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Roşia Montană Cultural Heritage in the Context of a New Mining Development

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Roşia Montană Cultural Heritage in the Context of a New Mining Development Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Geologia, 2009, 54 (1), 49 – 54 Roşia Montană Cultural Heritage in the context of a new mining development Adrian GLIGOR1 & Călin Gabriel TĂMAŞ2,3,4 1 S.C. Roşia Montană Gold Corporation, Roşia Montană, 321 Piaţa Street, 517615, Romania 2 “Babeş-Bolyai” University, Department of Geology, Cluj-Napoca, 400084, Romania 3 TRACES –UMR 5608 CNRS, PRES University, Toulouse, 31000, France 4 Fribourg University, Department of Geosciences, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland Received February 2009; accepted May 2009 Available online June 2009 ABSTRACT. The Roşia Montană Project represents a responsible mining project in progress in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania. It is the first mining project developed in Romania according to up-to-date Romanian and international (EU) standards. Besides specific geological and mining aspects, the Project comprises various other aspects concerning the culture and the community. The present paper presents the cultural heritage of Roşia Montană in the framework of the new mining development proposed by Roşia Montană Gold Corporation. Key words: Roşia Montană, cultural heritage, responsible mining from this area represented in fact one of the reasons WHAT IS RMGC? behind the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 A.D. S.C. Roşia Montană Gold Corporation S.A. (RMGC) is a Long time property of the local and foreign individuals mining company established and registered under Romanian as well as small companies, altogether with the Romanian laws in 1997. The shareholders of RMGC are Gabriel state below the level +714 m RL (Ghiţulescu and Socolescu, Resources Ltd. (Toronto, Canada) with 80% and the 1941), the gold mines from Roşia Montană together with Romanian state with about 20%. other gold mines from the Apuseni Mountains have been The Canadian mining company Gabriel Resources Ltd. nationalized by the Romanian pro-Soviet Government in is traded on the Canadian Share Market being governed by June 1948. Almost two decades of extensive mining in the regulations specific to public companies. In accordance Roşia Montană were conducted by the so-called Sovrom with available public information, approximately 60 to 70% Aur only for the benefit of the former Soviet Union. of the company’s shares are held by American investors, During the 70’ies, the underground exploitation individuals or mining companies like the giant Newmont gradually ceased and large scale open pit mining started Mining Corporation (USA). in 1973 (Sântimbreanu, 1989). The surface mining was Currently, the RMGC’s management is 100% focused on Cetate Massif with its Roman Courts Romanian, while Gabriel Resources’ management consists (Roman open pits) with no previous archaeological/ of individuals with extensive modern mining experience patrimonial study. worldwide acquired within USA based Barick Gold After a continuous activity of more than 30 years, and Corporation. the “vanishing” of the upper 130 m of Cetate Massif, the state-owned mine E.M. Roşia Montană was closed in June 2006 because of economic reasons (annual loss of about 3 THE MINING PROJECT PROPOSED BY RMGC million USD since early 90’ies). The end of mining at Roşia Montană triggered dramatic changes because mining was The Roşia Montană new mining project proposed and the sole economic activity. Thus the social and economic currently developed by RMGC/Gabriel Resources is conditions became critical in Roşia Montana. located within the so-called Golden Quadrilateral from the South Apuseni Mountains, Romania (Alba County, Roşia Montană Commune). Within the Roşia Montană ROŞIA MONTANĂ CURRENT STATUS area and other mining sites from the Golden Quadrilateral, the mining has been performed even since More than two millennium of mining at Roşia Montană Roman times (Wollmann, 1976; Cauuet et al., 2003; without any environmental protection politics determined Manske et al., 2006). Furthermore, the gold ore deposits major historic and modern pollution. Only for waters in the *Correspondence: A. Gligor ([email protected]) 50 Gligor and Tămaş perimeter, the recent environmental studies have pointed out PROJECT BENEFITS serious exceeding of the limit values for metals in the The Roşia Montană Project has been designed to ensure nearby rivers, as follows: 110 times for zinc, 64 times for great benefits not only for the shareholders but also for the iron, 3.4 times for arsenic, and 3.4 times for cadmium. local community, and in the same time to reduce the risks to The open pits, the waste dumps and the underground the lowest possible level. Based on the Modeling System of developments have remained opened to public access, Regional Impact, developed by the Economic Analysis unrehabilitated and consequently they contributed Office of US Ministry of Commerce from 1992, over 600 extensively to the current pollution of the entire area (acid direct jobs and around 6,000 indirect jobs will be created. river drainage). In this context, starting with 1990, the As concerns the total income for the Romanian partners, the population, mainly the young generation, start to leave the project will generate significant income: area, fleeing to other, mainly urban localities like Alba Iulia, - Approximately 2 billion dollars for the Romanian Deva, or smaller towns like Câmpeni and Abrud, and a treasury during the time span of the active mining; gradual aging of the population is now very pronounced. - At least 1.5 billion dollars for Romanian suppliers/ contractors before and during the active period of mining. WHAT DOES MODERN MINING REPRESENT? According to this estimation, a net infusion into the The nature of modern mining today is that mining Romanian economy of about 3.5 billion dollars will result, projects earn the social license to operate by creating accompanied by a decreasing of the local currency benefits to the countries in which they operate, and a very commercial deficit. important aspect is that they must improve the global social In the frame of the Project, the RMGC will be and economic life of the community around the proposed responsible to clean up the past environmental damages, mining site (mine and processing plants as well). caused by Romanian state mining. This environmental The proposed Roşia Montană Project is a large mining action, estimated at around 30 million euros, will not project that will create jobs (details given below), will involve the Romanian taxpayers, being entirely financially generate significant tax revenue and will help also to sustained by RMGC. reinvigorate the mining industry in Romania. Several The Project will also significantly contribute to the foreign mining companies are at present involved in improvement of the infrastructure related to electric power exploration activities within South Apuseni Mountains network, water supply, sewage and waste management, (Carpathian Gold, Deva Gold etc.) and the results acquired public and industrial roads. Furthermore, in the frame of the during the last years are very encouraging, with new gold Project, two new localities will be built, a rural one, and copper ore deposits identified so far. It seems that this precisely Piatra Alba, or the New Roşia Montană , and a region (South Apuseni Mountains) with a long lasting new part of the city of Alba Iulia, the so-called La Recea mining tradition will be able to become once again a major residence area. In the same direction, the RMGC is engaged metal producing region in Europe. However, like other large to manage the restoration, the conservation and the industrial/economic projects, the mining projects imply revitalization of the historical monument buildings in the benefits as well as certain risks especially from antagonistic centre of the Roşia Montană. Part of the measures proposed point of views (promoters and opponents). by the Management Plan will also lead to the health and During the development of the Roşia Montană Project, a education improvement in the region. And last but not the series of false starts, missteps and several mistakes have least, another topic of great importance is the commitment been made. Our goal is a continuous determination to of the RMGC to protect, promote and enlarge the cultural improve the project, by new amendments and a total heritage of Roşia Montană as an alternative economic implication to solve all the negative aspects and thus to built activity for the post-mining closure period. a model mining project. Our aim is to create around Roşia Montană mining project a vibrant region with higher income standards and better living conditions, in full respect for the WHAT HAS BEEN KNOWN ABOUT environment as well as for the cultural heritage assets of that THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ROŞIA MONTANĂ area. PRIOR TO 2000? Roşia Montană is known as a Roman mining site. RESPONSIBLE MINING – ENVIRONMENTAL Mining has been confirmed also for the medieval period as PROTECTION well as a continuous activity during modern and recent As stated in the Environmental Impact Assessment, a times. Maybe the most important vestiges from Roşia public document since 2006, RMGC’s proposed project, Montană are the wooden wax tablets known for their will use safe technologies that are operational in more than importance in the history of Universal Law, as well as from 400 mines around the world. The implementation of the social, economic and ethnologic points of view (Pippidi, project will be conducted in agreement with the 1976). Several mining networks dating back to the Roman commitment of the Roşia Montană Gold Corporation times have been already documented by Pošepný (1870) in concerning the survey and the treatment of the historic his geological and mining map of Roşia Montană, like those pollution existing nowadays in Roşia Montana. In the from Orlea, Coş, Cetate, and Cârnic mining fields. documents submitted by the RMGC to competent Romanian As concerns “classic” archaeological artifacts, significant authorities, it is stated that during the mining project the best quantities of epigraphic materials have been discovered by techniques and technologies available around the world in chance in the Roşia Montană area.
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