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(Day, 1874) in the Kallada River, Kerala, India

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(Day, 1874) in the Kallada River, Kerala, India Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2021), 8(2): 76-82 Received: October 25, 2019 © 2021 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: April 23, 2021 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: 10.22034/iji.v8i2.459 http://www.ijichthyol.org Research Article Food and feeding habits of the endemic fish, Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day, 1874) in the Kallada River, Kerala, India Chelapurath Radhakrishnan RENJITHKUMAR*, Roshni KUTTANELLOR, Madhusoodana Kurup BALAKRISHNAN School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin-682016, Kerala, India. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: The feeding habits of the endemic cyprinid fish, Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day, 1874) was studied based on the monthly sampling in the Kallada River, Kerala, India from April 2010 to March 2011. Gut contents of 183 fish specimens were analysed and quantified using occurrence and volumetric methods. Analysis of the gut contents showed that semi- digested plant matter (22.11%) was the most preferred food item of the fish followed by Bacillariophyceae (19.80%), Chlorophyceae (19.38%), semi-digested animal matter (11.21%), soil particles (9.20%), seeds of plants (6.70%), Cyanophyceae (5.51%) and miscellaneous items (6.08%). The results indicated that H. thomassi is an omnivorous-stenophagic-column feeder. The gastrosomatic index (GaSI) ranged from 3.28-7.33 with an increment from August to November coincides with the spawning season and energy preservation for gonadal development. The information on feeding ecology of H. thomassi, a critically endangered fresh water fish from Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot would be useful towards formulating proper conservation plan for the species in its natural range. Keywords: Western Ghats, Cyprinid fish, Diet composition, Gastrosomatic index. Citation: Renjithkumar, C.R.; Roshni, K. & Kurup, B.M. 2021. Food and feeding habits of the endemic fish, Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day, 1874) in the Kallada River, Kerala, India. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 8(2): 76-82. Introduction constrain regarding the development of proper The study of food and feeding habits of fishes help to management strategy especially in inland water explore the behavior, habitat use and energy intake of bodies. various fish species and reflect the inter/intra specific Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day, 1874) or Red interactions that occur in aquatic ecosystems Canarese barb is a large-sized, benthopelagic fresh (Walters et al. 1997). Information on the feeding water cyprinid fish, endemic to the rivers and ecology of fishes is crucial for investigating the streams of Western Ghats- one of the global distribution pattern of various fish species and its biodiversity hotspot in the world (Ali et al. 2013; judicious exploitation in nature. Feeding habits of Banerjee & Bandopadhyay 2016). The fish inhabits fish vary with time, space as well as stages of growth in pool-riffle and run and glide habitats of the (Hardy 1924) and even the same species may prefer Periyar, Chalakudy and Kallada Rivers in the state of different food items in different habitats (Hyndes et Kerala and the Kempu Hole River in the state of al. 1997). The activity of the fish may also be Karnataka in Southern India (Easa & Shaji 2003; reduced by temporal changes in food availability or Kurup et al. 2004; Ali et al. 2013; Knight et al. 2013). changes in environmental factors (Bolliet et al. 2001; It is an important food fish utilized by forest Utne-Palm 2002). The lack of availability of detailed communities around the river basin of its home database on the feeding ecology of fishes is a major range. H. thomassi population in the Western Ghats 76 Renjithkumar et al.- Food and feeding habits of the endemic fish rivers is severely declined due to over fishing, method using Index of preponderance (Natarajan & destructive fishing practices such as dynamiting and Jhingran 1961). I = Vi Oi / ∑ Vi Oi × 100, where Vi poisoning, habitat alteration, pollution and and Oi represents the percentage of volume and unmanaged aquarium trade practices and the current percentage of occurrence indices of each food item occurrence of the species is restricted to less than respectively and I stands for the index value. 5,000km2 (Ali et al. 2013). H. thomassi has been Gastrosomatic index (GaSI) was calculated categorized as a ‘critically endangered’ in the IUCN following Desai (1970) as GaSI = (Weight of the gut Red list considering its highly declining population /Total weight of the fish) × 100. trend. In spite of this, no information is available on the life history traits of this species from Western Results Ghats. The present study was undertaken to examine Diet composition: The qualitative analysis of gut the feeding habitats, seasonal variations in the gut contents (Fig. 1) revealed that H. thomassi consumed contents and gastrosomatic index of H. thomassi semi-digested plant matter (22.11%), from the Kallada River, Kerala, India which will be Bacillariophyceae (19.80%), Chlorophyceae (19.38%), helpful towards preparing sustainable conservation semi-digested animal matter (11.21%), soil particles plans for the species in the wild. (9.20%), seeds of plants (6.70%), Cyanophyceae (5.51%) and miscellaneous items (6.08%) in the Materials and Methods Kallada River during the study period. Leaves, roots, The Kallada River (121km) is one of the major flowers and plant stems contributed the semi- Western Ghats River originating from the Papanasam digested plant matter in the diet of H. thomassi. The range of Kulathupuzha in the Southern Western major Chlorophyceae recorded in the gut of the fish Ghats, India at an altitude of 900m above m.s.l and comprised of Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Oedogonium, empties to Ashtamudi Lake at Kollam before finally Cosmarium, Closterium and Staurastrum. Among merging with Arabian Sea. Fish samples were Bacillariophyceae, Navicula, Nitzchia, Clostrium, collected from the commercial catches at the Pinnularia, Fragillaria, Dinophysis, Nitzchia and Neduvanoorkadavu landing centre of the Kallada Cymbella were found highest occurrence. Oscillatoria, River (8◦56’18.2” N, 77◦04’12.1” E) on a monthly Spirulina and Microcystis were the major food basis from April 2010 to March 2011 using gill nets. components in Cyanophycea. Semi-digested animal The experimental fishing was avoided and the matter comprised mainly insects and molluscs. sampling was restricted to the specimens available at Monthly variation in the food contents: The index landing centre caught by local fishers in the upstream of preponderance of various food items indicated that reaches of river considering the threat status of semi-digested plant matter was the most preferred H. thomassi. A total of 183 fish individuals in the food item throughout the year (Table 1) with its length range of 155-411mm and weight range from highest occurrence in July (68.66%) and lowest 43-1080 gm were collected during the study period. abundance in January (63.36%). The second The specimens were dissected and their stomachs dominant food item recorded in the fish guts were were weighted and preserved in 5% formalin. The gut Chlorophyceae which had a composition ranging contents were identified under a stereomicroscope (x from 4.87% (October) to 10.73% (June). The highest 10). The occurrence and point volumetric methods occurrence of Bacillariophyceae in the gut was were adopted for the quantitative analysis of food observed in December (9.71%) while the lowest was items (Hynes 1950; Pillay 1952). The dominant food recorded in May (5.21%). Semi-digested animal items were estimated by combining the results of the matter showed peak occurrence in May (8.97%) and frequency of occurrence and point volumetric lowest in January (2.35%). The composition of plant 77 Iran. J. Ichthyol. (March 2021), 8(1): 76-82 Fig.1. Food composition of Hypselobarbus thomassi from the Kallada River, India. Table 1. Index of preponderance of different food items of Hypselobarbus thomassi in the Kallada River, India during April 2010- March 2011. Months Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Food items Index value Semi digested plant matter 68.64 67.37 66.88 68.66 68.34 68.21 67.82 67.12 67.08 63.36 64.46 67.96 Chlorophyceae 8.32 7.32 10.73 9.35 7.94 9.00 4.87 6.16 7.36 7.12 9.10 7.19 Bacillariophyceae 6.11 5.21 7.36 7.11 6.81 7.30 9.37 8.69 9.71 8.82 8.87 8.41 Semi digested animal matter 8.34 8.97 5.47 7.87 7.60 5.97 3.65 2.77 3.07 2.35 2.48 4.08 Soil particles 6.11 10.17 4.72 1.81 3.47 3.22 3.71 8.07 9.20 14.23 11.50 6.62 Seeds of plants 0.35 0.00 3.09 0.50 2.84 5.41 9.22 5.82 2.46 2.00 2.81 4.23 Cyanophyceae 0.53 0.32 1.09 2.00 1.01 0.55 0.54 0.77 0.49 0.57 0.43 0.71 Miscellaneous 1.61 0.66 0.69 2.71 2.00 0.36 0.85 0.61 0.65 1.57 0.37 0.82 seeds in the gut varied from 0.35% in April to 9.22% habitat depend heavily on allochthonous food in October, while that of soil particles varied from resources as their major food (insects, leaves, seeds 1.81% (July) to 14.23% (January). Miscellaneous and fruits dropping into the water) (Johnson 1999; items in the gut varied from 0.36% in September to Johnson & Arunachalam 2012). In the present study, 2.71% in July. H. thomassi from the Kallada River consumed Gastrosomatic index (GaSI): The values of allochthonous food resources which comprised of Gastrosomatic index (GaSI) in H. thomassi ranged >65% of the total gut contents.
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