Di Uco Da Carpi E Del" Chiaroscuro " Italiano

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Di Uco Da Carpi E Del ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte DI UCO DA CARPI E DEL" CHIAROSCURO " ITALIANO L fervore di studi accesosi da tempo in prima tavola i contorni incavati dappertutto, I qua intorno al "chiaroscuro" italiano, I) ha meno che nei punti ove tali contorni non risul­ avuto il suo naturale coronamento nella XXXI tano nel disegno originale " tocchi del nero Mostra del Gabinetto Nazionale delle Stampe, della penna". Così esso viene a differenziarsi ordinata quest'anno in Palazzo Corsini e dedi­ subito, anche dove i legni adoperati sieno cata appunto a codesta caratteristica ed attraen­ ancora due e non tre, dal Il camaieu" tedesco ed tissima forma d'arte. olandese, nella cui tavola di base invece "il Giorgio Vasari, nel dare notizia dei "chia­ profilato del tutto, direbbe il Vasari, è incavato roscuri" di Ugo da Carpi, dice: " Feceli di tre per tutto". Lo stesso Giovane sorpreso dalla pezzi, ponendo nella prima (tavola) tutte le cose Morte di Jobst de Negker,3) che si vanta, con profilate e tratteggiate; nella seconda tutto quello altri pezzi, di essere stato intagliato nel modo che è tinto accanto al profilo, con lo acquarello del chiaroscuro italiano, coi tratti in nero limi­ per l'ombra; e nella tati alle sole ombre terza i lumi e il più forti e non se­ campo". Ma poi, guìti per tutto il nel descrivere il contorno, risulta, a modo adoperato ben guardare, per­ per intagliare le di­ fettamente delinea­ verse tavole, spiega to e definito nella che" la prima a for­ seconda tavola. Se marsi è quella dove il de Negker, dun­ il profilato del tutto que, nel 1512, in è incavato per una lettera all' im­ tutto, salvo che dove peratore Massimi­ e' non ha i profili liano, asseriva di tocchi del nero della non aver avuto pre­ penna II' 2) decessori,4) U go da Con queste ulti­ Carpi, rivolgendosi me parole lo storico nel 1516 al Senato aretino viene a sta­ di Venezia per chie­ bilire inconsapevol­ dere " prostrato" mente la differenza di essere protetto iniziale delle xilo­ dai con traffa ttori, grafie plurilignee volendo egli conti­ italiane da quelle nuare a "viver del d'altri paesi, ren­ solito esercizio suo" dendo vane a priori ben poteva affer­ le dispute insorte mare di non aver dipoi sulla prece­ avuto neppur lui denza dell' invenzio­ predecessori, essen­ ne. Il chiaroscuro dogli effettivamente di U go da Carpi, occorso di trovare dunque, reca nella UGO DA CARPI: ERCOLE SOFFOCA IL LEONE N~MEO (DA G. ROMANO) " modo nuovo di ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte nuove possibilità e preparò il miracolo del chiaroscuro. Le prime xilografie a due legni di Ugo da Carpi si tengono sullo stesso piano dei "camaieux,,: alla tavola fondamen­ tale è affidata l'espressione del disegno tratteggiato per intero, come in una comune xilografia, mentre alla seconda tavola è affidata la funzione di una me­ zatinta unita, dal cui piano sono stati asportati i lumi. Tali lumi però sono contenuti entro i confini chiusi ed esatti del tratteggio ricavato dal primo legno, il quale può perciostesso essere impresso anche da solo, senza che la significazione del disegno ne soffra. Esempi tipici di stampe di questo genere, nella produ­ zione di Ugo da Carpi a noi giunta, sono, fra le stampe esposte a Palazzo Corsini, l'Invidia scacciata dal tempio delle Muse 6) e l'Ercole che soffoca il leone nemeo. 7) La differenza comincia a manifestarsi là dove Ugo imprende a distribuire la significazione del disegno fra le due ta­ vole, interrompendo il contorno su quella UGO DA CARPI: LA SIBILLA (DA RAFFAELLO) - CONTRINTAGLIO ('?) dei tratti e riprendendolo per via di lumi sull'altra del piano di tinta. È questo stampare chiaro et scuro". 5) Quali erano i il caso della Sibilla che legge, 8) considerata dal risultati di codesto nuovo modo? Ottenere, Vas ari come il primo "chiaroscuro" di U go. per dirla sempre col Vasari, "con le stampe L'osservazione dello storico, secondo cui il di legno carte che paiono fatte col pennello". "profilato" non è "incavato per tutto ", trova Ugo da Carpi non era buon pittore, e Miche­ qui la sua giustificazione. Ma Ugo, uomo "di langelo, nel leggere l'iscrizione da lui apposta acutissimo ingegno", capisce c~e si può andare sotto la S. Veronica col Sudario, "fata senza oltre nella imitazione dei disegni con le stampe penelo '" cioè "coi diti '" avrebbe esclamato: di legno, e se due tavole san bastate a rom­ Il meglio sarebbe stato che avesse adoperato pere la chiusa linearità della xilografia mono­ il pennello e l'avesse fatta in migliore maniera ". lignea, tre gli permetteranno di distribuire su Per quali vie, dunque, incidendo, egli si sarebbe vari piani i toni selezionati dell' originale, imi­ accostato alla pittura più degli altri incisori? tandone compiutamente il modo (" che paiono La xilografia fu, per tutto il Quattrocento, dalla fatte col pennello ,,). Vergine di Malines al Sogno di Polifilo, mono­ " ... Preso animo, dice sempre il Vasari, tentò lignea, e si limitò a riprodurre più o meno fedel­ Ugo di far carte con stampe di legno di tre mente disegni lineari, con effetti che poggiavano tinte .•... e gli riuscì in modo anche questo che interamente sulla capacità riassuntiva del con­ condusse una carta, dove Enea porta addosso torno, anche dove un tratteggio elementare era Anchise, mentre che arde Troia. Fece poi un usato ad assecondare intenzioni di ombra e di Deposto di Croce e la storia di Simon Mago, modellato. Con l'uso di più legni, invece, sosti­ che già fece Raffaello nei panni arazzo.... E tuendo alla linea il piano di tinta, offrì a sè stessa similmente Davide che ammazza Golia, e la ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte UGO DA CARPI: LA CONVERSAZIONE, DETTA U RAFFAELLO E LA SUA AMANTE" (DA RAFFAELLO) CONTRINTAGLIO (Fot. Calderisi) ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte UGO DA CARPI: DAVIDE E GOLIA (DA RAFFAELLO) fuga dei Filistei, di che aveva fatto Raffaello cursore geniale delle audacie luministiche del il disegno per dipingerla nelle logge papali, e Tintoretto. Secondo il Ticozzi egli avrebbe dopo molte altre cose di chiaroscuro ... " 9) aperto quasi "nuova via di pittura a chiaroscu­ L'animo di Ugo però non doveva fermarsi ro,,; 12) secondo la Pittaluga avrebbe distan­ nemmeno qui: il suo desiderio di "fingere il ziato "per breve ora, ma di lungo tratto, la chiaroscuro" in modo sempre più compiuto lo pittura, dominata da geni universali". 13) Ana­ porterà a fare stampe con quattro legni, come lizziamo ora la novità del Carpigiano e vediamo quel monumentale Diogene dal Parmigiani no, IO) se, nell' intenzione degli scrittori antichi e in che suscitò in ogni tempo l'ammirazione degli sè stessa, essa possa considerarsi veramente tale studiosi e degli artisti. Lo stacco dal " camaieu", rispetto alla pittura o alla incisione soltanto. Il come lo praticavano Luca Cranach, Pilgrim, il punto in cui Ugo incomincia a staccarsi dagli Burgkmair, Jobst de Negker ed altri, è così intagliatori del suo tempo e dalle stesse sue completo. Tecnica inusitata, dunque, risultati prime opere, è quello dove, servendosi, come sconosciuti per l'innanzi nel campo dell'in­ abbiamo visto, ancora di due tavole, toglie alla cisione, modo veramente nuovo di spiegarsi le prima il còmpito di esprimere per intero il immagini e configurarle nel gioco meraviglioso contorno del disegno. Ma ciò, nuovo nell'arte dei legni sovrapposti. II) dell' intaglio, non doveva esserlo invece in quello della pittura, se il modello stesso su cui Si è voluto vedere in Ugo da Carpi un asser­ l'intagliatore costruiva le sue opere non aveva, tore del principio tonale, in opposizione al come dice appunto il Vas ari, i suoi profili dap­ principio formalistico del suo tempo, e un pre- pertutto "tocchi del nero della penna" . Si 272 ©Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo -Bollettino d'Arte trattava, dunque, d'interpretare xilograficamente colore di moto di luce da cui la nostra arte una nota ch'era diggià nell'opera dell'inventore, era già da tempo sollecitata, e specialmente ed Ugo lo fece con appropriato artificio, inter­ nel modo di risolverlo, trovando al carattere rompendo il contorno della tavola basilare, nei dell'originale un equivalente nel linguaggio del­ punti ov' esso veniva a coincidere coi lumi sco­ l'incisione, sta il proprio della riforma chiaro­ perti del disegno, e riprendendolo, con l'inta­ scuristica. Si capisce che la soluzione viene glio dei lumi medesimi, nella seconda tavola. offerta all'intagliatore dai modelli stessi. Basta L'effetto, crepuscolarmente accennato nella sola mettere a confronto il disegno della Sorpresa testa del S. Giovannino nel deserto 14) e rag­ del Parmigianino ch'è al Louvre e il corrispon­ giunto con maggiore ampiezza nella Sibilla che dente chiaroscuro,r5) per convincersene. La forma legge, dovette essere per lui stesso una rivela­ lignea, con le sue macchie localizzate, i suoi vigo­ zione ed aprirgli insospettati orizzonti. Ma rosi segni neri discontinui, i contorni mancanti certo che, se avesse avuto a modello disegni nelle parti in luce o segnati con tratti più chiari, nordici, Ugo avrebbe continuato a "grattare in è, se non tutta spiegata, chiaramente suggerita dal dentro" i suoi legni, senza uscire dalla prigione pittore. Solo che, ingrossandosi di necessità, del contorno, e non sarebbe mai giunto al "chiaroscuro, , . Più tardi, con le stampe a tre e quattro legni, spezzato il con­ torno nella prima ta­ vola, Ugo potrà ri­ prenderlo oppure suggerirlo, per diffe­ renza di tono, nelle altre, riuscendo così a stampare carte che parevano veramente "fatte col pennello".
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