DOCSLIB.ORG

Event-Related Potential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Event-Related Potential Event-related potential techniques. In 1935–1936, Pauline and Hallowell Davis recorded the first known ERPs on awake humans and their findings were published a few years later, in 1939. Due to World War II not much research was conducted in the 1940s, but research focusing on sensory issues picked back up again in the 1950s. In 1964, research by Grey Walter and colleagues began the modern era of ERP component discoveries when they reported the first cognitive ERP component, called the contingent nega- tive variation (CNV).[3] Sutton, Braren, and Zubin (1965) made another advancement with the discovery of the P3 component.[4] Over the next fifteen years, ERP compo- nent research became increasingly popular. The 1980s, with the introduction of inexpensive computers, opened up a new door for cognitive neuroscience research. Cur- A waveform showing several ERP components, including the rently, ERP is one of the most widely used methods in N100 and P300. Note that the ERP is plotted with negative volt- cognitive neuroscience research to study the physiological ages upward, a common, but not universal, practice in ERP re- correlates of sensory, perceptual and cognitive activity as- search sociated with processing information.[5] An event-related potential (ERP) is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.[1] More formally, it is any 2 Calculation stereotyped electrophysiological response to a stimulus. The study of the brain in this way provides a noninvasive means of evaluating brain functioning in patients with ERPs can be reliably measured using cognitive diseases. electroencephalography (EEG), a procedure that measures electrical activity of the brain over time ERPs are measured by means of electroencephalography using electrodes placed on the scalp. The EEG reflects (EEG). The magnetoencephalography (MEG) equivalent thousands of simultaneously ongoing brain processes. of ERP is the ERF, or event-related field.[2] This means that the brain response to a single stimulus or event of interest is not usually visible in the EEG recording of a single trial. To see the brain’s response to 1 History a stimulus, the experimenter must conduct many trials and average the results together, causing random brain activity to be averaged out and the relevant waveform to With the discovery of the electroencephalogram (EEG) [6] in 1924, Hans Berger revealed that one could measure remain, called the ERP. the electrical activity of the human brain by placing elec- The random (background) brain activity together with trodes on the scalp and amplifying the signal. Changes other bio-signals (e.g., EOG, EMG, EKG) and electro- in voltage can then be plotted over a period of time. He magnetic interference (e.g., line noise, fluorescent lamps) observed that the voltages could be influenced by exter- constitute the noise contribution to the recorded ERP. nal events that stimulated the senses. The EEG proved to This noise obscures the signal of interest, which is the be a useful source in recording brain activity over the en- sequence of underlying ERPs under study. From an en- suing decades. However, it tended to be very difficult to gineering point of view it is possible to define the signal- assess the highly specific neural process that are the focus to-noise ratio (SNR) of the recorded ERPs. The reason of cognitive neuroscience because using pure EEG data that averaging increases the SNR of the recorded ERPs made it difficult to isolate individual neurocognitive pro- (making them discernible and allowing for their interpre- cesses. Event-related potentials (ERPs) offered a more tation) has a simple mathematical explanation provided sophisticated method of extracting more specific sensory, that some simplifying assumptions are made. These as- cognitive, and motor events by using simple averaging sumptions are: 1 2 4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 1. The signal of interest is made of a sequence of event- a number indicating either the latency in milliseconds or locked ERPs with invariable latency and shape the component’s ordinal position in the waveform. For instance, a negative-going peak that is the first substantial 2. The noise can be approximated by a zero-mean peak in the waveform and often occurs about 100 mil- 2 Gaussian random process of variance σ which is liseconds after a stimulus is presented is often called the uncorrelated between trials and not time-locked to N100 (indicating its latency is 100 ms after the stimulus the event (this assumption can be easily violated, for and that it is negative) or N1 (indicating that it is the first example in the case of a subject doing little tongue peak and is negative); it is often followed by a positive movements while mentally counting the targets in an peak, usually called the P200 or P2. The stated latencies oddball paradigm). for ERP components are often quite variable. For exam- ple, the P300 component may exhibit a peak anywhere Having defined k , the trial number, and t , the time between 250ms – 700ms.[9] elapsed after the k th event, each recorded trial can be written as x(t; k) = s(t) + n(t; k) where s(t) is the sig- nal and n(t; k) is the noise (Note that, under the assump- tions above, the signal does not depend on the specific 4 Advantages and disadvantages trial while the noise does). The average of N trials is 4.1 Relative to behavioral measures Compared with behavioral procedures, ERPs provide a 1 XN 1 XN x¯(t) = x(t; k) = s(t) + n(t; k) continuous measure of processing between a stimulus N N and a response, making it possible to determine which k=1 k=1 stage(s) are being affected by a specific experimental ma- The expected value of x¯(t) is (as hoped) the signal itself, nipulation. Another advantage over behavioral measures E[¯x(t)] = s(t) . is that they can provide a measure of processing of stim- uli even when there is no behavioral change. However, Its variance is because of the significantly small size of an ERP, it usu- ally takes a large number of trials to accurately measure 2 it! correctly.3 [10] h i N 2 N 1 X 1 X [ ] σ2 Var[¯x(t)] = E (¯x(t) − E[¯x(t)])2 = E 4 n(t; k) 5 = E n(t; k)2 = N 2 N 2 N k=1 k=1 4.2 Relative to other neurophysiological For this reasonp the noise amplitude of the average of N measures trials is 1/ N times that of a single trial. Wide amplitude noise (such as eye blinks or movement 4.2.1 Invasiveness artifacts) are often several orders of magnitude larger than the underlying ERPs. Therefore, trials containing Unlike microelectrodes, which require an electrode to be such artifacts should be removed before averaging. Ar- inserted into the brain, and PET scans that expose hu- tifact rejection can be performed manually by visual in- mans to radiation, ERPs use EEG, a non-invasive proce- spection or using an automated procedure based on pre- dure. defined fixed thresholds (limiting the maximum EEG am- plitude or slope) or on time-varying thresholds derived from the statistics of the set of trials.[7] 4.2.2 Spatial and temporal resolution 3 Nomenclature of ERP compo- ERPs provide excellent temporal resolution—as the speed of ERP recording is only constrained by the sam- nents pling rate that the recording equipment can feasibly sup- port, whereas hemodynamic measures (such as fMRI, ERP waveforms consist of a series of positive and neg- PET, and fNIRS) are inherently limited by the slow speed ative voltage deflections, which are related to a set of of the BOLD response. The spatial resolution of an underlying components.[8] Though some ERP compo- ERP, however, is much poorer than that of hemody- nents are referred to with acronyms (e.g., contingent neg- namic methods—in fact, the location of ERP sources is ative variation – CNV, error-related negativity – ERN, an inverse problem that cannot be exactly solved, only es- early left anterior negativity – ELAN, closure positive timated. Thus, ERPs are well suited to research questions shift – CPS), most components are referred to by a letter about the speed of neural activity, and are less well suited (N/P) indicating polarity (negative/positive), followed by to research questions about the location of such activity.[1] 3 4.3 Cost staring at the grid, the subject may communicate which stimulus he is looking at, and thus slowly “type” words.[17] ERP research is much cheaper to do than other imaging Other ERPs used frequently in research, especially techniques such as fMRI, PET, and MEG. This is be- neurolinguistics research, include the ELAN, the N400, cause purchasing and maintaining an EEG system is less and the P600/SPS. expensive than the other systems. 5 Clinical ERP 7 ERP software and training re- sources Physicians and neurologists will sometimes use a flashing visual checkerboard stimulus to test for any damage or • EEGLAB Toolbox – A freely available, open- trauma in the visual system. In a healthy person, this stim- source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing ulus will elicit a strong response over the primary visual EEG data cortex located in the occipital lobe, in the back of the brain. • ERPLAB Toolbox – A freely available, open- ERP component abnormalities in clinical research have source, Matlab toolbox for processing and analyzing been shown in neurological conditions such as: ERP data • dementia[11] • The ERP Boot Camp – A series of training work- shops for ERP researchers • Parkinson’s disease[12] • multiple sclerosis[13] 8 See also • head injuries[14] [15] • stroke • Bereitschaftspotential • obsessive-compulsive disorder[16] • Brain vital signs • 6 Research ERP C1 and P1 • Contingent negative variation ERPs are used extensively in neuroscience, cognitive psy- chology, cognitive science, and psycho-physiological re- • Difference due to memory search.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simultaneous EEG-Fmri Reveals Attention-Dependent Coupling of Early Face Processing with a Distributed Cortical Network
    Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals attention- dependent coupling of early face processing with a distributed cortical network Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) Open Access Bayer, M., Rubens, M. T. and Johnstone, T. (2018) Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals attention-dependent coupling of early face processing with a distributed cortical network. Biological Psychology, 132. pp. 133-142. ISSN 0301-0511 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.002 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/74377/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.002 Publisher: Elsevier All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Biological Psychology 132 (2018) 133–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biopsycho Simultaneous EEG-fMRI reveals attention-dependent coupling of early face T processing with a distributed cortical network ⁎ Mareike Bayera,b, , Michael T. Rubensb, Tom Johnstoneb a Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany b Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The speed of visual processing is central to our understanding of face perception.
    [Show full text]
  • Dolcos2020.Pdf
    Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 108 (2020) 559–601 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review article Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions: From perception, T learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions Florin Dolcosa,b,*, Yuta Katsumia,b, Matthew Moorea,b, Nick Berggrenc, Beatrice de Gelderd, Nazanin Derakshanc, Alfons O. Hamme, Ernst H.W. Kosterf, Cecile D. Ladouceurg, Hadas Okon-Singerh, Alan J. Pegnai, Thalia Richterh, Susanne Schweizerj, Jan Van den Stockk, Carlos Ventura-Bortl, Mathias Weymarl, Sanda Dolcosa,b,* a Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA b Beckman Institute for Advanced Science & Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA c Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, England, United Kingdom d Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands e Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany f Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium g Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA h Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel i School of Psychology, University of Queensland,
    [Show full text]
  • Defining the Relation Between Linguistics and Neuroscience
    Defining the relation between linguistics and 6 neuroscience David Poeppel and David Embick University of Maryland College Park and University of Pennsylvania The popularity of the study of language and the brain is evident from the large number of studies published in the last 15 or so years that have used PET, fMRI, EEG, MEG, TMS, or NIRS to investigate aspects of brain and language, in linguistic domains ranging from phonetics to discourse processing. The amount of resources devoted to such studies suggests that they are motivated by a viable and successful research program, and implies that substantive progress is being made. At the very least, the amount and vigor of such research implies that something significant is being learned. In this article, we present a critique of the dominant research program, and provide a cautionary perspective that challenges the belief that explanatorily significant progress is already being made. Our critique focuses on the question of whether current brain/language research provides an example of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization, or an example of cross-sterilization. In developing our critique, which is in part motivated by the necessity to examine the presuppositions of our own work (e.g. Embick, Marantz, Miyashita, O'Neil, Sakai, 2000; Embick, Hackl, Schaeffer, Kelepir, Marantz, 2001; Poeppel, 1996; Poeppel et al. 2004), we identify fundamental problems that must be addressed if progress is to be made in this area of inquiry. We conclude with the outline of a research program that constitutes an attempt to overcome these problems, at the core of which lies the notion of computation.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Representational Similarity Between Symbolic and Non-Symbolic Quantities Predicts Arithmetic Skills in Childhood but Not Adolescence
    Received: 29 July 2020 Revised: 1 April 2021 Accepted: 3 May 2021 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13123 SHORT REPORT Neural representational similarity between symbolic and non-symbolic quantities predicts arithmetic skills in childhood but not adolescence Flora Schwartz1 Yuan Zhang1 Hyesang Chang1 Shelby Karraker1 Julia Boram Kang1 Vinod Menon1,2,3,4 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Abstract Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Mathematical knowledge is constructed hierarchically from basic understanding of 2 Department of Neurology and Neurological quantities and the symbols that denote them. Discrimination of numerical quantity in Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA both symbolic and non-symbolic formats has been linked to mathematical problem- 3 Stanford Neuroscience InstituteStanford solving abilities. However, little is known of the extent to which overlap in quantity University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA representations between symbolic and non-symbolic formats is related to individual 4 Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford differences in numerical problem solving and whether this relation changes with dif- University School of Medicine, Stanford, ferent stages of development and skill acquisition. Here we investigate the association California, USA between neural representational similarity (NRS) across symbolic and non-symbolic Correspondence quantity discrimination and arithmetic problem-solving skills in early and late devel- Vinod Menon, Stanford University School of opmental stages: elementary school children (ages 7–10 years) and adolescents and Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. young adults (AYA, ages 14–21 years). In children, cross-format NRS in distributed Email: [email protected] brain regions, including parietal and frontal cortices and the hippocampus, was posi- Flora Schwartz, Yuan Zhang, and Hyesang tively correlated with arithmetic skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Jyoti Mishra, Ph.D
    Contact CURRICULUM VITAE UCSF - Mission Bay Sandler Neurosciences Center Rm 502 Jyoti Mishra, Ph.D 675 Nelson Rising Lane San Francisco, CA 94158-0444 Web: http://profiles.ucsf.edu/jyoti.mishra http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/people-profiles/jyoti-mishra/ Email: [email protected] [email protected] Phone: 415-502-7322 Personal Statement I am a translational neuroscientist with expertise in attention, learning and brain plasticity. My research mission is “advancing neurotechnology from the lab to the community”. I develop and evaluate novel neurotechnologies that can serve as neurocognitive diagnostics and therapeutics; in this context, I recently developed novel attention training tools for aging adults and children with attention deficits. My current lab projects focus on advancing real-time neurofeedback technologies and developing neuroscience-based training that optimizes decision-making in children. My community projects evaluate our innovative neurocognitive therapeutics in children with ADHD and neglected children in institutional foster-care, here in the United States as well as in India via global mental health research collaborations. Positions and Employment 2013 - present Assistant Professor Step 2 Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Global Health Sciences University of California, San Francisco 2009 - 2014 Senior Scientist, Brain Plasticity Institute PositScience Corporation, San Francisco 2009 - 2012 Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Neurology University of California, San Francisco 2008 - 2009 Postdoctoral Research
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophysiological Correlates of Anticipation and Emotional Memory
    Durham E-Theses Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory TABASSUM, NAZOOL-E How to cite: TABASSUM, NAZOOL-E (2015) Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11560/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Nazool -e Tabassum Electrophysiological correlates of anticipation and emotional memory Abstract This thesis investigated the role of anticipation as a mediating factor in the Emotion- Enhanced Memory (EEM) phenomenon. Using behavioural and ERP measures, three anticipatory conditions were explored: Informative, No-Cue and Non-Informative. The primary objective was to determine how far the pre-stimulus-Dm (Ps-Dm) effect is a reliable indicator of emotional memory encoding under different levels of anticipation, and if the preparatory process explanation accounts for any effects. This study also aimed to determine if there is an association between anticipatory activity at the pre- and post- stimulus phase, and the related behavioural outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrophysiological Time-Course and Neural Sources
    Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci (2014) 14:951–969 DOI 10.3758/s13415-014-0262-2 Feeling happy enhances early spatial encoding of peripheral information automatically: electrophysiological time-course and neural sources Naomi Vanlessen & Valentina Rossi & Rudi De Raedt & Gilles Pourtois Published online: 26 February 2014 # Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2014 Abstract Previous research has shown that positive mood Introduction may broaden attention, although it remains unclear whether this effect has a perceptual or a postperceptual locus. In this The broaden-and-build effects of positive emotions study, we addressed this question using high-density event- related potential methods. We randomly assigned participants The importance of positive emotions in psychological well- to a positive or a neutral mood condition. Then they per- being has increasingly gained researchers’ interest since formed a demanding oddball task at fixation (primary task Fredrickson published her influential broaden-and-build the- ensuring fixation) and a localization task of peripheral stimuli ory (Fredrickson, 2001, 2004). At the heart of this theory lies shown at three positions in the upper visual field (secondary the idea that positive and negative emotions exert opposite task) concurrently. While positive mood did not influence influences on cognitive functions: Whereas negative mood behavioral performance for the primary task, it did facilitate would trigger a narrowing of the attentional scope and behav- stimulus localization on the secondary task. At the electro- ioral repertoire, positive mood, on the other hand, would fuel physiological level, we found that the amplitude of the C1 broader thought–action tendencies and expand the attentional component (reflecting an early retinotopic encoding of the focus (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Neurophysiological Processing of Architectural Ranking : Human Electrical Brain Responses to High- and Low-Ranking Buildings
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2011 Neurophysiological processing of architectural ranking : human electrical brain responses to high- and low-ranking buildings Oppenheim, Ilan Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-164054 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Oppenheim, Ilan. Neurophysiological processing of architectural ranking : human electrical brain re- sponses to high- and low-ranking buildings. 2011, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Neurophysiological Processing of Architectural Ranking Human Electrical Brain Responses to High- and Low-Ranking Buildings Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Ilan Oppenheim von Maur, ZH Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. Lutz Jäncke (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald (Leitung) Prof. Dr. Stephan Neuhauss (Fakultätsmitglied) Zürich, 2011 dedicated to Herr und Frau Braun I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This doctoral thesis was carried out at the departments of Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology at the Swiss Epilepsy Centre in Zurich under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald, head of department of Clinical Neurophysiology. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following: Prof. Dr. Dr. med Thomas Grunwald for sharing his immense experience and knowledge in all epilepsy and memory related questions, for his inspiration and support throughout my work, for his patience and critical reviews, and for tasteful musical discoveries. Prof. Dr. Hennric Jokeit for providing a colossal research office, for letting me be part of his team, and for tolerating my whistling.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Mechanisms Link Prestimulus Neural Oscillations to Sensory
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Multiple mechanisms link prestimulus neural oscillations to sensory responses Luca Iemi1,2,3*, Niko A Busch4,5, Annamaria Laudini6, Saskia Haegens1,7, Jason Samaha8, Arno Villringer2,6, Vadim V Nikulin2,3,9,10* 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, United States; 2Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; 3Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation; 4Institute of Psychology, University of Mu¨ nster, Mu¨ nster, Germany; 5Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Mu¨ nster, Mu¨ nster, Germany; 6Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt- Universita¨ t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 7Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands; 8Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, United States; 9Department of Neurology, Charite´-Universita¨ tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 10Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany Abstract Spontaneous fluctuations of neural activity may explain why sensory responses vary across repeated presentations of the same physical stimulus. To test this hypothesis, we recorded electroencephalography in humans during stimulation with identical visual stimuli and analyzed how prestimulus neural oscillations modulate different stages of sensory processing reflected by distinct components of the event-related potential (ERP). We found that strong prestimulus alpha- and beta-band power resulted in a suppression of early ERP components (C1 and N150) and in an *For correspondence: amplification of late components (after 0.4 s), even after controlling for fluctuations in 1/f aperiodic [email protected] (LI); signal and sleepiness.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurolinguistic and Machine-Learning Perspectives on Direct Speech Bcis for Restoration of Naturalistic Communication
    Brain-Computer Interfaces ISSN: 2326-263X (Print) 2326-2621 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbci20 Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication Olga Iljina, Johanna Derix, Robin Tibor Schirrmeister, Andreas Schulze- Bonhage, Peter Auer, Ad Aertsen & Tonio Ball To cite this article: Olga Iljina, Johanna Derix, Robin Tibor Schirrmeister, Andreas Schulze- Bonhage, Peter Auer, Ad Aertsen & Tonio Ball (2017): Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication, Brain-Computer Interfaces, DOI: 10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 21 Jun 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbci20 Download by: [93.230.60.226] Date: 22 June 2017, At: 15:41 BRAINCOMPUTER INTERFACES, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 OPEN ACCESS Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication Olga Iljinaa,b,c,e,g,h, Johanna Derixe,h, Robin Tibor Schirrmeistere,h, Andreas Schulze-Bonhaged,e, Peter Auera,b,c,f, Ad Aertseng,i and Tonio Balle,h aGRK 1624 ‘Frequency effects in language’, University of
    [Show full text]
  • Semantic Congruence Accelerates the Onset of the Neural Signals of Successful Memory Encoding
    The Journal of Neuroscience, January 11, 2017 • 37(2):291–301 • 291 Behavioral/Cognitive Semantic Congruence Accelerates the Onset of the Neural Signals of Successful Memory Encoding Pau A. Packard,1,2,3 Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells,1,2,4 XNico Bunzeck,3,5 XBerta Nicola´s,1,2 XRuth de Diego-Balaguer,1,2,4,6 and Lluís Fuentemilla1,2,6 1Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute) IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain, 2Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain, 3Department of Psychology, University of Lu¨beck, 23562 Lu¨beck, Germany, 4Institucio´ Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain, 5Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and 6Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain As the stream of experience unfolds, our memory system rapidly transforms current inputs into long-lasting meaningful memories. A putative neural mechanism that strongly influences how input elements are transformed into meaningful memory codes relies on the abilitytointegratethemwithexistingstructuresofknowledgeorschemas.However,itisnotyetclearwhetherschema-relatedintegration neural mechanisms occur during online encoding. In the current investigation, we examined the encoding-dependent nature of this phenomenon in humans. We showed that actively integrating words with congruent semantic information provided by a category cue enhances memory for words and increases false recall. The memory effect of such active integration with congruent information was robust, even with an interference task occurring right after each encoding word list. In addition, via electroencephalography, we show in 2 separate studies that the onset of the neural signals of successful encoding appeared early (ϳ400 ms) during the encoding of congruent words.
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Culture and the Neurobiology of Pain: a Theoretical Exploration
    Behavioural Neurology, 1989, 2, 235-259 Language, Culture and the Neurobiology of Pain: a Theoretical Exploration HORACIO FABREGA, JR. Universiry oj Pittsburgh, School oj Medicine, Department oj Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA Language and culture, as conceptualized in traditional anthropology, may have an important influence on pain and brain-behavior relations. The paradigm case for the influence of language and culture on perception and cognition is stipulated in the Sapir-Whorfhypothesis which has been applied to phenomena "external" to the individual. In this paper, the paradigm is applied to information the person retrieves from "inside" his body; namely, "noxious" stimuli which get registered in consciousness as pain. Introduction Every person seems to "know" what pain is and by means of language is able to describe it. Given the ubiquity and importance of pain in the adaptation of higher animal forms, one may infer that it has played an important role in evolution. It is thus very likely that pre-hominids and earlier members of the human species also "knew" a great deal about pain. A neurophysiologist would claim that pain is based on brain structures which all members of the human species share. At present these structures and their mode offunctioning are incompletely understood. An anthropolo­ gist who endorses a position of cultural relativism is aware of the variety of beliefs and understandings about pain and behaviors associated with it and would claim that there appear to exist not one but many varieties of pain (Fabrega, 1974; Zborowski, 1958; Fabrega and Tyma, 1976a,b). Language and culture play some role in the phenomenon of pain.
    [Show full text]