DOCSLIB.ORG

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review article Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions Florin Dolcosa,b,*, Yuta Katsumia,b, Matthew Moorea,b, Nick Berggrenc, Beatrice de Gelderd, Nazanin Derakshanc, Alfons O. Hamme, Ernst H.W. Kosterf, Cecile D. Ladouceurg, Hadas Okon-Singerh, Alan J. Pegnai, Thalia Richterh, Susanne Schweizerj, Jan Van den Stockk, Carlos Ventura-Bortl, Mathias Weymarl,SandaDolcosa,b,* a Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA b Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA c Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, England, United Kingdom d Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands e Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany f Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium g Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA h Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel i School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia j Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience (Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Group), University College London, London, England, United Kingdom k Laboratory for Translational Neuropsychiatry, Research Group Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium l Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, Emotion which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered Attention emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging Perception research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with Learning and memory the Human Affectome Project’s emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to de- Individual differences Training interventions scribe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious Psychophysiology awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were dis- Neuroimaging cussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Affective neuroscience Interactions in Perception,(2)Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory,(3)Individual Differences in Health and well-being Emotion-Attention Interactions,and(4)Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This Linguistics comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations. Abbreviations: ABC, arousal-biased competition; ABM, attentional bias modification; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; ACT, attentional control theory; AMs, auto- biographical memories; AMY, amygdala; BA, Brodmann area; CS, conditioned stimulus; DES, dorsal executive system; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Dm, Difference due to memory; EBA, extra-striate body area; EEG, electroencephalography; EM, episodic memory; ERP, event-related potentials; FA, focused attention; FBA, fusiform body area; FFA, fusiform face area; FG, fusiform gyrus; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; HC, hippocampus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; LPC, lateral parietal cortex; LPP, late positive potential; MEG, magnetoencephalography; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; MTL, medial temporal lobe; NE, norepinephrine; OFA, occipital face area; PMv, ventral premotor area; pSTS, posterior superior temporal sulcus; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; RT, reaction time; STS, superior temporal sulcus; TEC, trauma exposed control; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TPJ, temporo-parietal junction; UCS, unconditioned stimulus; VAS, ventral affective system; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; WM, working memory ⁎ Corresponding authors at: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (F. Dolcos), [email protected] (S. Dolcos). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017 Received 1 January 2019; Received in revised form 2 July 2019; Accepted 21 August 2019 F. Dolcos, et al. 1. Introduction and basic notions general consensus that affective phenomena (the more comprehensive term) consist of multiple subcomponents including physiological, ap- Decades of research have shown that emotional stimuli can benefit praisals, expressions, and behaviors that define the relation between the from enhanced perceptual processing due to their ability to capture individual and environment. From a practical standpoint, a simplistic attention, and through such prioritized processing they also impact dissociation between emotions and feelings that is typically used in other cognitive processes. For instance, emotional stimuli are better neuroscientific approaches is in terms of physiological vs. psychological encoded and remembered and can also be powerful distracters when aspects of affective processing (Iversen et al., 2000; LeDoux and Brown, task-irrelevant. Moreover, altered processing of emotional material has 2017). Namely, while emotions have more to do with bodily responses been associated with individual differences in various domains of (e.g., increased heart rate in a frightening situation), feelings refer to healthy functioning (sex, personality, age), as well as with symptoms of the associated psychological aspects (e.g., experiencing the feeling of affective disturbances, including anxiety and depression. The linguistic being afraid) produced by the specific circumstances. Feelings might search that builds the foundation of this special issue reflects the cen- therefore be best understood as subjective interpretations of physiolo- trality of attentional processes in affective experiences. The identified gical responses (Siddharthan et al., 2018). Studies of emotion-attention terms (Supplementary Table 1) can be broadly categorized into do- interactions have investigated both emotions (including unconscious/ mains relating to conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, automatic bodily responses) and feelings (relatively more conscious social attention, and emotion regulation. We integrate the discussion of aspects of emotional responses), which are discussed throughout all these terms within a broader review of emerging scientific evidence sections of the current review. regarding emotion-attention interactions. We review evidence in healthy functioning and alterations observed in clinical conditions, with 1.2. Transient vs. long-term responses a particular emphasis on the associated neural mechanisms. This work brings together evidence based on various approaches, spanning from In addition to differentiating between emotions and feelings, it is behavioral and lesion to brain imaging and interventions, which are also important to consider the duration of affective experiences. What is grouped around the following four main themes: (1) Emotion-Attention commonly referred to as an occurrence of an emotion is transient and Interactions in Perception,(2)Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning usually concerned with a specific object or situation (Russell and and Memory,(3)Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, Barrett, 1999), whereas mood is considered to be much longer-lasting, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention diffuse, and less specific (Frijda, 2009). Furthermore, although emo- Interactions (Fig. 1). A detailed discussion of evidence regarding these tions tend to follow the emotion-eliciting stimuli closely or in- four themes is followed by a brief discussion of related linguistic aspects stantaneously, a mood might be temporally remote from its cause, (5). Such a comprehensive approach allows for an integrative under- making the cause of a mood difficult to identify (Morris, 1992). standing of the available evidence and identification of concrete ave- Moreover, prolonged emotional responses and moods are also com- nues for future investigations. In the remainder of this introductory monly observed as symptoms of anxiety, depression, or trauma- and section, we briefly introduce basic concepts that are relevant stress-related disorders, which are characterized by recurrent and in- throughout the review. trusive thoughts about previous or anticipated distressing or potentially traumatic events (Dalgleish and Power, 2004). Of particular relevance for the present review, such symptoms of affective dysregulation have 1.1. Emotions vs. feelings been associated with deficits in top-down attentional control (Schäfer et al., 2018). These and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dolcos2020.Pdf
    Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 108 (2020) 559–601 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review article Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, T learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions Florin Dolcosa,b,*, Yuta Katsumia,b, Matthew Moorea,b, Nick Berggrenc, Beatrice de Gelderd, Nazanin Derakshanc, Alfons O. Hamme, Ernst H.W. Kosterf, Cecile D. Ladouceurg, Hadas Okon-Singerh, Alan J. Pegnai, Thalia Richterh, Susanne Schweizerj, Jan Van den Stockk, Carlos Ventura-Bortl, Mathias Weymarl, Sanda Dolcosa,b,* a Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA b Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA c Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, England, United Kingdom d Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands e Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany f Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium g Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA h Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel i School of Psychology, University of Queensland,
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophysiological Correlates of Anticipation and Emotional Memory
    Durham E-Theses Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory TABASSUM, NAZOOL-E How to cite: TABASSUM, NAZOOL-E (2015) Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11560/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Nazool -e Tabassum Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory Abstract This thesis investigated the role of anticipation as a mediating factor in the Emotion- Enhanced Memory (EEM) phenomenon. Using behavioural and ERP measures, three anticipatory conditions were explored: Informative, No-Cue and Non-Informative. The primary objective was to determine how far the pre-stimulus-Dm (Ps-Dm) effect is a reliable indicator of emotional memory encoding under different levels of anticipation, and if the preparatory process explanation accounts for any effects. This study also aimed to determine if there is an association between anticipatory activity at the pre- and post- stimulus phase, and the related behavioural outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurophysiological Processing of Architectural Ranking : Human Electrical Brain Responses to High- and Low-Ranking Buildings
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2011 Neurophysiological processing of architectural ranking : human electrical brain responses to high- and low-ranking buildings Oppenheim, Ilan Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-164054 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Oppenheim, Ilan. Neurophysiological processing of architectural ranking : human electrical brain re- sponses to high- and low-ranking buildings. 2011, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Neurophysiological Processing of Architectural Ranking Human Electrical Brain Responses to High- and Low-Ranking Buildings Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Ilan Oppenheim von Maur, ZH Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. Lutz Jäncke (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald (Leitung) Prof. Dr. Stephan Neuhauss (Fakultätsmitglied) Zürich, 2011 dedicated to Herr und Frau Braun I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This doctoral thesis was carried out at the departments of Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology at the Swiss Epilepsy Centre in Zurich under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald, head of department of Clinical Neurophysiology. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following: Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald for sharing his immense experience and knowledge in all epilepsy and memory related questions, for his inspiration and support throughout my work, for his patience and critical reviews, and for tasteful musical discoveries. Prof. Dr. Hennric Jokeit for providing a colossal research office, for letting me be part of his team, and for tolerating my whistling.
    [Show full text]
  • Semantic Congruence Accelerates the Onset of the Neural Signals of Successful Memory Encoding
    The Journal of Neuroscience, January 11, 2017 • 37(2):291–301 • 291 Behavioral/Cognitive Semantic Congruence Accelerates the Onset of the Neural Signals of Successful Memory Encoding Pau A. Packard,1,2,3 Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells,1,2,4 XNico Bunzeck,3,5 XBerta Nicola´s,1,2 XRuth de Diego-Balaguer,1,2,4,6 and Lluís Fuentemilla1,2,6 1Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain, 2Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain, 3Department of Psychology, University of Lu¨beck, 23562 Lu¨beck, Germany, 4Institucio´ Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain, 5Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and 6Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain As the stream of experience unfolds, our memory system rapidly transforms current inputs into long-lasting meaningful memories. A putative neural mechanism that strongly influences how input elements are transformed into meaningful memory codes relies on the abilitytointegratethemwithexistingstructuresofknowledgeorschemas.However,itisnotyetclearwhetherschema-relatedintegration neural mechanisms occur during online encoding. In the current investigation, we examined the encoding-dependent nature of this phenomenon in humans. We showed that actively integrating words with congruent semantic information provided by a category cue enhances memory for words and increases false recall. The memory effect of such active integration with congruent information was robust, even with an interference task occurring right after each encoding word list. In addition, via electroencephalography, we show in 2 separate studies that the onset of the neural signals of successful encoding appeared early (ϳ400 ms) during the encoding of congruent words.
    [Show full text]
  • Influences of Visual and Auditory Cues on Social Categorization “Categorical Thinking Is a Natural and Inevitable Tendency of the Human Mind” (Allport, 1954)
    Research Seminars in General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience ("Forschungskolloquium für Absolventen, Doktoranden, und Mitarbeiter“) „General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience“ (Prof. Dr. Stefan R. Schweinberger) Summer Term 2008 Place: Am Steiger 3/EG, SR 009 Contact: [email protected]. For more information on current and past presentations see: http://www2.uni-jena.de/svw/allgpsy/researchseminars.htm Event Schedule 14.07.2008 Tamara Rakic, Jena To see or to hear - that is the question! Influences of visual and auditory cues on social categorization 07.07.2008 Grit Herzmann, Berlin Individual differences in face cognition: Using ERPs to determine relationships between neurocognitive and behavioral indicators 30.06.2008 Nadine Kloth, Jena Adaptation in face perception 23.06.2008 Eva-Maria Pfütze, Bochum Traurige Gesichter: Ein besonderer Reiz für Depressive? 16.06.2008 Jürgen M. Kaufmann, Jena Faces you don’t forget: ERP correlates of learning caricatures. 02.06.2008 Matthias Gondan, Regensburg Integration and Segregation of auditory-visual signals 26.05.2008 Julia Föcker, Hamburg Integration of human faces and voices: An event-related potential study of person identity priming 19.05.2008 Henning Holle, Jena Neural correlates of the integration of gestures and speech 06.05.2008 Stefan R. Schweinberger, Jena Die Wahrnehmung vertrauter und unbekannter Menschen Tamara Rakic Jena To see or to hear - that is the question! Influences of visual and auditory cues on social categorization “Categorical thinking is a natural and inevitable tendency of the human mind” (Allport, 1954). The starting point for this research project was the question how language in general and pronunciation in particular affect the process of social categorization.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Correlates of the In-Group Memory Advantage on the Encoding and Recognition of Faces
    Neural Correlates of the In-Group Memory Advantage on the Encoding and Recognition of Faces Grit Herzmann1*, Tim Curran2 1 Department of Psychology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America, 2 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America Abstract People have a memory advantage for faces that belong to the same group, for example, that attend the same university or have the same personality type. Faces from such in-group members are assumed to receive more attention during memory encoding and are therefore recognized more accurately. Here we use event-related potentials related to memory encoding and retrieval to investigate the neural correlates of the in-group memory advantage. Using the minimal group procedure, subjects were classified based on a bogus personality test as belonging to one of two personality types. While the electroencephalogram was recorded, subjects studied and recognized faces supposedly belonging to the subject’s own and the other personality type. Subjects recognized in-group faces more accurately than out-group faces but the effect size was small. Using the individual behavioral in-group memory advantage in multivariate analyses of covariance, we determined neural correlates of the in-group advantage. During memory encoding (300 to 1000 ms after stimulus onset), subjects with a high in-group memory advantage elicited more positive amplitudes for subsequently remembered in-group than out-group faces, showing that in-group faces received more attention and elicited more neural activity during initial encoding. Early during memory retrieval (300 to 500 ms), frontal brain areas were more activated for remembered in-group faces indicating an early detection of group membership.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropsychologia 49 (2011) 3103–3115
    Neuropsychologia 49 (2011) 3103–3115 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia The neural correlates of memory encoding and recognition for own-race and other-race faces a,∗ b c a Grit Herzmann , Verena Willenbockel , James W. Tanaka , Tim Curran a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA b Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Canada c Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: People are generally better at recognizing faces from their own race than from a different race, as has been Received 26 October 2010 shown in numerous behavioral studies. Here we use event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how Received in revised form 30 June 2011 differences between own-race and other-race faces influence the neural correlates of memory encoding Accepted 2 July 2011 and recognition. ERPs of Asian and Caucasian participants were recorded during the study and test phases Available online 23 July 2011 of a Remember–Know paradigm with Chinese and Caucasian faces. A behavioral other-race effect was apparent in both groups, neither of which recognized other-race faces as well as own-race faces; however, Keywords: Caucasian subjects showed stronger behavioral other-race effects. In the study phase, memory encoding ERP was assessed with the ERP difference due to memory (Dm). Other-race effects in memory encoding Face processing were only found for Caucasian subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Correlates of the Formation and Realization of Delayed Intentions
    Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2002, 2 (2), 162-173 Neural correlates of the formation and realization of delayed intentions ROBERT WEST and KEISHA ROSS-MUNROE University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana Prospective memory (PM) can be thought of as the ability to successfully form and later realize inten- tions that must be delayed over some period of time. In this study, event-relatedbrain potentials were used to explore the neural activity associated with the formation and realization of an intention. Greater negativityover the frontal-polar region was associatedwith intention formation trialsin which the intention was later realized. On PM cue trials, an N300 was associated with the detection of a cue. For PM cue trials, a late positive complex was observed that might have reflectedthe retrievalof an in- tention from memory, and a frontal slow wave was observed that might have reflected the activity of a neural system that supported disengagement from the ongoing activity when the cue was detected. Prospective memory (PM) can be thoughtof as the abil- tach the message, should I check my sent mail folder, or ity to form and laterrealize intentionsthat must be delayed can I expect a return message from my colleague, who is over some period of time (Einstein & McDaniel, 1990; somewhat perplexedupon receivinga message with no at- Meacham & Leiman, 1982). Prospective remembering is a tachment (monitoring)? complex activitythat can be conceptualizedas includingat Laboratory-based studies of PM generally try to simu- least
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral and Cerebral Impairments Associated with Binge Drinking in Ψ %HOJLFD Youth: a Critical Review
    3V\FKRORJLFD Lannoy, S., et al. (2019). Behavioral and Cerebral Impairments Associated with Binge Drinking in ψ %HOJLFD Youth: A Critical Review. Psychologica Belgica, 59(1), pp. 116–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.476 PHD CRITICAL REVIEW Behavioral and Cerebral Impairments Associated with Binge Drinking in Youth: A Critical Review Séverine Lannoy*,†, Joël Billieux‡, Valérie Dormal† and Pierre Maurage† Binge drinking is a widespread alcohol consumption pattern in youth that is linked to important behavioral and cerebral impairments, in both the short and the long term. From a critical review of the current literature on this topic, we conclude that binge drinkers display executive impairments, cerebral modifications, and prob- lems with emotion-related processes. Five key empirical and theoretical topics are discussed to pave the way for future research in the field: (1) the specificity of the brain modifications observed in binge drinkers that may index a compensatory mechanism or result from multiple withdrawals; (2) the nature of the relationship between binge drinking and impairments, suggesting reciprocal influences between excessive alcohol consumption and executive deficits; (3) the possible recovery of brain and cognitive functioning after the cessation of binge drinking; (4) the validity of the continuum hypothesis, suggesting links between binge drinking and severe alcohol use disorders; and (5) the existing strategies to reduce binge drink- ing habits or rehabilitate the associated cognitive deficits. Future perspectives are described in relation to the questions raised to identify the crucial variables to be addressed in research and clinical practice. Keywords: binge drinking; neuropsychology; electrophysiology; neuroimaging; alcohol-use disorders; alcohol use disorder Introduction particularly among students, where it is a Alcohol consumption is widespread in key component of the so-called academic Western societies and occurs in many eve- folklore (Wechsler & Nelson 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Event-Related Potential
    Event-related potential techniques. In 1935–1936, Pauline and Hallowell Davis recorded the first known ERPs on awake humans and their findings were published a few years later, in 1939. Due to World War II not much research was conducted in the 1940s, but research focusing on sensory issues picked back up again in the 1950s. In 1964, research by Grey Walter and colleagues began the modern era of ERP component discoveries when they reported the first cognitive ERP component, called the contingent nega- tive variation (CNV).[3] Sutton, Braren, and Zubin (1965) made another advancement with the discovery of the P3 component.[4] Over the next fifteen years, ERP compo- nent research became increasingly popular. The 1980s, with the introduction of inexpensive computers, opened up a new door for cognitive neuroscience research. Cur- A waveform showing several ERP components, including the rently, ERP is one of the most widely used methods in N100 and P300. Note that the ERP is plotted with negative volt- cognitive neuroscience research to study the physiological ages upward, a common, but not universal, practice in ERP re- correlates of sensory, perceptual and cognitive activity as- search sociated with processing information.[5] An event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.[1] More formally, it is any 2 Calculation stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus. The study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasive means of evaluating brain functioning in patients with ERPs can be reliably measured using cognitive diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Emotional Memory: Cognitive Factors
    Understanding Emotional Memory: Cognitive Factors A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences. 2015 Gemma Elizabeth Barnacle School of Psychological Sciences Table of Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Declaration.............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Copyright Statement ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Alternative Format Rationale .......................................................................................................................... 14 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Subsequent Memory Effect in ERP: Modeling and Data
    Negative Subsequent Memory Effect in ERP: Modeling and Data Sverker Sikström ([email protected]) Petter Kallioinen ([email protected]) Lund University Cognitive Science (LUCS), Kungshuset, Lundagård Lund, 222 22, Sweden First, a brief review of synaptic depression and cell Abstract differentiation is provided. Then the DD model is presented along with the predictions. Finally, the model The subsequent memory effect (SME) is the ubiquitous is tested in a list learning experiment with of high and phenomena that stimulus that are later retrieved show a low frequency words where ERPs are measured during more negative going ERP wave than stimulus that are not study. retrieved. Two basic findings in neurophysiology are that cells respond weaker to repeated stimulation (e.g. synaptic depression) and that the response differentiates during Synaptic Depression and Cell Differentiation familiarization. This paper presents a computational Synaptic depression is the strongest form of short-term theory of SME based on synaptic depression and cell plasticity (Nelson, Varela, Sen and Abbott, 1997). The differentiation. SME occurs because synaptic depression underlying mechanism of synaptic depression is not fully is stronger for stimuli with larger cell differentiation and understood. However, one mechanism is believed to be these stimuli are also easier to retrieve. The model also presynaptic depletion of transmitter substances, which is predicts a negative subsequent memory effect (NSME) so that a stimulus that are not preceded with other stimuli are stored in the release-ready pool of vesicles. With this recovered from synaptic depression, better recalled, and depletion, pre-synaptic action potentials have reduced have a more positive ERP.
    [Show full text]