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Policing-Mobilities in the Border-Strip POLICING-MOBILITIES IN THE BORDER-STRIP CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION AND VIAPOLITICS AT THE INTERNAL SCHENGEN-BORDERS OF THE EU AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE PhD Dissertation Monika Weissensteiner i Thesis submitted to Hamburg University and to Utrecht University in partial fulfilment for requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy after following the Erasmus Mundus Doctoral Programme in Cultural and Global Criminology. Doctoral committee Prof. Dr. Keebet von Benda-Beckmann (Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology) Prof. Dr. Susanne Krasmann (Hamburg University) Prof. Dr. Paul Minderhoud (Utrecht University) Prof. Dr. Hans Nelen (Maastricht University) Prof. Dr. William Walters (Carleton University) Academic year 2020-2021 Thesis submission: 15th of October 2020 Thesis Defence Hamburg University: 13th of January 2021 Thesis Defence Utrecht University: 31st of May 2021 Dissertation Title-Page Utrecht University, pp. iii-iv Dissertation Title-Page Hamburg University, pp. v-vi Cover: Central image of Policing-mobilities in the border-strip, p.1 © Text and illustration: Monika Weissensteiner, 2021. All rights reserved. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33540/678 The thesis was accomplished with the financial support from the European Union’s Education Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency’s Erasmus Mundus Scheme. ii POLICING-MOBILITIES IN THE BORDER-STRIP CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION AND VIAPOLITICS AT THE INTERNAL SCHENGEN-BORDERS OF THE EU AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE Politiële mobiliteiten in de grensstrook Grensoverschrijdende politiële samenwerking en viapolitiek langs de Schengenbinnengrenzen van de EU-ruimte van vrijheid, veiligheid en recht (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Polizei-Mobilitäten im Grenz-Streifen Grenzüberschreitende polizeiliche Zusammenarbeit und Viapolitik an den Schengen Binnengrenzen im EU-Raum der Freiheit, Sicherheit und Gerechtigkeit (mit einer Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 31 mei 2021 des middags te 4.15 uur Monika Weissensteiner geboren op 8 februari 1983 te Bolzano-Bozen, Italië iii Promotoren: Prof. dr. D. Siegel - Rozenblit Prof. dr. C. Hentschel The degree is awarded as part of a Joint Doctorate with Universität Hamburg. The thesis was accomplished with the financial support from the European Union’s Education Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency’s Erasmus Mundus Scheme. iv POLICING-MOBILITIES IN THE BORDER-STRIP CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION AND VIAPOLITICS AT THE INTERNAL SCHENGEN-BORDERS OF THE EU AREA OF FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE Thesis submitted by: Monika Weissensteiner Date of submission: 15th of October 2020 Submission of minor corrections: 22nd of March 2021 Word count: 104.609 Submitted to: Hamburg University Utrecht University Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Science Faculty of Law, Economics and Governance Thesis submitted to Hamburg University and to Utrecht University in partial fulfilment for requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy after following the Erasmus Mundus Doctoral Programme in Cultural and Global Criminology. v Supervision Prof. dr. Christine Hentschel Prof. dr. Dina Siegel Universität Hamburg Universiteit Utrecht Willem Pompe Instituut voor Institut für Kriminologische strafrechtswetenschappen ǀ Sozialforschung ǀ Institute for Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Criminological Research Law and Criminology Fakultät für Wirtschafts-und Faculteit Recht, Economie, Bestuur en Sozialwissenschaften ǀ Faculty of Organisatie ǀ Faculty of Law, Economics Business, Economics and Social Science and Governance vi Declaration I declare that the research embodied in thesis is my own work and that the material contained herein has not been previously submitted at any other university. I declare that I have not used commercial doctoral advisory services or any other sources of aid other than those listed in this thesis. vii viii To the young boy, who, whilst hiding from a border-area police control, got separated from his Syrian family, at an internal EU border; to the single man, who interrupted his trajectory to help in translation, his arrival to destination, to remain unsure; to the police officers, who were there in multiple functions, with complexities embodied in, and overdetermining, the encounter. ix x INDEX Abstract .................................................................................................................................. xv Abstract (DE) .............................................................................................................................. xvii Abstract (NL)................................................................................................................................. xx Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... xxiii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. xxvi PART I ...................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION 1.1. POLICING-MOBILITIES IN THE BORDER-STRIP.......................................................................... 3 1.2. THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.3. CONTEXT MATTERS ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 12 1.5. THESIS OUTLINE..................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 17 CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION AND MIGRATION CONTROL AT INTERNAL SCHENGEN BORDERS 2.1. INTRODUCTION: A NAVIGATION THROUGH THE LITERATURE ACROSS BORDERS ................. 17 2.2. CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION AND POLICING AT INTERNAL BORDERS .................. 17 2.2.1. Terminology & key terms ..................................................................................... 17 2.2.2. Cross-border police cooperation (CBPC) .............................................................. 19 2.2.3. Policing (of migration) at internal borders ........................................................... 25 2.3. SCHENGEN AND ‘INTERNAL’ BORDER-STRUGGLES ............................................................... 26 2.3.1. “Schengenland” and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice ......................... 26 2.3.2. Internal border(-struggles) ................................................................................... 27 2.4. MAIN FINDINGS, GAPS, ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED ............................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 35 THEORETICAL ELABORATION AND CONCEPTUAL THREADS 3.1. FORMS OF POLICING, FORMS OF POLITICAL LIFE .................................................................. 35 3.1.1. Police and the state .............................................................................................. 35 3.1.2. Globalisation, European Integration and the political field of ‘internal security’ . 37 3.1.3. Practices and effects at the margins and at the centre ........................................ 39 3.1.4. Summary .............................................................................................................. 40 3.2. CROSS-BORDER POLICE COOPERATION: policing-mobilities within plural legal orders ......... 40 3.2.1. Reframing CBPC as policing-mobilities ................................................................. 41 3.2.2. Moving from a “patchwork quilt” of cooperation to plural legal orders .............. 41 3.2.3. Scale and jurisdiction ............................................................................................ 45 3.2.4. Contribution to other conceptualisations of CBPC ............................................... 46 3.3. MIGRATION-POLICING: BORDERS AND ‘SECURITY-MIGRATION-CRIME’-NEXI ...................... 48 3.3.1. Border* - lines, -spaces, -practices, -regimes, -struggles ..................................... 49 3.3.2. Governmentality studies and (in)securitisation .................................................... 52 3.3.3. Criminology of mobility, border-criminologies, transnational mobility control.... 54 3.4. INTERLACING THE THREADS .................................................................................................. 57 3.4.1. Policing-mobilities, plural legal orders and interlegality ....................................... 57 3.4.2. Viapolitics ............................................................................................................. 58 3.4.3. Border-struggles ..................................................................................................
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