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City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Kim, J (2018). Museums and cultural heritage: to examine the loss of cultural heritage during colonial and military occupations with special reference to the Japanese occupation of Korea, and the possibilities for return and restitution. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/20813/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. 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City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Museums and Cultural Heritage: To Examine the Loss of Cultural Heritage During Colonial and Military Occupations with Special Reference to the Japanese Occupation of Korea, and the Possibilities for Return and Restitution Jongsok Kim This thesis is submitted to City, University of London as part of the requirements for the award of Ph.D. in Culture, Policy and Management School of Arts and Social Sciences September 2018 1 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..…….7 Declaration…………………………………………………………………………....8 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….....9 Abbreviations…………………………………………..……………………………10 Introduction……………………………………….……………………………..….11 Chapter 1. The 16th Century War between Korea and Japan (the Imjin War) and the Destruction and Removal of Korean Cultural Heritage……………..….20 1.1 Introduction to the Imjin War………………………………………………….....20 1.2 Destruction of Korean Cultural Heritage and Removal to Japan during the Imjin War……………………………………………………….……………….………….22 1.3 Destruction and Removal Cases according to Heritage Categorisation……..…..26 1.3.1 Destruction of Jongmyo and Royal Tombs in Korea…………………….26 1.3.2 Destruction of Palaces, Sungkyunkwan, Shrines and Historical Buildings in Korea…………………………………………………………………………….…...29 1.3.3 Destruction of Buddhist Temples and Removal of Buddhist Cultural Property..33 1.3.4 Destruction and Removal of Libraries, Books and Manuscripts……..…......…36 1.3.5 Movable Printing Type and Its Technology…………..….……………...……...40 1.4 Capture of Korean Ceramic Craftsmen and Japan’s Ceramics Industry…...…....43 1.5 Field of Medicine: Captivity of Korean Oriental Medical Doctors………..……48 1.6 Effects of the Imjin War on Korean and Japanese Cultures.………………..…...49 Chapter 2. Japan’s Late 19th Century to 1945 Investigations of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets, Associated with the Removal of Korean Cultural Objects to Japan………………………………………………………………………….……...51 2.1 Introduction………..……………………………………………………..……...51 2.2 Situation Before and After the Start of the Japanese Occupation of Korea in 1910…………………………………………………………………………………..52 2.2.1 Excavation of Ancient Tombs in Korea and the Damage to Buried Cultural Objects………………………………………………………………………..………56 2.2.2 Official Investigation of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets by the Japanese Governmental Institutions……………………..………………………………..……59 2.3 Investigation of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets by Japan (1909-1915)......62 3 2.4 The Five-year Project for Investigation of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets by Japan (1916-1920)………………...…………………………….…………..………..66 2.5 Investigation of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets by Japan (1920-1930)......77 2.6 Investigation of Korean Cultural Heritage and Assets by Japan from 1931 until Korea’s Restoration of Independence in 1945………………………….…………84 2.7 Conclusion……………………………………..…………………..………….…99 Chapter 3. Institutionalised Japanese Removal of Korean Books and Libraries……………………………………………………………………………105 3.1 Books and Libraries…………..………..……………………….………………105 3.2 Removal of Korean Bibliographical Cultural Property to Japan.….……..…….112 3.2.1 Kyujanggak Books and Hirobumi Ito, the Japanese Resident-General in Korea…………………………………………………………………..……………112 3.2.2 Joseon wangjo sillok (the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) Kept in the University of Tokyo, Japan…………………………….….…………………..……...…………115 3.2.3 The Korean Collection of the First Japanese Governor-General Masatake Terauchi…………………………………………………………………..…………115 3.3 Destruction and Hiding of Korean Library and Archive Materials……..…..….115 Chapter 4. Demolition, Removal and Destruction of Korean Cultural Heritage….................................................................................................................120 4.1 Demolition and Removal of Korean Royal Palaces and Historic Buildings.…..120 4.2 The Japanese Government-General of Korea (JGGK)’s Destructive Policy towards Korean Cultural Heritage during the Pacific War (1941-1945)……...….…128 Chapter 5. Claims for Returning Cultural Property and the Agreement between the Republic of Korea and Japan after the Restoration of Independence of Korea in 1945………………………………………………………………………………131 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….131 5.2 The Republic of Korea’s Claim for the Return of Its Cultural Property Shortly After the Restoration of Independence in 1945……………..………….…………...133 5.3 American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas and the Principles for the Restitution of Cultural Property…………………………………………………………………..…………134 5.4 The Normalisation of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Japan and the 1965 Treaty………………………………………..…………………143 4 5.5 The Treaty on Basic Relations between the Republic of Korea and Japan and the Attached Agreement on Cultural Property and Cultural Cooperation between the Republic of Korea and Japan (1965)…………………..……………………………145 5.6 Return of Korean Cultural Property according to the 1965 Agreement……….157 5.7 Limitations and Challenges to the 1965 Agreement………...………….……...158 Chapter 6. Legal Matters Concerning the 1905 Agreement and the 1910 Treaty Between Korea and Japan………………………………..………………..…...162 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………..……………….…….162 6.2 Issue of Legality of Japanese Removal of Korean Cultural Heritage…....…….163 6.2.1 ‘Coercion’ in International Treaties and the Legal Theory on Invalidity…..169 6.2.2 The Personal and Direct Coercion of the Emperor and the Ministers of Korea to Accept the Agreement of Protectorate in 1905, and the Reaction from the International Community……….………………………………………………………...……….171 6.2.3 Reaction of International Legal Academic Circles to the 1905 Agreement of Protectorate.................................................................................................................184 6.2.4 Reaction of the United Nations (UN) to the 1905 Agreement of Protectorate..……………………………………….………………………..………186 6.3 Conclusion…………………………………..……………………………..…...193 Chapter 7. Case Studies: Return of Korean Cultural Property……...…..…….198 7.1 Introduction………………………………..…………………………..……….198 7.2 Return of Terauchi Library’s Korean Collection……..………………..……….199 7.2.1 Overview of the Terauchi Library…………..………………………..………199 7.2.2 Accounts of Negotiation and the Return………..…………………..…..…200 7.2.3 Matters to be Considered in the Future ………..……………………..………204 7.3 Return of Joseon wangjo sillok………………………..…………………...…..205 7.3.1 Overview of Joseon wangjo sillok ….………………………………..……...205 7.3.2 The Removal of and Damage to Joseon wangjo sillok ……………....…...…206 7.3.3 Negotiations and Return……..………………………………………..……...208 7.3.4 Future Tasks……………………………………..……………………..……..210 7.4 The Oekyujanggak Archives (The Korean Royal Archives) Seized by the French Navy in 1866 and Taken to Paris…………………………………………...........….211 7.4.1 Historical Background………………………………………………..…....211 7.4.2 Removal of the Oekyujanggak Archives to France……..…………..……..…213 7.4.3 Identification of the Oekyujanggak Archives in France……..………..……...214 5 7.4.4 Request for Return of the Oekyujanggak Archives……..…..…………..……215 7.4.5 Return of the Oekyujanggak Archives…………..……………..…………….217 7.4.6 Future Tasks…………..………………………………………..…………..…223 7.5 Conclusion……………………………..…………………………..…………...225 Chapter 8. Theoretical Principles: Review for Return and Restitution of Cultural Property Between Korea and Japan..…………………………………..………...227 8.1 Art-rich and Art-poor: Source Nations of Art and Market Nations of Art: Cultural Nationalism, Cultural Patrimony and Cultural Internationalism Regarding Cultural Property …………………………………………………………..….……………..227 8.2 Authenticity and Originality………………………………………....…………233 8.3 Legality and International Legal Instruments………………………………….238 8.4 Morality and Ethics…………………………………………………………….242 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..……...…253 Bibliography…………………………………..………………………...……….....261 Selected Archive Materials………………………………………..………………280 Notes………………………..……………………………………..………….…….282 6 Acknowledgements My heartfelt thanks go to my parents, family, and Professor Patrick Boylan. 7 Declaration I grant powers of discretion to the University Librarian to allow this thesis to be copied in whole or in part without further reference to me. This permission covers only single copies made for study
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