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Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang Brill’S Humanities in China Library Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang Brill’s Humanities in China Library Edited by Zhang Longxi, City University of Hong Kong Axel Schneider, Universität Göttingen VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bhcl Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang By Rong Xinjiang Translated by Imre Galambos LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 This book is the result of a co-publication agreement between Peking University Press and Konin- klijke Brill NV. The book was translated into English from the original《敦煌学十八讲》(Dun- huangxue shiba jiang) with financial support from China Book International of the Information Office of the State Council of China and China Classics International of the General Administration of Press and Publication of China. Rong, Xinjiang. [Dunhuang xue shi ba jiang. English] Eighteen lectures on Dunhuang / by Rong Xinjiang ; translated by Imre Galambos. p. cm. — (Brill’s humanities in China library ; volume 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25042-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25233-2 (e-book) 1. Dunhuang (China)—History. 2. Dunhuang manuscripts. I. Galambos, Imre. II. Title. III. Title: 18 lectures on Dunhuang. DS797.28.D864R6513 2013 951’.45—dc23 2013009564 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1874-8023 ISBN 978-90-04-25042-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25233-2 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Illustrations and Maps ..................................................................... xi Series Editors’ Foreword ............................................................................... xix About the Author ............................................................................................ xxi Recommendation by Zhao Heping ........................................................... xxiii Recommendation by Hao Chunwen ......................................................... xxv Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1. What is “Dunhuang Studies”? ........................................................... 1 2. The Current State of Affairs in Dunhuang Studies .................... 3 3. Objectives and Difficulties in Dunhuang Studies: The Case of the Guiyijun ...................................................................................... 5 a) Why Do We Study the History of the Guiyijun? .................. 6 b) What Are the Difficulties of Studying the History of the Guiyijun? ................................................................................... 7 4. Summary of this Book ........................................................................ 11 Lecture 1 Dunhuang in Chinese History .............................................. 19 1. Dunhuang during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties ..... 19 2. Dunhuang during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................................................................. 23 3. Dunhuang during the Sui and Tang Periods ............................... 31 4. Dunhuang during the Tibetan Period ............................................ 38 5. Dunhuang during the Guiyijun Period .......................................... 40 6. Dunhuang during the Xixia, Yuan, Ming and Qing Periods ...... 47 Lecture 2 Dunhuang and the Silk Road ............................................... 51 1. Zhang Qian’s Journey to the West and the Beginnings of the Silk Road ..................................................................................... 51 2. Cultural Prosperity and Cave Building at Mogao ...................... 56 3. The Sui-Tang Prosperity and Cosmopolitan Cities .................... 64 4. Buddhist Dominance and the Significance of the Tibetan and Guiyijun Periods .......................................................... 70 5. Shift in the Course of the Silk Road and Dunhuang’s Decline ..................................................................................................... 76 vi contents Lecture 3 The Discovery of the Dunhuang Cave Library and Its Early Dispersal ...................................................................................... 79 1. Abbot Wang ........................................................................................... 79 2. The Discovery of the Cave Library ................................................. 81 3. The Early Dispersal of the Original Collection ........................... 84 a) The Collection of Yan Dong ....................................................... 85 b) The Collection of Ye Changchi .................................................. 89 c) The Collection of Duan Fang ..................................................... 96 d) The Collection of Su Zipei .......................................................... 98 e) The Collection of Lu Jiliang ........................................................ 100 f) Other Scattered Manuscripts ..................................................... 101 4. The Fate of the Dunhuang Collection and the End of Abbot Wang’s Story ............................................................................. 102 Lecture 4 The Nature of the Dunhuang Library Cave and the Reasons for Its Sealing ............................................................................. 109 1. The Original Collection ...................................................................... 109 2. Monastic Collections in Dunhuang during the Guiyijun Period ....................................................................................................... 118 3. The Types of Materials in the Cave Library ................................. 124 4. The Reasons for the Sealing .............................................................. 131 Lecture 5 Major Collections of Dunhuang Manuscripts ................. 137 1. The Stein Collection ............................................................................ 137 2. The Pelliot Collection ......................................................................... 153 3. The Oldenburg Collection ................................................................. 162 4. Chinese Collections ............................................................................. 164 5. Japanese Collections ........................................................................... 169 6. Other Collections ................................................................................. 172 Lecture 6 Scramble for the Treasures of Khotan, Kucha, Loulan and Gaochang ............................................................................................. 177 1. “Prelude” to the Scramble for the Antiquities of Central Asia ............................................................................................ 177 2. Archaeological Exploration of Central Asia at the Beginning of the 20th Century ............................................................................. 182 a) Sven Hedin’s Exploration ............................................................ 182 b) The Three Central Asian Expeditions of Aurel Stein ......... 186 c) The Russian Expeditions ............................................................. 188 contents vii d) The German Turfan Expeditions .............................................. 190 e) The Ōtani Expeditions ................................................................. 193 f) The French Expedition of Paul Pelliot .................................... 196 3. The Archaeology of Central Asia ..................................................... 198 a) Khotan ............................................................................................... 199 b) Kucha and Kharashahr ................................................................ 199 c) Loulan and Niya ............................................................................. 200 d) Gaochang ......................................................................................... 201 Lecture 7 Dunhuang Studies and Oriental Studies in the West .... 205 1. Russia ....................................................................................................... 206 2. Britain .....................................................................................................
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