over some ASEAN countries, especially Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This site has been a centre of the Malay Sultanate in the 19th century, which then declined in the early 20th century when this state was under the colonial rule of the Dutch India, and then as part of the Indonesian government after 1945. This strategic political and cultural centre has changed to a rather small village that no longer has power to self-sustain. At the present situation, we can see many old buildings and structures encircled by new settlements that dominate more and more of the landscape. To protect this endangered site, on the one hand, the central government of Indonesia designated this site as a national heritage. On the other hand, the provincial government promotes this site as a tourist destination and to be nominated as a World Heritage Site. Fortunately, most of the archaeological and architectural remains are still intact in their original location, and many of their original functions could be identified. The problem is that the assessment and analysis of that physical remains are very rare. We can generally observe that many original buildings and stand-up structures on the ground are not complete and some of their original forms could not be identified because most of their components are missing. This article will describe the

23 assessment of the archaeological data and value identification through the perspective of archaeological heritage management. In this paper, we will formulate the recommendations for further action in order to prepare for the nomination of this site as a World Cultural Heritage Site.

Keywords: Archaeological assessment, value identification, cultural heritage site

Community-Based Preservation on Cultural Heritage Through Social Media in Indonesia Burhanuddin Aziz1 1 Department of Archaeology, Universitas Indonesia

Living in a borderless era makes all aspects of our life change dramatically. This development has been producing social media that is often used by users for various activities, including the preservation of cultural heritage. Social media has also created the world without barriers that connect many people in one platform which creates communities with the same purpose. These communities, which originally grown organically as having similar frames, then evolve into a planned and influential institution and is beginning to be taken into account by governmental institutions primarily in the protection and management of cultural heritage. They are subsequently controlling misguided and misdirected government policies. Thus, this causes the government to reconsider or evaluate their planning in heritage. Indonesia has a big potential in using the community to protect heritage because of its number of people who are concerned in this matter. This research places the community as a base in preserving cultural heritage through social media by investigating the selected communities of #SavePasarCinde, The Lost History of Nusantara and Kotatua Ruang Kita. The evidence is analysed using observation and literature methods. By examining the relationship between these aspects, this paper offers a different conception on the using social media as one of the essential factors in heritage protection for the present and future.

Keywords: Community-based preservation, cultural heritage, social media, Indonesia

Public Archaeology as the Heart of Heritage Management: An Indonesian Experience Ahmad Zuhdi ‘Allam1 1 Universitas Indonesia

Public archaeology aims to make archaeology more relevant to society. It is a discourse that encourages archaeologists to understand more about the contexts (political, social, and economic) in which their work is operating. It is an effort to remind archaeologists that they cannot separate themselves from society, because they are part of society: molding and getting molded by society.

Archaeologists usually communicate and establish contact with the public through museum and heritage sites. This relationship is framed, regulated, and envisioned by heritage management. As argued before, the political, social and economic aspects in heritage management are also defining how archaeologists could conduct their works and public duty.

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This paper will examine the reciprocal relationship between archaeologists and their contexts in current Indonesian museums and heritage sites. Data in this research is collected through field observation, documentation, and in-depth interview with several archaeologists who work both in museums and heritage sites. The result of this research, other than to strengthen the notion that public archaeology discourse is offered, is also to identify the critical point of heritage management in Indonesia.

Keywords: Public archaeology, heritage management, Indonesia

Archaeology Significance and Selection on Heritage of Onrust Island: Preliminary Study R. Ahmad Ginanjar Purnawibawa1 1 Universitas Indonesia

Onrust Island is one of the most notable witnesses and archaeological remains of maritime activity in Indonesia. Built in 1615, Onrust Island is rich in a variety of artefacts and ruins from various periods of time, as a result of wars, destruction, and rebuilding of Onrust Island. Now, Onrust Island along with Cipir Island, Kelor Island, and Bidadari Island is protected as Onrust Island Archaeological Park. With the Heritage Protection Act 11/2010 officially signed, the Indonesian government is expecting heritage to be beneficial for the national economic activity as well as national character building. Consequently, Onrust Island is facing a problem for further use and development, caused by highly dense ruins and structure. Those ruins and structure spread across the island, and due to that, it is unlikely to construct new facilities, reconstruct ancient ones, or manage spatial planning for use and development purposes. Lack of significant research on the heritage of Onrust Island has led local authorities to be unable to determine policies on the strategic planning for further use and development. Through observation and in-depth interview with stakeholders, this research aims to determine the value of heritage on Onrust Island. Although this research is still at its early stages, the result is expected to bring a better understanding on the long-term plan for use and development of Onrust Island.

Keywords: Onrust Island, significance, use and development, value

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PRESENTERS’ BIOGRAPHIES

A. MUTALIB ABDULLAH

Abdul Mutalib Abdullah is a science officer at CGAR since November 2007. He got a degree in Science (Forensic Science) from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus in 2007. His interest is in the chemical analysis of artefacts using various methods. Besides that, he is also an expert in operating the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in the EMCL, CGAR. Currently, he is doing an MA in the geochemistry study of the meteorite impact site at Bukit Bunuh, Lenggong, Malaysia.

DEEJAY DAXTER A. ALBERT

Deejay Daxter A. Albert is a candidate of MA (Archaeology) from the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. His research focuses on the study of mollusc remains from the archaeological context or also known as archaeomalacology. His other research interests include archaeozoology, ethnoarchaeology and cultural anthropology.

AHMAD ZUHDI ALLAM

Zuhdi has an undergraduate degree in architecture from Institut Teknologi Bandung. His longlife interest in culture has driven him to take a graduate study in Archaeology and Museum Studies at Universitas Indonesia. He is also member of the Indonesian Heritage Trust and has been involved in the Heritage Identification Project in Karangasem, Bali.

BURHANNUDIN AZIZ

Burhanuddin Aziz is a graduate student at Universitas Indonesia. He got his bachelor degree in Tourism Studies from Universitas Gadjah Mada in 2014 and started the M.Hum programme in Archaeology since August 2016. Aziz is among the awardee of the Indonesian Education Scholarship from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education. His researches focus on cultural resource management, urban heritage and tourism policy and management.

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DICKY CAESARIO

Dicky recently graduated from the Archaeology Programme at the Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia. His undergraduate thesis research was about entheseal change among the Gilimanuk prehistoric people in Indonesia. He currently works as an assistant in the Archaeology programme for Ecological Archaeology and Laboratory Analysis.

JAN-MICHAEL C. CAYME

Jan-Michael C. Cayme is an assistant professorial lecturer at the Chemistry Department of the De La Salle University, Manila and holds a masters’ degree in chemistry at the same institution. He is currently completing his PhD in Chemistry studies at the University of the Philippines, Diliman.

SIAW CHAN CHONG

Siaw Chan is a postgraduate student of the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Currently, she is pursuing a master’s degree on a part-time basis. Her research interests include cultural studies, arts and humanities.

YEE MIN GAN

Yee Min is currently a PhD candidate at the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She completed her undergraduate degree at Durham University, UK, followed by a Master’s degree at the University of Oxford, UK. Her current research focuses on using phylogenetic analysis to study the indigenous people of Sabah, Malaysia.

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HSIAO MEI GOH

Hsiao Mei Goh is a faculty member of the Centre for Global Archaeological Research (CGAR), Universiti Sains Malaysia. Trained as a cave archaeologist, Goh gradually venture into the field of public archaeology and heritage management through her long-term interaction with the public and her growing interest in heritage policy-making. She is particularly interested in bridging the partnership among the stakeholders and promoting community-driven conservation project. Her current work mainly focuses on heritage management and investigating the best benchmark for the future delivery of heritage management in Malaysia.

AMIR HUSNI

Amir Husni is a Master’s student of the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He graduated from the Islamic State ar- Raniry Banda Aceh majoring in Art and History in 2015. He participated at the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Archaeological Field School in Cambodia and Singapore. His research focuses on maritime trade in the Southeast Asian sea.

DAVID KYLE LATINIS

Dr D Kyle Latinis is a Research Fellow with the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC) and the Director of the NSC Archaeology Field School. Current projects include settlement and ecology at various Angkorian sites (Cambodia). Previous work focused on historical ecology in eastern Indonesia and the Pacific. Ph.D. National University of Singapore (2008) – Southeast Asian Studies; Ph.D. University of Hawaii (1999) – Ecological Anthropology.

SHYEH SAHIBUL KARAMAH MASNAN

Shyeh started his degree at USM in 2005 in the field of Applied Science, specialising in exploration geophysics. Since 2009, he has been working at CGAR USM as a research assistant. He has just finished his MSc degree focusing on the identification of a meteorite crater using gravitational methods.

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ELIZABETH MOORE

Elizabeth H. Moore is Professor Emeritus of Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She is based in Yangon as the In-Region Liaison for SAAAP, the Southeast Asian Art Academic Programme administering the SOAS Alphawood Scholarships and the enhancement of scholarship on the ancient Hindu and Buddhist art of Southeast Asia. Wider Bagan is her current research as Visiting Senior Fellow at the Nalanda- Sriwijaya Centre, ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute (Singapore). Her research focuses on the relationship between past and present in the archaeology, cultural heritage and landscape of Myanmar, with publications on the ancient Hindu and Buddhist art across Mainland Southeast Asia during the first and early second millennia CE.

MIKE W. MORLEY

Mike Morley is a geoarchaeologist and Research Fellow at the Centre for Archaeological Science, University of Wollongong, specialising in archaeological site formation processes, landscape reconstruction, and the study of past human–environment interactions. Mike has worked in a range of climate zones, from the deserts of the Rub’ al Khali, to the mountains of Lesotho, to the rainforests of Southeast Asia.

RASYDAN MUHAMMAD

Rasydan is an MA (Archaeology) candidate under the supervision of Prof Mokhtar Saidin and co- supervised by Dr Velat Bujeng. His major research is on the archaeology of Gua Pelangi. In 2016, he received the Young Environmental Research Grant from the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) for the conservation of Gua Pelangi and limestone caves in Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan.

R. AHMAD GINANJAR PURNAWIBAWA

R. Ahmad Ginanjar Purnawibawa received his Bachelor degree in Archaeology from Universitas Indonesia in 2015. In 2016, he obtained the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education scholarship. He is currently a Master student at Universitas Indonesia. His research interest includes archaeological significance and selection of heritage.

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SUPRATIKNO RAHARDJO

Supratikno Rahardjo is a lecturer of Archaeology at the University of Indonesia, where he teaches Maritime Archaeology, Settlement Archaeology, and Archaeological Resource Management. His research interests include Indonesian cultural history, maritime archaeology and cultural resource management. Some researches that have been done in the last five years, among others, were the roots of maritime culture of Indonesia, heritage site management of Muarajambi, Trowulan, and Old Banten.

MOKHTAR SAIDIN

Graduated with a first degree in geology at the Faculty of Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. His doctoral research focused on the archaeogeology of Lawin, Perak (200 ka) and Tingkayu, Sabah (12 ka). In 1998, he was awarded a Ph.D from Universiti Sains Malaysia with a coursework that was done under a special program from Harvard University. His basic research interests are on palaeoenvironment and stone tools technology. His current projects are at 1.83 Ma Palaeolithic site and 535 BC civilisation site, both in Peninsular Malaysia.

CHAW YEH SAW

Chaw Yeh Saw is a Ph.D. candidate from the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia whose research focuses on rock art studies in Gua Tambun, Perak, Malaysia. Having a background in Anthropology, her interest lies within the relationship between human and symbols. She is also actively involved in the Gua Tambun Heritage Awareness Project, a public archaeology workshop which aims to increase public awareness towards the rock art site.

SHAIFUL SHAHIDAN

Shaiful Shahidan is an ASTS Fellow and PhD candidate at the CGAR, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He was a recipient of Erasmus Mundus Scholarship under the European Commission, and one of the expert panel for the Lenggong Valley dossier preparation, prior to its inscription into the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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SITI HAJAR SHAHRIN

Siti Hajar Shahrin obtained her bachelor’s degree from the International Islamic University in Applied Arts & Design (Conservation Design). As a master student at CGAR, under the supervision of Prof. Dr Mokhtar Saidin, her research interest on digital archaeology was a result of her knowledge and interests in computer graphic and heritage management.

NUR KHAIRUNNISA TALIB

Nur Khairunnisa Talib is a PhD (Archaeology) candidate under the supervision of Prof Mokhtar Saidin. Her major research is on Palaeolithic sites in the Lenggong Valley. She obtained a degree in Geology and a Master’s degree in Archaeology. Now, her research focuses on a palynological study in Palaeolithic open sites in the Lenggong Valley. She also participates in other research sites such as Guar Kepah (Neolithic site) and the Jerai Geopark.

IRFAN ULLAH

Irfan Ullah is a PhD candidate of the Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He holds an MBA from Columbia Commonwealth University, USA and a Master of Archaeology from the University of Peshawar, Pakistan. He previously worked as a Deputy Director of Culture and Heritage at the Directorate of Culture in the government of Pakistan, a lecturer in Islamia College Peshawar, and as a researcher in the Royal Pavilion Museum in Brighton, United Kingdom.

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LIST OF POSTER PRESENTATIONS

No. Author Title Digital Technology: The Application and a Framework for P01 Siti Hajar SHAHRIN Interpretation of Archaeological Sites in Sungai Batu Quantification in Archaeomalacology: An Analysis of the P02 Deejay Daxter A. ALBERT Mollusc Remains from Bukit Kamiri, Semporna, Sabah An Introduction to the Peopling of Sabah, Malaysia through P03 Yee Min GAN Phylogenetic Analysis Excavated Ceramics of Singapore: From Pre-colonial to P04 Aaron KAO Colonial P05 Chen Sian LIM Empress Place Rescue Archaeology Excavation P06 Chen Sian LIM Military Archaeology in Singapore Archaeology of Singapore: Ancient Temasek and the P07 Michael NG Colonial Period P08 Wei Ping YOUNG Volunteerism in Singapore Archaeology Fort Cornwallis Young Archaeologists’ Program: A Citizen P09 Hsiao Mei GOH Archaeologist Project The Study of Earthen Fortifications in “Kedah” from 600- P10 Meljev Singh SIDHU SINGH 1800 CE

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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

First name Last name E-mail address Affiliation Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Abdul Mutalib Abdullah [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia

Mohd Shukry Abdullah [email protected] Perbadanan Muzium Melaka, Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Deejay Daxter A Albert [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia

Ahmad Zuhdi Allam [email protected] Universitas Indonesia Department of Archaeology, Universitas

Karina Arifin [email protected] Indonesia Department of Archaeology, Universitas

Burhanuddin Aziz [email protected] Indonesia

Dicky Caesario [email protected] Universitas Indonesia Chemistry Department, De La Salle University,

Jan-Michael Cayme [email protected] Manila, Philippines Alasdair Xin

Chi [email protected] University of Oxford, UK Ren Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Siaw Chan Chong [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Yee Min Gan [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Hsiao Mei Goh [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Amir Husni [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Maryam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical

Jeffrey [email protected] Sakinah Centre, Malaysia

Aaron Jiun Feng Kao [email protected] ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore La Gorce Department of Archaeology and

Deborah [email protected] Kramer Anthropology, University of Cambridge, UK Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak

David Kyle Latinis [email protected] Institute, Singapore Archaeology Unit, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute,

Chen Sian Lim [email protected] Singapore Syeh Sahibul Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Masnan [email protected] Karamah Universiti Sains Malaysia

Elizabeth Moore [email protected] SOAS University of London, UK

Mike Morley [email protected] University of Wollongong, Australia Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Rasydan Muhammad [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Department of Archaeology, Universitas

R Cecep Eka Permana [email protected] Indonesia R Ahmad

Purnawibawa [email protected] Universitas Indonesia Ginanjar

Supratikno Rahardjo [email protected] Universitas Indonesia Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Mokhtar Saidin [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Chaw Yeh Saw [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Shaiful Shahidan [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Siti Hajar Shahrin [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia Nor Centre for Global Archaeological Research, Talib [email protected] Khairunnisa Universiti Sains Malaysia Centre for Global Archaeological Research,

Irfan Ullah [email protected] Universiti Sains Malaysia

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ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Advisor Prof. Mokhtar Saidin

Conference Chair Dr. Eng Ken Khong

Conference Facilitator Mr. Ahmad Fadly Jusoh Mr. Ahmad Syahir

Conference Secretary Mr. Azman Darus Ms. Gan Yee Min

Finance Mr. Muhammad Faris Md. Sayuthi

Partnership & Sponsorship Mr. Abdul Mutalib Abdullah Mr. Khairul Anuar Safie

Media & Design Mr. Sairul Ramle Mr. Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Hadzri

Technical & Publicity Mrs. Noor Hamizah Abu Hassan Mrs. Wan Malini Ismail Mr. Abdul Latif Mohamed Ghazali Mr. Irfan Ullah Mr. Meljev Singh Sidhu Sarjit Singh Mr. Deejay Daxter A. Albert

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Special Thanks

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