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Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine

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Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine SMOKING AND MONOGRAPH TOBACCO 13 CONTROL Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute Mono Title Page 11/19/01 11:26 AM Page 1 SMOKING AND MONOGRAPH TOBACCO 13 CONTROL Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine- Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute Mono Title Page 11/19/01 11:26 AM Page 2 Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs Issued to Date Strategies to Control Tobacco Use in the United States: a blueprint for public health action in the 1990’s. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 1. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication No. 92-3316, December 1991. Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An international perspective. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 2. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 92-3461, September 1992. Major Local Tobacco Control Ordinances in the Unites States. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 3. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 93-3532, May 1993. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders. The Report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 4. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, NIH Publication No. 93-3605, August 1993 Tobacco and the Clinician. Interventions for Medical and Dental Practice. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 5. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 94-3693, January 1994. Community-based Interventions for Smokers: The COMMIT Field Experience. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 6. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 95-4028, August 1995. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S. Cigarettes. Report of the NCI Expert Committee. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 7. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 96-4028, August 1996. Changes in Cigarette Related Disease Risks and Their Implication for Prevention and Control. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 8. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 97-4213, February 1997. Cigars. Health Effects and Trends. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 98-4302, February 1998. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. The Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 10. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication No. 99-4645, August 1999. State and Local Legislative Action to Reduce Tobacco Use. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 11. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 00-4804, August 2000. Population Based Smoking Cessation: Proceedings of a Conference on What Works to Influence Cessation in the General Population. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 12. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Publication No. 00-4892, November 2000. Preface 11/19/01 11:30 AM Page 1 Preface This monograph, Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine, is the 13th report published in the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Smoking and Tobacco Control Program Monograph Series. The concept for this series was formed by the late Dr. Joseph W. Cullen, former Deputy Director of the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control. On the inside front cover of this volume, appears a list of previously published monographs. In addition to the current mono­ graph, there are two more under development. One will be entitled Changing Adolescent Smoking Behavior: Where It Is and Why. The other will be called Is the Target Hardening? The “target” refers to those long-term smokers who, in many cases, have tried to stop smoking and been unable to do so. Future monographs will address important and timely issues on tobacco control, and will reflect our continuing mission to reduce cancer risk, inci­ dence, morbidity, and mortality caused by tobacco use, as well as enhance the quality of life of current and former users of tobacco. The initial meeting of the authors for the Low Tar Monograph took place in November of 1999. At that meeting, each author presented a pre­ liminary paper or outline. The group discussed each presentation and made suggestions as to which subtopics might be removed from or added to each chapter and determined the boundaries of the various chapters. One feature of the this monograph is that it blends the old with the new. Monograph 7, The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S. Cigarettes, covered the history of that protocol and recommended changes in its procedures. Chapter 2 of this publication cites this earlier monograph, brings us up to date on the FTC method, and provides additional suggestions as to what can be done to help alert the public to the dangers of smoking. The examination of the scientific literature on low-tar and low-nicotine cigarettes is not unique to this monograph. Several of the earlier volumes devoted one or more chapters to discussions of the various health aspects of tar and nicotine levels. However, this monograph includes more than just the study of amounts of tar and nicotine. Chapter 5 includes a discussion on the continued health risks to smokers, even those who smoke a low­ tar/low-nicotine cigarette, while Chapter 2 describes how changes in the cigarette design affect an individual’s smoking habit. Chapter 7 points out how the tobacco companies’ advertisements have changed to match the emerging public preference for low-tar/low-nicotine cigarettes. This monograph is unique in another important aspect. For the first time, the authors who prepared the various chapters have had extensive access to the information gleaned from the internal documents of the tobacco companies. The tobacco industry files now open to the public and i Preface 11/19/01 11:30 AM Page 2 Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 13 available on the Internet constitute some 33 million pages of formal and informal memos, meeting notes, research papers, and similar corporate doc­ uments. Included are marketing strategies that express the growing concern among the various tobacco companies of the potential loss of new recruits. This concern over the potential loss of market was due to the evolving pub­ lic opinion that smoking is harmful to health and that it is related to many of the illnesses that smokers experience over the course of their lives. The singular message that has been delivered to the public—smoking causes cancer—is gradually being accepted by more and more people of all ages. This message has been reported in many scientific papers over the last 50 years. In a historical context, however, the bellwether publication that galvanized the public opinion was the original 1964 Surgeon General Report, Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. The fact that the public has slowly real­ ized and, more importantly, accepted the danger of smoking undoubtedly concerned the tobacco companies. Access to internal industry papers allowed monograph authors to cite a number of tobacco company documents that show a long-term trend alter­ ing the tar and nicotine content of cigarettes by various chemical and mechanical procedures. The documents further reveal the industry’s efforts to produce cigarettes that could be marketed as acceptable to health-con­ scious consumers. Ultimately, these low-tar/low-nicotine cigarettes were part of the industry’s plan to maintain and expand its consumer base. The monograph authors show that the tobacco companies set out to develop cigarette designs that markedly lowered the tar and nicotine yield results as measured by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) testing method. Yet, these cigarettes can be manipulated by the smoker to increase the intake of tar and nicotine. The use of these “decreased risk” cigarettes have not significantly decreased the disease risk. In fact, the use of these ciga­ rettes may be partly responsible for the increase in lung cancer for long­ term smokers who have switched to the low-tar/low-nicotine brands. Finally, switching to these cigarettes may provide smokers with a false sense of reduced risk, when the actual amount of tar and nicotine consumed may be the same as, or more than, the previously used higher yield brand. This monograph compliments the recently released Institute of Medicine report entitled Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Together, the documents reflect a growing body of research that has explored the impact of products intended to reduce harm in an environment where there is near universal recognition of tobacco’s harmful effects.
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