sign in sign up
<<
Home , 8chan, Accelerationism, American Free Press, American Front, American Nazi Party, Andrew Anglin

THE YEAR IN HATE AND

A REPORT FROM THE SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ON THE COVER People gather at a makeshift memorial in El Paso, , on 7, 2019, four days after a gunman killed 22 people and injured two dozen others. An online manifesto linked to the 21-year-old suspect referred to an immigrant “invasion” of Texas. GETTY IMAGES/MARIO TAMA THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM

A REPORT FROM THE SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ABOUT THE SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER The Southern Poverty Law Center, based in Montgomery, , is a nonprofit civil rights organization founded in 1971 and dedicated to fighting hate and bigotry, and to seeking justice for the most vulnerable members of .

For more about the SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER visit splcenter.org

Explore what’s happening in your state at splcenter.org/hate-map

For media inquiries, please contact our press team at [email protected]. Comments, suggestions or tips? Send them to [email protected]

Get the latest and join the conversation. @Hatewatch SPLCenter

© 2020 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 2019 6 A FLURRY OF FLYERING 15 NOTABLE EXTREMIST ATTACKS AND PLOTS 17 THE YEAR IN TECHNOLOGY 20 22 MAP AND LISTS 24 ANTIGOVERNMENT GROUPS IN 2019 38 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 45

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Inclusive , America’s greatest challenge to a “national threat priority.” His remarks ampli- and achievement, is currently in the crosshairs of fied his message from November, when he told the , and —and the Senate Homeland Committee that a major- intersection of these toxic systems is fuel- ity of domestic terror attacks are “fueled by some ing the rise of hate and white type of .” in the and around the world. Having Wray is right to be alarmed. moved from the fringes of society to the main- poses a serious threat to national security and plu- stream, these now frame national nar- ralistic democracy. ’s a virulent and profoundly ratives and influence electoral outcomes. undemocratic that infects our political sys- In 2019, the third year of the Trump presidency, tem with hate, fear and resentment. And, as we’ve data gathered by the Intelligence Project of the seen in recent years, the threat of violence is very Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) doc- real. In fact, there’s a growing sector of white uments a continued and rising threat to supremacists, calling themselves “acceler- inclusive democracy: a surging white ationists,” who believe mass violence is that has been necessary to bring about the collapse of linked to a series of racist and anti- our pluralistic society. semitic terror attacks and has coin- With heightened attention to cided with an increase in hate . the movement since the deadly The number of white nationalist groups 2017 “Unite ” rally in rose for the second straight year, a 55 Charlottesville, , internal percent increase since 2017, when struggles have surfaced. Some leaders Trump’s campaign energized white have been kicked off their nationalists who saw in him an ava- We elevated to the platforms and other services tar of their grievances and their anx- top-level priority they relied on to raise money, recruit iety over the country’s demographic racially motivated new members, and spread racist pro- changes. The numbers are a barome- paganda. The organization of one of ter, though an imperfect one, of the size the country’s most recognizable white and growth of the movement. so it’s on the same nationalists, Richard Spencer, appears A series of terror attacks in the footing in terms of to have gone dormant. United States and abroad—including our national threat Despite these developments, the the mass killings in El Paso, Texas, and banding as ISIS white nationalist movement remains —have led federal author- the most mobilized threat from the ities to put more focus on combating and homegrown American . It is not, how- that stems from the move- violent extremism. ever, the only one tearing the social fab- ment. FBI Director Christopher Wray —CHRISTOPHER WRAY ric of inclusive democracy. Hundreds of AP IMAGES/ALEX BRANDON told the House Judiciary Committee hate groups are operating in America, in early February that the agency had targeting immigrants and refugees, upgraded its assessment of the threat LGBTQ people, , , Blacks posed by racially motivated extremists and other people of color.

4 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER It is time to move beyond the illusion that hate violence and extremism is merely a criminal crisis in America. It is also a political crisis. It has to be engaged politically. Just as there was a national movement against in the , there now needs to be a national movement against hate violence in America.

The alarming rise of hate violence in our com- residents. More than 8,000 educators, represent- munities and bigoted rhetoric within ing every state and a number of other countries, political discourse has thus far failed to prompt a have begun using a toolkit to help them counter proportionate response from community leaders white nationalist recruitment in middle and high and political officials. We are no more prepared for schools. Dozens of congregations, civic groups and a backlash of hate violence that could surround the local leaders have come together to form their own coming 2020 election than we were in 2016. community-based responses to organized bigotry. It is time to move beyond the illusion that hate As detailed in this report’s review of the Year in violence and extremism is merely a criminal cri- Technology, there is also —though far too sis in America. It is also a political crisis. It has to slow—in response to the proliferation of hate on be engaged politically. Just as there was a national the internet. Increased pressure has to be brought movement against racial segregation in the 1960s, to bear on social media platforms to stop prioritiz- there now needs to be a national movement against ing profit over the safety of our communities and hate violence in America. inclusive democracy. Prioritizing profit at all costs What would such a movement against organized continues to have real and tragic results, not only bigotry look like? in the United States but internationally. It should include appropriate action on the fed- Through community pressure on elected lead- eral level, of course, as has now begun with the FBI ers, media organizations and corporate interests, a and Department of Homeland Security. broad-based response can be mobilized. Together, A full defense of inclusive democracy also we can demand and construct better data collec- requires local responses by city, county and state tion, improved law enforcement training, stron- ; litigation strategies that hold hate ger prosecutorial and civil litigation strategies, groups accountable for the harm they cause; internet laws that keep guns away from those with violent companies that enforce their own policies restrict- intent, and upstream interventions that teach tol- ing the of hate groups to operate online; and erance and rebuild community trust. support for individuals and organizations willing By educating, training and assisting civil soci- to courageously reach out, neighbor to neighbor, ety to effectively respond to social movements that to stand up for each other’s civil and . exploit bigotry and intolerance, we can limit the

AP IMAGES/ALEX BRANDON Promising steps are already taking place across impact of white nationalism, hate violence and the country. In the , city councils authoritarian practices on inclusive democracy. and county commissions in five municipalities have The data on hate groups and extremism provided passed resolutions condemning white nationalist by the SPLC’s Intelligence Project is an essential activity and pledging support for all vulnerable tool in that effort.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 5 THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 2019 EXTREMIST HATE THREATENS PLURALISTIC DEMOCRACY

In 2019, the third year of the Trump hate added to the death toll and presidency, data gathered by the reinforced the climate of violence that Intelligence Project of the SPLC docu- threatens lives as well as the function- ments a continued and rising threat to ing of inclusive democracy. inclusive democracy: a surging white Social media and the internet more nationalist movement that has been 940 generally have helped extremists extend linked to a series of racist and antise- hate groups in the reach of racist ideologies and con- mitic terror attacks and has coincided the U.S in 2019 spiracy theories. White supremacists, with an increase in . The in fact, are increasingly congregating number of white nationalist groups online, often not formally joining hate identified by the SPLC rose for the sec- groups but networking, raising funds, ond straight year, a 55 percent increase recruiting and spreading since 2017, when ’s cam- that radicalizes young people and stokes paign energized white nationalists who 55% violence against nonwhite immigrants, saw him as an avatar of their grievances increase in Jews, Muslims, and others and their anxiety over the country’s white nationalist who belong to minority groups. demographic changes. hate groups The man charged with the New White nationalism poses a serious Zealand livestreamed part of since 2017 threat to national security and plural- the on . The El Paso istic democracy. It’s a virulent and pro- 148 155 suspect is believed to be the author of foundly authoritarian ideology that a “manifesto” that appeared online just infects our political system with hate, minutes before the shooting began; in fear and resentment. As this report 100 it, he praised “the shooter demonstrates, the threat of increased and his manifesto.” violence is very real. A growing sector The year was also marked by a sharp of white supremacists, who call them- 2017 2018 2019 expansion of anti-LGBTQ hate groups, selves “accelerationists,” believe mass which rose by nearly 43 percent. The violence is necessary to bring about the Trump administration has demon- collapse of our pluralistic society. strated a clear willingness to embrace Like the year before, domestic ter- their leaders and their policy agenda. ror attacks by white nationalists and Alongside the increase in white other extremists, at home and abroad, 43% nationalist and anti-LGBTQ hate groups, increase in delivered blow after blow in 2019. A 2019 saw the collapse of two neo-Nazi in Poway, . A anti-LGBTQ hate factions riven by leadership turmoil and ’s home in a City sub- groups in 2019 community pressure. This contributed to urb. A in El Paso, Texas. Two a marginal decline in the overall number mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand. of hate groups operating across America

Beneath those headlines, underreported after a 30 percent rise since 2015. (POWAY) POROY AP IMAGES/DENIS (GILROY); MEYER V. NEWS/NHAT MERCURY GROUP/THE IMAGES/MEDIANEWS GETTY

6 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER In 2019, the total number of hate groups tracked by SPLC dipped by about 8 percent—940 compared to the record high of 1,020 in 2018. This decline does not reflect a significant diminishment of the radical right or a fundamental shift in the general trend of the last several years, given the increased activity among white nationalist hate groups. As the country continues to experience white nationalist terror, extremist ideas long believed out- side of the realm of legitimate are penetrat- ing deeply into the mainstream, spawning public policies that target immigrants, LGBTQ people and Muslims. The Trump administration has installed members of hate groups into —par- In California, authorities started a terrorism investigation after a ticularly those with anti-immigrant, anti-Muslim man opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle at the Gilroy Garlic Festival (top), killing three people, on July 28, 2019. Earlier, on or anti-LGBTQ animus—and put in place highly April 27, a man fired on participants in a service at the punitive policies that seemed unthinkable just a of Poway synagogue (above) outside of . A few short years ago. These political moves will far woman was killed and three people injured, including the rabbi. outlast this administration, as Trump and his allies in the U.S. Senate have pushed through hundreds of new federal judges, many of whom are hostile to civil rights concerns and will serve for decades. A full defense of inclusive democracy will Fortunately, some are hearing the alarm bells that require not only appropriate federal action, but the data in this report should be setting off across local responses by city, county and state govern- the country. The FBI upgraded its assessment of ments; litigation strategies that hold hate groups the threat posed by racially motivated extrem- accountable for the harm they cause; technology ists to a “national threat priority” after Director companies enforcing their own policies that restrict Christopher Wray acknowledged that a majority of the ability of hate groups to operate online; and sup- domestic terror attacks are “fueled by some type of port for individuals and organizations willing to white supremacy,” and the Department of Homeland courageously reach out, neighbor to neighbor, to Security (DHS) announced a strategic shift toward stand up for each other’s civil and human rights. countering racial . Key arrests may have This is what must constitute a national movement

GETTY IMAGES/MEDIANEWS GROUP//NHAT V. MEYER (GILROY); AP IMAGES/DENIS POROY (POWAY) POROY AP IMAGES/DENIS (GILROY); MEYER V. NEWS/NHAT MERCURY GROUP/THE IMAGES/MEDIANEWS GETTY averted several white nationalist terror attacks. against organized hate and extremism in America.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 7 Domestic Terror Attacks and Hate Crime in 2019 Like the year before, 2019 saw a spate of domestic terror attacks, both at home and abroad. In Poway, California, a gunman attacked a synagogue, killing a 60-year-old woman and wounding a rabbi and two other people. Also in that state, a man wielding a semi-automatic rifle killed three at the Gilroy Garlic Festival. And three days before the end of the year, in a suburb, a man burst into a rabbi’s home and began slashing people with a machete, wounding five, during a celebration. By far, the worst carnage wrought by domestic Mourners created a makeshift memorial (top) to the vic- extremists came on Aug. 3 at a Walmart in the bor- tims of the Aug. 3, 2019, massacre that left 22 people dead der city of El Paso, Texas, a city that is nearly 80 at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. A manifesto linked to the sus- pect said the was “a response to the Hispanic invasion of percent Hispanic, when a man opened fire with GETTY IMAGES/AFP/MARK RALSTON (EL PASO); AP IMAGES/ALLYSE PULLIAM (HANUKKAH STABBING) Texas.” Orthodox Jews gather (above) near the site of a home in an AK-47 just as parents and children were taking New York where a man rushed into a Hanukkah celebration and advantage of a tax-free shopping day before the stabbed five people on Dec.28, 2019. beginning of the school year. Twenty-two people were killed and another 26 injured. Hate crimes added further to the toll, though the In a shocking and gruesome demonstration numbers of the dead and wounded are impossible of the transnational nature of the white national- to determine because of vast deficiencies in the way ist movement, on March 15 in Christchurch, New hate crime statistics are gathered and reported by Zealand, a man immersed in white supremacist the government. The victims in 2019 included two ideology killed 51 people at two mosques—and men and a transgender woman killed in a sin- livestreamed part of the assault on Facebook. gle shooting in Detroit, where prosecutors said they The alleged attackers in El Paso and Christchurch, were targeted because of their as in other places, clearly shared a racist ideol- and identity. GLAAD, the LGBTQ advocacy ogy and were linked by a central theme that ani- organization, also reported the names of 20 Black mates the white nationalist movement—the false

transgender women who were murdered in 2019. notion of “white ,” also called the “great YU AP IMAGES/VINCENT

8 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER replacement” theory, the idea that white antisemitic threats on social media was arrested people of European descent are being systematically for plotting to attack a Walmart just days after the displaced in the . Authorities believe mass killing in El Paso. Other white supremacists the suspect in El Paso, a 21-year-old white man from were arrested for bombing plots that targeted reli- Allen, Texas, was the author of a 2,300-word “mani- gious institutions, dams and other infrastructure, festo” that appeared online just minutes before the and law enforcement. shooting began. In it, he warned that foreigners are replacing and outlined a plan to divide Fear of Demographic Change Driving Surge in America by race. Tellingly, he nodded to the alleged White Supremacist Activity mosque shooter in New Zealand, writing, “In gen- The most powerful force animating today’s radical eral, I support the Christchurch shooter and his right—and stoking the violent backlash—is a deep manifesto. This attack is a response to the Hispanic fear of demographic change. This fear is encapsulated invasion of Texas.” While Trump blamed the inter- in the conspiratorial notion that a purposeful “white net and social media for the “racist hate” that led to genocide” is underway and that it’s driving “the great the attack, newspaper pointed out that replacement” of white people in their “home” coun- Trump’s re-election campaign had used the word tries by foreign, non-white populations. Antisemitism “invasion” to describe in more than adds fuel to this fire; some white supremacists claim 2,000 Facebook ads in 2019. that Jews—as well as progressive politicians—are In Poway, the attacker referred to a “meticulously helping to facilitate this demographic change. planned genocide of the European race” and praised Since the turn of the millennium, when the other shooters, including the one in Christchurch. Census Bureau first pointed out that white people The number of people killed in white national- in the United States would lose their majority sta- ist terror attacks might have been higher if not for tus in the 2040s, American racists have fretted over several key arrests. In February, a Coast Guard lieu- what they fear will be the loss of their place of dom- tenant—based at the Coast Guard headquarters in inance in society. Now, those fears are shared across , D.C.—was arrested with a stockpile of borders. The New Zealand mass murderer titled his and a hit list of Democratic politicians and manifesto “The .” media figures. The FBI said he was a self-identified white nationalist and an admirer of the Norwegian The Al Noor mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand, was one of terrorist who killed 77 people during an anti-Mus- two mosques attacked by a white supremacist on March 15, lim rampage in 2011. In addition, a Winter Park, 2019. Fifty-one people were killed in the attacks, parts of which , man with a history of posting racist and were livestreamed on Facebook. GETTY IMAGES/AFP/MARK RALSTON (EL PASO); AP IMAGES/ALLYSE PULLIAM (HANUKKAH STABBING) AP IMAGES/VINCENT YU AP IMAGES/VINCENT

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 9 These extremists are not reluctant to voice their threat as both a national and a transnational prob- desire for mass violence to counter the demo- lem. One agency head remarked that it had been graphic changes. “Random violence is not detri- much easier, psychologically, to accept terrorism mental to the cause, because we need to convince coming from the than to accept that Americans that violence against nonwhites is the United States might soon become a net exporter desirable or at least not something worth oppos- of terrorism motivated by white supremacy. ing,” wrote Andrew “” Aurenheimer, a leading Though the experts appear to understand the voice on the neo-Nazi Daily Stormer , last threat, they remain hamstrung by the Trump August. “There’s no way to remove a hundred mil- administration, which has hired members of hate lion people without a massive element of violence.” groups into high-level positions and has on its staff Such talk might seem absurd. But a growing num- people like Stephen Miller, the senior policy adviser ber of white supremacists are embracing the ideology in the who has long been allied with of “.” In their view, political activity anti-immigrant hate groups. In November, the is pointless, and escalating violence, on a broad scale, SPLC exposed hundreds of emails that Miller sent is the only way to bring down the pluralistic, dem- to editors at the far-right during ocratic society they want to destroy. The suspect in 2015 and 2016—including the time he worked on New Zealand devoted a section of his manifesto to the Trump campaign—that revealed he was steeped the concept, with the heading “Destabilization and in white nationalist literature and ideas. Among Accelerationism: Tactics for Victory.” other things, he promoted the racist novel The

We are acutely aware of the growing threat from enemies, both foreign and domestic, who seek to incite violence in our ’s youth, disenfranchised and disaffected, in order to attack their fellow citizens and fray at the seams of our diverse social fabric. This awareness, coupled with the history of recent tragedies, has galvanized the Department of Homeland Security to expand its counterterrorism mission focus beyond terrorists operating abroad, to include those radicalized to violence within our borders by violent extremists of any ideology.

—KEVIN Mc ALEENAN, FORMER ACTING SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY

The DHS, which for years has underplayed the Camp of the Saints and explicitly white nationalist threat of terrorism from far-right domestic extrem- like American Renaissance and VDARE. ists, in September announced a strategic shift toward Trump himself has made light of America’s white countering racial hatred. Kevin McAleenan, then its nationalist problem—equivocating, at best. After acting head, said recent mass shootings had “gal- the deadly “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, vanized the Department of Homeland Security to Virginia, in 2017, the president declared there were expand its counterterrorism mission focus beyond “some very fine people on both sides,” apparently terrorists operating abroad, to include those radical- including the racists who were marching and shout- ized to violence within our borders by violent extrem- ing Nazi slogans at night and clashing with anti- ists of any ideology.” Under the revised strategy, DHS racist activists in the daylight hours. After the New would seek to better analyze the nature and extent Zealand massacre in 2019, Trump said of white of the domestic terror threat and share information nationalists, “I think it’s a small group of people with local law enforcement to help prevent attacks. that have very, very serious problems, I guess.” At an invitation-only meeting attended by the Trump’s allies in the media also stoke fear of SPLC in September at the National Counterterrorism demographic and cultural change among Trump’s Center, leaders of federal law enforcement and - base of mostly white supporters. host

ligence agencies emphasized the white supremacist , who has a cable news audience CORTEZ AP IMAGES/JULIO

10 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER in the millions, spent considerable more than 1 million monthly readers. time in 2019 bashing immigrants and And , the social media network warning of demographic change. established in 2017 after mainstream He has told his viewers that “the social media sites began to remove world’s poor”—meaning immigrants— some bigots from their platforms in the make this country “dirtier and more wake of the Charlottesville riots, has divided” and that “litter is left almost reached nearly 1 million users. exclusively by immigrants.” Carlson Certain sectors of the white suprem- said that U.S. Rep. of There’s no way to acist movement did grow in 2019. The —one of the first two remove a hundred number of white nationalist groups was Muslim women to serve in Congress— up slightly to 155 from 148 in 2018. Most “hates” the United States and is “living million people notably, some are advocating violence proof that the way we practice immi- without a massive and encouraging their foot soldiers to gration has become dangerous to this element of violence. prepare for (and precipitate) a race war country.” Other Fox hosts engaged in —ANDREW “WEEV” or mass civil conflict. similar rhetoric. Jeanine AURENHEIMER The movement’s followers are Pirro was briefly suspended after breaking into two major strategic saying Omar’s religious beliefs were camps: so-called accelerationists who “antithetical” to the U.S. Constitution. The net- wholeheartedly embrace violence as a political tool work’s hosts repeatedly used the words “invaders” and “mainstreamers” (or the “dissident right,” as and “invasion” when speaking of immigration. they often call themselves) who are attempting, This type of rhetoric is not without consequence. with a degree of success, to bend the mainstream After the Walmart massacre, a New York Times political right toward white nationalist ideas. review of popular right-wing media platforms iden- Much of the movement’s energy lies in the grow- tified what it described as “hundreds of examples ing accelerationist wing, which, for the most part, of language, ideas and ideologies that overlapped is organized in informal online communities rather with the mass killer’s written statement—a shared than formal groups. vocabulary of intolerance that stokes fears centered The number of neo-Nazi groups declined from on immigrants of color.” 112 to 59, and activism moved online. Two of the biggest factions (comprising multiple chapters) Hate By The Numbers fell apart in 2019. The Traditionalist Worker Party, The overall number of hate groups active in 2019 which had 12 chapters in 2018, shrank to zero dropped from the previous year, from 1,020 to last year, after its leader, , 940—a decrease explained by the loss of two major was arrested in a domestic violence incident the groups, and their individual chapters, rather than year before. And the National Socialist Movement from a reduction in overall white supremacist (NSM), long the biggest Nazi formation of all, col- activity. Meanwhile, organizing continues to move lapsed after its leader, Jeff Schoep, renounced online. Major hate sites like have the movement and reportedly signed papers

HATE GROUPS 1999–2019

1020 1002 1018 1007 954 940 926 932 939 917 888 892 844 803 784 751 762 708 676 602

457

AP IMAGES/JULIO CORTEZ AP IMAGES/JULIO 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 11 transferring its assets to James Stern, a Black The same can be said, to some extent, of racist preacher in California who said he would shut , who are known for their shaved heads, down the group. Stern’s death in October threw red suspenders and Doc Martens , and whose the NSM further into chaos. Now, longtime mem- ranks also continue to fall. There were 63 such ber Burt Colucci, the group’s former chief of staff, groups in 2018 and 48 in 2019. claims that he has control. Other parts of the white supremacist movement Groups that openly advocate violence, includ- have been stagnant or in decline. 2019 had about the ing Feuerkrieg Division and the Base, grew in same number of Holocaust-denial groups and hate 2019. Perhaps more importantly, neo-Nazi activ- music sellers. churches dropped ity is growing fastest in online forums. from 17 in 2018 to 11 in 2019. Forge, built in the mold of the forum Iron March Black separatist hate groups declined to 255 (which spawned the group Atomwaffen), saw a chapters in 2019, from 264 the prior year. These large influx of registered users in the past year. The groups lag far behind the hate groups fueled by var- forum gained more than 1,000 registered users from ious forms of white supremacy. Typically holding October 2018 to October 2019. Despite disappear- views that are antisemitic, anti-LGBTQ and anti- ing from the web for a short period and changing white, they had been expanding in recent years, domains, Fascist Forge had nearly 1,500 members at perhaps in reaction to rising white supremacy and year’s end. The activity online is much larger than Trump’s abandonment of reform and civil this, and often hidden. The accelerationist groups rights. Even though they have little to no impact have moved much of their private communications on mainstream politics and no high-level defend- and recruitment to encrypted web chats and apps. ers in the media, the two antisemitic terror attacks The , already largely rejected as in the New York City area in 2019 demonstrate that outmoded by most white supremacists, continued this ideology can influence individuals’ behavior. to decline in numbers, though more slowly, with 47 chapters in 2019, down from 51 the year prior. The Anti-LGBTQ Movement Expands With the exception of the American Christian Dixie Anti-LGBTQ groups have become intertwined with Knights, most Klan groups stayed about the same the Trump administration, and—after years of civil size and held few, poorly attended public events. For rights progress and growing acceptance among the example, the Honorable Sacred Knights of Madison, broader American public—anti-LGBTQ sentiment , held a Memorial Day Weekend rally in within the Republican Party is rising. Dayton, , where only nine Klansmen showed Groups that vilify the LGBTQ community, in up. They were confronted by approximately 1,000 fact, represented the fastest-growing sector among peaceful protesters, and the city held a concurrent hate groups in 2019—expanding from 49 in 2018 to peace rally several miles away to divert attention 70 in 2019, a nearly 43% increase. from the Klan event. Such rallies demonstrate the Much of this growth has taken place among groups’ relative inability to break with their rigid groups at the grassroots level, a surge possi- traditions, thus limiting the Klan’s appeal to younger bly fueled by continued anti-LGBTQ sentiment generations of tech-savvy white nationalists. and policy emanating from government officials. They include a network of churches led by , who once called for President Obama’s assassination and is pastor and head of the Faithful Word Baptist —a hate group in Tempe, —as well as several new chapters of Mass Resistance, based in Waltham, . Though Trump promised during his campaign to be a “real friend” to the LGBTQ community,

President Trump addressed the Values Voter Summit, hosted by /YURI GRIPAS the anti-LGBTQ hate group , in October 2019. FRC President Tony Perkins (left) boasted to attendees that, with Trump in the White House, “We’re not on the outside

looking in; we’re on the inside working out.” SOMODEVILLA IMAGES/CHIP GETTY

12 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER he has fully embraced anti-LGBTQ hate groups Stephen Miller, the senior White House adviser who oversees and their agenda of dismantling federal protec- immigration policy, has longstanding ties to anti-immigrant tions and resources for LGBTQ people, while his hate groups. Department of Justice has filed amicus briefs with the Supreme Court in support of anti-LGBTQ law- Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Muslim Hostility Reigns , some of which were brought by the anti- Anti-immigrant hate groups notched a small increase LGBTQ hate group Alliance Defending Freedom. in their numbers in 2019—from 17 groups in 2018 to In October 2019, Trump once again spoke in 20 in 2019. But their numbers, relative to other catego- person to the Values Voter Summit, a gathering ries of hate groups, belie their vast influence and suc- of religious-right organizations hosted by the cess in bringing what is essentially a white nationalist hate group Family Research Council. In May, he ideology into the mainstream of politics and policy. announced his to the Federal Equality Though ophthalmologist , Amendment, which would add sexual orienta- a white nationalist and the architect of the modern tion and to the Civil Rights Act as anti-immigrant movement, died in 2019, his ideas protected categories regarding employment and are now deeply entrenched in the Trump adminis- housing . tration, which has installed numerous people from Staffers from organizations that vilify the the network he fathered in key government posi- LGBTQ community have been hired by the Trump tions and adopted myriad harsh policies that seek administration and have influenced and written its to carry out Tanton’s goal of dramatically curtail- policies. Numerous protections for LGBTQ peo- ing the influx of nonwhite immigrants. ple have been removed through executive action, In the third year of the Trump presidency, the as when the Interior Department stripped “sexual movement enjoyed unprecedented access to the cor- orientation” from its anti-discrimination guidelines ridors of power in Washington, D.C. Nowhere was this year. In addition, the administration has consis- that more evident than in the White House itself, tently claimed that laws and regulations that pro- where senior policy adviser Stephen Miller reigns hibit discrimination on the basis of sex do not apply as the de facto czar of immigration policy. Previously to LGBTQ people and has worked to install reli- a Senate aide to , Trump’s first attorney gious exemptions to civil rights laws. general, Miller has long been known as a key bridge According to a report by Lambda Legal, a third connecting policy-oriented, anti-immigrant hate REUTERS/YURI GRIPAS of the more than 50 U.S. circuit court judges nom- groups like the Federation for American Immigration inated by Trump have a “demonstrated history of Reform (FAIR) and the Center for Immigration anti-LGBTQ .” Lambda argues that the justice Studies (CIS) to their allies in Congress. But 2019

GETTY IMAGES/CHIP SOMODEVILLA IMAGES/CHIP GETTY system is “now indisputably in a state of crisis.” brought new revelations. The SPLC exposed

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 13 hundreds of emails he wrote to editors at the far-right Immigration Services (USCIS) to acting chief of website Breitbart News in 2015 and 2016—including policy and acting chief of staff, respectively. Former some while he worked for the Trump campaign— FAIR lobbyist Elizabeth Jacobs is also at USCIS, that revealed he was steeped in the language, litera- working as a senior adviser. ture and ideology of the white nationalist movement. In November, FAIR President Dan Stein told As Miller attempted, with great success, to influ- CBS News, “It certainly is delightful to see folks ence Breitbart’s coverage of immigration issues, he that we’ve worked with in the past advance and frequently forwarded materials from white nation- contribute to the various efforts of the administra- alist websites. He blamed immigrants for bringing tion, most of which we support.” violent crime into this country and suggested that Another FAIR ally, former Virginia Attorney Breitbart write an article comparing remarks the General Ken Cuccinelli, was named in June to head Pope made about open borders to the virulently rac- USCIS after former director Lee Francis Cissna was ist French novel The Camp of the Saints. The apoc- pushed out of the agency. In November, Cuccinelli alyptic fantasy, beloved by white supremacists, was named as acting deputy secretary of Homeland luridly illustrates the “great replacement” theory by Security. He attended FAIR’s annual “Hold Their depicting a European continent overrun by hordes Feet to the Fire” media conference in September of disease-ridden, feces-eating Indian migrants. It and did a number of interviews with right-wing was published in English by the Tanton-founded radio hosts broadcasting from the event. That same hate group . week, he spoke at the “Immigration Newsmaker”

To close observers of Trump administration hosted by the CIS, another hate group founded AP IMAGES/ANDREW HARNIK (POMPEO); AP IMAGES/EVAN VUCCI (CUCCINELLI); AP IMAGES/CHARLIE RIEDEL (KOBACH) policy, Miller’s animus toward nonwhite people by Tanton. Other anti-immigrant hate groups came as little surprise. But it was confirmation have gloated about their influence. ProEnglish that Trump’s policies are rooted in white nation- announced in fundraising emails that it had met alist ideology. More than two dozen senators, all with White House aides six times over the past Democrats, demanded Miller’s removal in a letter to three years, most recently in July 2019. CIS staff the White House. Among them was Senator Chris testified at multiple congressional hearings in 2019. Coons of Delaware, who called Miller “a cancer at Also in July, nativist hardliner, Trump adviser and the very heart of the values of this administration.” former FAIR lawyer Kris Kobach announced he Miller is just one of many Trump officials who was running for U.S. Senate in . Earlier in the have connections with anti-immigrant hate groups. year, Kobach joined the board of We Build the Wall, Robert Law and John Zadrozny, two former FAIR the GoFundMe campaign to raise private donations staffers, were promoted within U.S. Citizenship and for Trump’s border wall. FAIR and other anti-immigrant groups contin- Shake-ups left anti-Muslim groups with fewer allies in the ued to court local law enforcement. Nearly 200 sher- Trump administration. One powerful friend remained: CIA iffs from across the country attended Hold Their Director (left). Ken Cuccinelli (center), who has close ties to anti-immigrant groups, was named deputy Feet to the Fire. In October, Sheriff Chuck Jenkins secretary of Homeland Security. Nativist hardliner and Trump of Frederick County, , spoke at the Social ally Kris Kobach (right) announced a Senate bid. Contract Press’s annual writers’ workshop event.

14 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER - - - - 15 AMERICAN IDENTITY MOVEMENT/ KU KLUX KLAN NJ EUROPEAN HERITAGE ASSOC. OTHER THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM AND THE YEAR IN HATE Flyers were also covertly distributed by members of members by distributed covertly also were Flyers In addition, members of Patriot Front nearly dou- nearly Front Patriot of In addition, members disseminated flyers Klan Klux Ku of number The in 2019 was significantly lower than the previous the previous than lower significantly was in 2019 in Pelham, based Knights, White The Loyal year. , had previously carried out the major carried had previously North Carolina, number of the as However, incidents. flyering of ity 2019. in efforts flyering did its dipped, so chapters its in based Knights, Sacred the Honorable notably, Most in times several flyers Indiana,Madison, distributed over event Klan public attended poorly a of advance Weekend. Day Labor the from flyers In particular, neo-Nazi groups. several locations, specific target to used were Stormer Daily religious various museums, heritage Jewish as such Members offices. Parenthood Planned and buildings while centers, LGBTQ at flyers posted Front Patriot of these used members Movement Identity American rhetoric. anti-trans spread to materials With the name change also came a change in the aes in the a change came also the name change With bor from away moved The group flyers. its of thetic marble over superimposed slogans derline innocuous and blue flyers white red, into gods Greek of statues propaganda. War Cold for in nostalgia steeped in pub banners to hang its efforts bled the group’s by displayed banners while the number of lic places, more was Movement Identity American of members a banner hanging flyers, posting Unlike than halved. collection among a small effort signals a coordinated of the existence illustrating likely members, group of area. in that a chapter ------year. On the other hand, Identity Evropa, which led fly Evropa, Identity hand, the other On Members of Patriot Front participated in a cam in participated Front Patriot of Members As in 2018, white nationalist groups posted and dis- posted groups nationalist white in 2018, As in fly way led the Evropa while Identity However, These flyers are used to recruit new members; members; new recruit to used are flyers These intimidate and target individuals; respond to and and to individuals; respond and target intimidate growth in the number of chapters in 2019. in 2019. chapters in the number of growth in efforts its sustain to failed 2018, in incidents ering by logs chat its of the release Following 2019. the March, in Riot Unicorn organization nonprofit the Movement. Identity the American as rebranded group a six-fold increase over the 53 times they posted fly posted times they the 53 over increase a six-fold This jump was year. last institutions academic at ers in the begin efforts flyering significant by augmented Patriot Overall, semester. fall the 2019 of months campuses) beyond (including those drops flyer Front considerable reflecting percent, 260 roughly by rose ering efforts in 2018, the number of Patriot Front fly Front Patriot of 2018, number the in efforts ering group. other any exceeded far in 2019 distributed ers and the collegiate in both their rhetoric spread paign to members the group’s notably, Most public spheres. times, 335 least at campuses on college flyers posted advertise public events; or simply promote a group’s a group’s or simply promote public events; advertise mildly offen from the gamut runs The content bigotry. racist. overtly to sive of sectors in other than groups flyers more tributed right. the radical The distribution of flyers remained a tactic tactic common a remained flyers of The distribution The right 2019. in on the radical groups by employed dur incidents flyering than 1,500 more recorded SPLC ing ON TACTICS: A FLURRY OF FLYERING IN 2019 IN OF FLYERING A FLURRY ON TACTICS: SPOTLIGHT

AP IMAGES/ANDREW HARNIK (POMPEO); AP IMAGES/EVAN VUCCI (CUCCINELLI); AP IMAGES/CHARLIE RIEDEL (KOBACH) While anti-Muslim sentiment remains strong on the Republican base. Two years after his election, the radical right—as well as within the Trump admin- extremist fears were crystallized by the Democratic istration—the number of anti-Muslim hate groups wave in the midterms, when women of color— fell from 100 in 2018 to 84 in 2019, and shake-ups at including Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, the White House left the movement with far fewer Ayanna Pressley and Rashida Tlaib—made historic allies in the halls of power. In August, , gains in the House of Representatives. an ally to anti-Muslim groups, was ousted as national In the month surrounding the 2018 midterms, security adviser. Charles M. Kupperman, a top aide there were four domestic terrorist attacks, includ- to Bolton who previously served on the board of the ing a series of malfunctioning pipe bombs mailed Center for Security Policy (CSP), was tapped to serve to Trump critics by a supporter of the president. as acting national security adviser but was replaced Now, as the 2020 election approaches, many just eight days later. CSP is known for its conspirato- white supremacists see Trump’s re-election as a rial warnings that Muslims are trying to overthrow last stand to stop the impending erosion of a white the U.S. government from within and that Shariah majority. And there is little doubt that Trump will law is overriding U.S. law in the courts. ratchet up his rhetoric by not only demonizing Katharine Gorka, the wife of former White House immigrants but portraying Democrats and pro- aide who is also known for her gressives as existential threats to America. In what Islamophobic views, left the DHS to take a job as a may be a preview of what lies ahead, last July he spokesperson at U.S. Customs and Border Protection tweeted that Ocasio-Cortez, Omar, Pressley and but stepped down from that role in August. Frank Tlaib should “go back” to where they came from Wuco, a former radio host who has associated with (all but Omar were born in the U.S.). anti-Muslim figures and peddled Islamophobic con- There is little to suggest that the violence that has spiracy theories, left a short-lived post as a senior accompanied the surge in white nationalism in recent adviser on arms issues at Department after years will abate. Last July, a Pew Research Center previous stints at the White House and DHS. poll found that 78 percent of Americans believe that The movement did retain one powerful friend aggressive language by politicians makes violence in Washington: Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, more likely. And in recent months, as the campaign who the hate group ACT for America has called a has ramped up, news reports have been replete with “steadfast ally.” references—if not outright threats—of violence by nervous Trump supporters, who have been warned The Rage Will Continue in 2020 repeatedly by the president of massive voter fraud. Anxiety over the country’s changing demographics At Trumpstock in Golden Valley, Arizona, last will continue to be the No. 1 factor animating far- October, an attendee told he right extremists in the year ahead. Trump didn’t had been stockpiling weapons just in case Trump create the fear of nonwhite immigrants but rather loses. “Nothing less than a would happen,” harnessed it to win the White House in 2016 and he said, reaching for a handgun. “I don’t believe in continues to nurture it by fanning the flames of violence, but I’ll do what I got to do.” resentment within the most extreme elements of Others might, as well. AP IMAGES/MARY ALTAFFER GETTY IMAGES/AFP/SANDY HUFFAKER (POWAY); AP IMAGES/SIPA USA/YICHUAN CAO (GILROY) CAO USA/YICHUAN AP IMAGES/SIPA (POWAY); HUFFAKER IMAGES/AFP/SANDY GETTY

President Trump’s campaign rallies are polarizing affairs. In Manchester, N.H., on February 10, 2020, 16 SOUTHERNTrump supporters POVERTY began LAW CENTER chanting “lock her up” when Trump mocked House Speaker . NOTABLE EXTREMIST ATTACKS AND PLOTS IN 2019

Extremists across the United States and the world continued to launch attacks during 2019. But the worst carnage came in Christchurch, New Zealand, on March 15, when a white nationalist gunman attacked two mosques, killing 51 people and injuring 49.

ATTACKS

APRIL 27 Poway, California A man armed with an assault rifle attacks the syna- gogue on the last day of the Passover holiday, killing a woman and injuring three other people, including the rabbi. Police arrested a 19-year-old man who said, according to a federal affidavit, that “Jewish people are destroying the white race.” An online document under the man’s name is filled with racist slurs and white nationalist con- spiracy theories, and the author says he was inspired by the white nation- POWAY, CALIF. alist terrorist in New Zealand.

JULY 28 Gilroy, California A man opens fire with a semi-auto- matic rifle at the Gilroy Garlic Festival, killing three people—includ- ing a 6-year-old boy and a 13-year-old girl—and wounding 17. The attacker, a 19-year-old man, is shot multiple times by police before killing himself at the scene. A social media post attributed

AP IMAGES/MARY ALTAFFER to him touted the text , widely popular among white nation- alists. The FBI opened a domestic ter- rorism investigation after finding a GILROY, CALIF.

GETTY IMAGES/AFP/SANDY HUFFAKER (POWAY); AP IMAGES/SIPA USA/YICHUAN CAO (GILROY) CAO USA/YICHUAN AP IMAGES/SIPA (POWAY); HUFFAKER IMAGES/AFP/SANDY GETTY potential list of targets in his car.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 17 EL PASO, TEXAS

AUGUST 3 nearby cemetery. Both attackers, a 47-year-old man El Paso, Texas and a 50-year-old woman, are killed during a pro- A man opens fire with an AK-47 style assault rifle longed gunfight with police. News reports link the in a Walmart, killing 22 and injuring 26, as parents man to a Black separatist movement and to antise- and children take advantage of a tax-free shopping mitic posts online. day before the beginning of school. After surren- dering to police, the 21-year-old from Allen, Texas, DECEMBER 28 is charged with capital . Authorities believe Monsey, New York he was the author of a racist, anti-immigrant screed A man armed with a machete bursts into a rabbi’s posted online minutes before the attack. The author home and begins slashing people, wounding at least expresses white nationalist themes about “ethnic six, during a Hanukkah celebration. Police charge a displacement,” expresses displeasure at “race- 37-year-old man with six counts of attempted mur- mixing,” refers to the attack as a response to the der in what New York Gov. calls GETTY IMAGES/AFP/JOEL ANGEL JUAREZ (EL PASO); AP IMAGES/ WENIG (JERSEY CITY, AP IMAGES/ALLYSE N.J.); PULLIAM MOTAL (MONSEY, N.Y.) “Hispanic invasion of Texas,” and mentions the an act of “.” The man pleads Christchurch, New Zealand, shooter. not guilty, and his family says he has a history of mental illness and “no known history of antisemi- DECEMBER 10 tism.” But authorities say they found hand-written Jersey City, journals with “several pages of antisemitic refer- Three people are killed when two assailants open ences” at his residence. A criminal complaint says fire at a kosher supermarket, and a police officer a journal appears to reference the Black Hebrew is shot and killed moments earlier by the pair at a Israelite movement.

JERSEY CITY, N.J. MONSEY, N.Y. /CHRISTIAN MURDOCK /CHRISTIAN THE GAZETTE AP IMAGES/

18 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ALLEGED PLOTS

Here are some of the most notable alleged extremist plots that led to arrests in 2019.

JANUARY 18 AUGUST 9 Greece, New York Winter Park, Florida Police arrest four young men, some of them teens, Florida state police arrest Richard Dean Clayton, who they say are plotting to detonate bombs at a 26, for allegedly threatening on Facebook to attack 200-member Muslim enclave in Delaware. They a Walmart a day after a gunman killed 22 people at discussed the plot on a social media platform pop- a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. Authorities say Clayton ular among white supremacists. Police uncover a had a history of posting threats and racist and anti- cache of 23 firearms and three explosive devices. semitic comments, including an image of a All four suspects plead guilty and are sentenced to and references to an ethnostate. prison terms. AUGUST 17 FEBRUARY 14 Youngstown, Ohio Silver Spring, Maryland Police arrest self-described white nationalist James The FBI arrests Coast Guard Lt. Christopher Paul Patrick Reardon, 20, after searching his parents’ Hasson, 50, who was based at Coast Guard head- home and finding a cache of weapons, including quarters in Washington, D.C., and confiscate a two assault rifles, a gas mask, bulletproof armor and stockpile of weapons—including seven rifles, two a large amount of ammunition. Authorities say an shotguns, four pistols, two revolvers and two silenc- post indicated he might be plotting an ers—from his home. Prosecutors say he is a self- attack against a Jewish community center. identified white nationalist and describe him in court papers as a “domestic terrorist” who intended NOVEMBER 1 “to murder innocent civilians on a scale rarely seen Pueblo, Colorado in this country.” They say he had studied the mani- In a sting operation, the FBI arrests self-proclaimed festo of the Norwegian terrorist who killed 77 peo- white supremacist Richard Holzer, 27, who they say GETTY IMAGES/AFP/JOEL ANGEL JUAREZ (EL PASO); AP IMAGES/SETH WENIG (JERSEY CITY, AP IMAGES/ALLYSE N.J.); PULLIAM MOTAL (MONSEY, N.Y.) ple in 2011 and had been plotting to kill Democratic was plotting to blow up a historic synagogue and politicians, professors, Supreme Court judges and poison congregants as part of a “racial holy war.” “leftists in general.” Hasson pleads guilty to drug He was taken into custody when he picked up two and weapons charges. pipe bombs and 14 sticks of dynamite from under- cover agents and was wearing a Nazi armband and AUGUST 8 carrying a copy of . Las Vegas Following an investigation by the FBI-led Joint Task Force on Terrorism, agents seize bomb-making materials and an AR-15 from the home of Conor Climo, 23, who is charged with a weapons violation. Prosecutors say Climo communicated online with white supremacists, including mem- bers of two neo-Nazi groups, and that he used encrypted messages to discuss attacking a Las Vegas syna- gogue and making improvised explo- sive devices (IEDs). Investigators say they found sketches portraying IEDs and infantry squads attacking a gay PUEBLO, COLO.

/CHRISTIAN MURDOCK /CHRISTIAN THE GAZETTE AP IMAGES/ bar in Las Vegas.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 19 YEAR IN TECHNOLOGY 2019

Even as research documented a link between online is always a matter of public interest, effectively pro- speech and offline violence, internet companies strug- tects the speech of society’s most powerful figures, gled in 2019 to prioritize public safety over the free- no matter whether it otherwise violates ’s dom of their users to post extremist content. At the rules against abusive language. The policy applies to same time, they dove ever more deeply into ques- all government officials, politicians and similar pub- tions about whether politicians should have greater lic figures who have more than 100,000 followers. leeway than others to promote abusive—even racist— Twitter also said, however, that it would not use its language and the same kind of demonizing falsehoods algorithm to promote such tweets. and often disseminated by far-right extremists. It wasn’t long before a Trump tweet tested the Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and all new policy. In July, Twitter said that the president’s announced new policies involving political content tweet telling U.S. Reps. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, during a year that saw President Trump escalate his Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, and Rashida Tlaib— attacks on the industry, accusing social media com- all women of color—to “go back” to their countries panies of censoring conservative voices and threat- did not violate its rules against racism. The tweet ening to regulate them in retaliation. did not, in fact, get a warning label. Trump’s threats came as he began to It took a November tweet by Omar’s ramp up a re-election campaign that will Republican challenger, Danielle Stella undoubtedly feature a heavy dose of social —suggesting that Omar “should be media messages that vilify his opponents hanged”—for Twitter to take meaning- and rally a largely white base of sup- ful enforcement action against a polit- port. And they came after several years ical candidate. Twitter said Stella’s in which the industry has attempted to account was permanently disabled. curtail the use of their services by white Like Twitter, YouTube struggled nationalists and other extremists. to draw the line between public inter- The strain that Trump’s own rheto- est and public harm. The video giant ric put on companies did not announced in September that politi- stop executives like Facebook’s Mark We think people cians would be exempt from some of Zuckerberg and Twitter’s Jack Dorsey should be able to its content moderation rules. from meeting privately with him. see for themselves Facebook took a similar tack. Nick In June 2019, in response to mount- what politicians Clegg, its vice president of global affairs

ing criticism, Twitter announced that and communications, announced that it AP IMAGES/SIPA USA/OLIVER CONTRERAS/SIPA USA politicians’ tweets containing threats or are saying. I don’t would exempt politicians from its third- abusive language could be slapped with think it’s right for party fact-checking program, which it warning labels that would require users a private company uses to reduce the spread of false news to click before seeing the content. But to censor politi- and other forms of viral misinforma- the offensive tweets won’t be removed tion. In short, it means Facebook has from the site under the policy, as might cians or the news decided to allow politicians to lie on its those of a normal user. This policy shift, in a democracy. platform in their advertisements and

based on the idea that political speech —MARK ZUCKERBERG other forms of political speech. (DORSEY) AP IMAGES/KYODO ACCOUNT); (TRUMP’S TWITTER AP IMAGES/JENNY PROTEST); (TWITTER PACHECO IMAGES/AFP/PHILIP GETTY

20 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Demonstrators with Change the Terms (above) protest outside Twitter headquarters on November 19, 2019. President Trump’s Twitter feed is shown on a computer screen (right) on June 27 in New York just before Twitter implemented a new warning label policy.

In terms of advertisements, Twitter decided to ban Social Media Platforms Function as Vectors for Hate campaign ads entirely, while Google opted to severely Social media platforms proved to be a vector for the limit the ability of campaigns to target certain groups spread of white supremacist ideologies both during of people, a process known as “microtargeting.” and after acts of domestic terrorism in 2019. On March 15, an extremist attacked two Research Links Online Speech to Offline Violence mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, kill- The new policies came amid mounting evidence ing 51 and injuring another 49. The perpetrator linking online speech to offline violence. broadcast the attack on Facebook Live, and A study released by New York University both the video of the attack and a 74-page researchers in June found a correlation manifesto went viral in the immedi- between certain racist tweets and hate ate aftermath. Facebook reported that crimes in 100 U.S. cities. The research 1.5 million copies of the video were examined 532 million tweets across U.S. uploaded in the first 24 hours, with cities of varying geographies and popula- 1.2 million of those being blocked by tions and found that areas with more tar- Facebook to prevent viewing. geted, discriminatory speech had higher Six weeks later, a 19-year-old man in numbers of hate crimes. Poway, California, attacked the Chabad Change the Terms, a coalition of [Twitter] need[s] of Poway on the last day of Passover, more than 50 civil rights organiza- killing one and injuring three. The tions, of which the SPLC is a founding to do a better perpetrator posted a manifesto to the member, is advocating for tech compa- job generally in —notorious for its nies to adopt model policies that effec- removing hate and community of far-right extremists— tively combat hate and extremism. In from in the moments before the attack. The September, the coalition convened a document included a reference to town hall in that featured top the site. Facebook, although the stream appears —JACK DORSEY

AP IMAGES/SIPA USA/OLIVER CONTRERAS/SIPA USA leaders from Facebook, including chief to have failed. operating officer Sheryl Sandberg. After the attacks, Facebook “People in our communities are dying at the announced tighter restrictions on its Facebook hands of white supremacy—the stakes are that Live platform, including temporary and permanent high,” Jessica Gonzalez, vice president of Strategy bans. It’s unclear, though, whether these new poli- at , a member of Change the Terms, told cies would have prevented the viral spread of vid- Sandberg and other attendees. “The safety of users eos showing the attacks. must be a priority on the platform.” GETTY IMAGES/AFP/PHILIP PACHECO (TWITTER PROTEST); AP IMAGES/JENNY KANE (TRUMP’S TWITTER ACCOUNT); AP IMAGES/KYODO (DORSEY) AP IMAGES/KYODO ACCOUNT); (TRUMP’S TWITTER KANE AP IMAGES/JENNY PROTEST); (TWITTER PACHECO IMAGES/AFP/PHILIP GETTY

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 21 METHODOLOGY HOW HATE GROUPS ARE IDENTIFIED AND CATEGORIZED

This list of 940 active hate groups is based on infor- but such activity does not occur in real life and mation gathered by the SPLC’s Intelligence Project thus is not reflected in this count. If the group has from hate group publications, citizen reports, law a known headquarters, the city appears first in the enforcement agencies, field sources, web post- listing of the group’s chapters and, if there are multi- ings and news reports. Only organizations known ple chapters of the group, is marked with an asterisk. to be active in 2019, whether that activity included Groups are categorized as Ku Klux Klan, Neo- marches, rallies, speeches, meetings, flyering, pub- Nazi, White Nationalist, Racist , Christian lishing literature or criminal acts, among other Identity, Neo-Confederate, Black Separatist, Anti- activities, were counted in this list. Entities that LGBTQ, Anti-Muslim, Anti-Immigrant and General appear to exist only in cyberspace are not included Hate. Because skinheads are migratory and often because they are likely to be web publishers falsely not affiliated with groups, this listing understates portraying themselves as powerful, organized their numbers. Christian Identity describes a reli- groups. This list also does not document activism gion that is fundamentally racist and antisemitic. that takes place only online by individuals or groups, Black Separatist groups are organizations whose whether on Facebook, VK or similar online forums. ideologies include tenets of racially based hatred. Major online web forums have in recent years seen Neo-Confederate groups seek to revive many of the their comment sections and registered users grow, racist principles of the antebellum South.

30 6 2 12 2 4 15 15 7 1 27 44 2 3 4 7 15 36 1 31 9 26 20 8 5 21 21 3 21 4 3 15 36 20 88 19 10 38 32 1 15 21 17 12 16 38 63 21 2

4 67

ACTIVE HATE GROUPS BY STATE

22 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER White Nationalist groups espouse white researchers. It represents activity by hate groups or white as the basis during the previous year. Tracking hate group for national identity; while antisemitism is cen- activity and membership is extremely difficult. tral to the genesis of the movement and to some Some groups do everything they can to obscure white nationalist groups, not all white nationalists their activities, while others grossly over-represent espouse antisemitism. their operations. The SPLC uses a variety of meth- Anti-Muslim groups exhibit extreme hostility odologies to determine the activities of groups and toward Muslims and attribute to ’s follow- individuals. These include reviewing hate group ers an inherent of negative traits. Anti-LGBTQ publications and reports by citizens, law enforce- groups engage in crude name-calling and dis- ment, field sources and the news media, and con- seminate disparaging propaganda and falsehoods ducting our own investigations. about this population. General Hate groups espouse various ideologies of hatred and include the Why does the SPLC compile a list of hate groups? sub-categories of Hate Music labels, Holocaust Hate groups tear at the fabric of our society and Denial groups, Radical Traditional Catholic groups instill fear in entire communities. American history (which reject core Catholic teachings and espouse is rife with against groups and individu- antisemitism), and Other (a variety of groups als because of their race, , , sexual endorsing a hodgepodge of hate doctrines). orientation or other characteristics. As a nation, we’ve made a lot of progress, but our history of white What is a hate group? supremacy lingers in , stereotyp- A hate group is an organization that—based on its ing and unequal treatment of people of color and oth- official statements or principles, the statements ers. Hate also plays a particular role in crime, and thus of its leaders, or its activities—has beliefs or prac- the existence and location of hate groups is important tices that attack or malign an entire class of peo- to law enforcement. The U.S. Department of Justice ple, typically for their immutable characteristics. warns that hate crimes, more than any other crime, We do not list individuals as hate groups, only orga- can trigger community conflict, civil disturbances, nizations. The organizations on the SPLC list vil- and even riots. For all their “patriotic” rhetoric, hate ify others because of their race, religion, ethnicity, groups and their imitators are really trying to divide sexual orientation or gender identity— us; their views are fundamentally anti-democratic that strike at the heart of our democratic values and and need to be exposed and countered. society along its most fragile fault lines. The FBI uses similar criteria in its definition of a Does violence play a role in designating a hate group? hate crime: [A] criminal offense against a person or Vilifying or demonizing groups of people on the property motivated in whole or in part by an offend- basis of their immutable characteristics, such as er’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual ori- race or ethnicity, often inspires or is a precursor entation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity. to violence. But violence itself is not a requirement A “group” is an entity that has a process through for being listed as a hate group. A group’s ideol- which followers identify themselves as being part ogy can inspire hate violence even when the group of the group, such as donating, paying membership itself does not engage in violent activity. For exam- dues or participating in activities like meetings and ple, was not a member of any hate rallies. Individual chapters of a larger organization group, but his racist massacre at a Charleston, South are each counted separately, because the number Carolina, church in 2015 was inspired by the ide- indicates reach and organizing activity. ology of the white nationalist group Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC), among other hate What is the SPLC’s hate group map? group websites. The CCC has no track record of Each year since 1990, the SPLC has published an leaders or members engaging in violence, but its annual census of hate groups in the United States. ideas can clearly prompt hate violence. Conversely, The number is a barometer, albeit only one, of the there are some violent groups that are not hate level of hate activity in the country. The hate map, groups. For example, the SPLC does not list racist which depicts the groups’ approximate locations, prison as hate groups, because their goals are is the result of yearlong monitoring by analysts and primarily criminal, not ideological.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 23 ACTIVE HATE GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2019

940 ACTIVE HATE GROUPS 47 KU KLUX KLAN 59 NEO-NAZI 155 WHITE NATIONALIST 48 RACIST SKINHEAD 11 CHRISTIAN IDENTITY 26 NEO-CONFEDERATE 255 BLACK SEPARATIST 20 ANTI-IMMIGRANT 70 ANTI-LGBTQ 84 ANTI-MUSLIM 165 GENERAL HATE FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS ABOUT HATE GROUPS IN YOUR STATE, GO TO SPLCENTER.ORG/HATE-MAP ACTIVE HATE GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2019

940 ACTIVE HATE GROUPS 47 KU KLUX KLAN 59 NEO-NAZI 155 WHITE NATIONALIST 48 RACIST SKINHEAD 11 CHRISTIAN IDENTITY 26 NEO-CONFEDERATE 255 BLACK SEPARATIST 20 ANTI-IMMIGRANT 70 ANTI-LGBTQ 84 ANTI-MUSLIM 165 GENERAL HATE FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS ABOUT HATE GROUPS IN YOUR STATE, GO TO SPLCENTER.ORG/HATE-MAP THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 25 47 KU KLUX KLAN

The Ku Klux Klan, with its long history of violence, is the oldest and most infamous of American hate groups. Although Black Americans have typically been the Klan’s primary target, it also has attacked Jews, immigrants, members of the LGBTQ community and, until recently, Catholics.

Alliance of American Kentucky South Bend, IN* of the Ku Klux Klan California* Klans Kentucky Madison, IN Alpena, MI Cookeville, TN* New York Confederate Knights of Imperial Klans of America Mississippi North Carolina the Ku Klux Klan Dawson Springs, KY Patriotic Brigade Knights Dayton, OH Ohio Richmond, VA International Keystone of the Ku Klux Klan American Christian Dixie American Christian East Coast Knights of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Gladewater, TX* Knights of the Ku Klux Knights of the Ku Klux the True Invisible Empire Florida Klan Klan * Moselle, MS Exalted Knights of the Mississippi Illinois Church of the National Ku Klux Klan Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Rebel Brigade Knights Indiana Knights of the Ku Klux Tennessee Harrison, AR True Invisible Empire Florida Klan Honorable Sacred Knights Ku Klos Knights of the Martinsville, VA Ku Klux Klan Traditionalist American Lawrenceville, IL Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 0 0 0 Loyal White Knights Florida 0 0 of the Ku Klux Klan United Dixie White Knights 0 0 1 0 Pelham, NC* of the Ku Klux Klan 1 0 2 0 Maryland Mississippi 0 0 0 0 1 0 New York United Klans of America 3 0 2 4 0 Ohio Alabama 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 Virginia Morrison, TN 1 0 Noble Klans of America United Northern and 1 4 2 0 1 New Jersey Southern Knights of 0 1 5 1 2 Nordic Order Knights the Ku Klux Klan 2 1 of the Ku Klux Klan Ellijay, GA 0 Indiana White Knights of Texas Kentucky DeKalb, TX 3 0 Pacific Coast Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

TOP TAKEAWAYS After several years of declining numbers, the Klan experienced relative stability in 2019. While many groups dropped in numbers or shuttered altogether, others re-emerged and gained new chapters. The Tennessee-based American Christian Dixie Knights (ACDK) experienced the largest increase. However, the group has many conflicts with other Klan groups. Most notably, members of the ACDK argued online with mem- bers of the Alliance of American Klans, Honorable Sacred Knights and Ron Edwards’ re-established Imperial Klans of America. KEY MOMENTS This year saw few public Klan events. The Honorable Sacred Knights, based in Madison, Indiana, held a Memorial Day week- end rally outside the Dayton, Ohio, courthouse. Nine Klansmen and women demonstrated for two hours, and the event cost the city an estimated $650,000. In an equally paltry, albeit less expensive showing, members of the Honorable Sacred Knights hosted a Labor Day weekend cookout in Madison. The event lasted all of 20 minutes. In another public showing, 10 members of the Loyal White Knights brought their lawn chairs out for a “flash demonstration” at the Hillsborough, North Carolina, courthouse. Community members gathered to protest the event. The Loyal White Knights, while losing members and chapters, remained active by flyering. Outside of these events, the Klan’s activity in 2019 consisted largely of private events structured around Klan traditions like cross lightings. WHAT’S AHEAD After several years of steady decline in membership, the Klan may be at the beginning of somewhat of a plateau. It appears that 2019 efforts to remain relevant, from debuting new websites to content creation in the form of talk shows and flyers, have proven relatively effective in maintaining the Klan’s numbers. Those membership numbers are unlikely to rise in the coming year, due to infighting and difficulty maintaining alliances over the long term.

THE COURSE OF THE MODERN KU KLUX KLAN 190 130 72 51 47 28

1990 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

26 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER 59 NEO-NAZI

Neo-Nazi groups share a hatred for Jews and a love for and Nazi . While they also hate other minorities, gays and lesbians and even sometimes , they perceive “the ” as their cardinal enemy.

American New Hampshire Iowa Detroit, MI IDEOLOGY & California New Jersey Hillsboro, WV Missouri New Hampshire Texas National Socialist Pennsylvania WHITE Ohio Washington German Workers Party Tennessee SUPREMACY South Carolina Lincoln, NE Vermont A CLOSER LOOK Endangered RC/ National Socialist Legion California Crew 519 Massachusetts , WI* The SPLC organizes Colorado Florida National Socialist Florida the hate groups Florida Liberation Front NS Publications it tracks under 15 Maryland Feuerkrieg Division Pennsylvania* Wyandotte, MI different categories New Jersey California Alabama PzG Inc. based on ideology. Texas Florida Georgia Rapid City, SD A number of those Virginia Kansas New York Radio Wehrwolf categories, however, Washington New Jersey National Socialist Wisconsin could fall under a Daily Stormer, The New York Movement Third Books broader category of Ohio* , PA Kissimmee, FL* Fairbury, NE “white supremacy.” Alabama Texas Maricopa, AZ Vanguard News Network Those include: Ku California Washington Connecticut Kirksville, MO Klux Klan, Neo-Nazi, Massachusetts National Alliance Illinois White Resistance White Nationalist, Michigan Laurel Bloomery, TN* Kentucky San Jacinto, CA Racist Skinhead, Christian Identity, Neo-Confederate 3 0 0 and Neo-Völkisch. 0 0 1 3 Beyond a goal of 0 1 0 3 2 1 preserving the white 1 2 2 2 race, these groups also 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 share core prejudices 0 1 3 1 2 1 0 against classes of 1 1 1 5 0 people that white 0 2 0 supremacists view 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 as threatening. For 3 0 instance, antisemitism 0 undergirds every white supremacist ideology. 0 5

TOP TAKEAWAYS The old guard of the neo-Nazi movement struggled under significant setbacks in 2019. The National Socialist Movement, a decades-old group with roots in the , saw the widely publicized TOTAL HATE loss of its leader, Jeff Schoep. Groups like the Traditionalist Worker Party and —both of which were GROUPS influential at the Charlottesville rally in 2017 but lost relevance in the movement during the aftermath—were unable 940 to rebuild their coalitions. But the momentum of the neo-Nazi movement is building behind groups and online com- munities with a terroristic focus, those who commit themselves to more openly violent messages and strategies in service of their racist . 391 KEY MOMENTS , founder of the neo-Nazi website Daily Stormer, lost three lawsuits, including one WHITE SUPREMACY brought by the SPLC. His site lost DDoS protection from Bitmitigate and is regularly inaccessible on the clear web, HATE GROUPS though it survives on the . Despite these issues, the neo-Nazi movement was energized by the string of racially motivated mass perpetrated around the world in 2019, including the attacks in New Zealand, El Paso, Texas, and Poway, California. WHAT’S AHEAD The frequency and scale of far-right attacks across the world have been celebrated in online neo- Nazi . These spaces have embraced more openly violent messages, including advocating for more terrorism. This rhetoric will continue in 2020.

If the group has a known headquarters, it appears first in the THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 27 listing of the group’s chapters and is marked with an asterisk. Bartlett, TN 155 WHITE NATIONALIST Council of Conservative California Citizens Colorado Blackwell, MO Connecticut White nationalist groups espouse white supremacist or white separatist ideologies, Counter-Currents Washington, DC often focusing on the alleged inferiority of nonwhites. Groups listed in a variety of Publishing Florida other categories—Ku Klux Klan, neo-Confederate, neo-Nazi, racist skinhead and , CA* Georgia Christian Identity—could also be fairly described as white nationalist. , WA Illinois Cursus Honorum Indiana Foundation Iowa Austin, TX Kentucky 5 1 3 Exodus/Americanus Louisiana 3 2 Floyds Knobs, IN Maine 2 5 2 0 Faith and Heritage Maryland 1 5 8 1 1 1 Killeen, TX Massachusetts 1 2 5 1 Fight White Genocide Michigan 4 2 2 4 2 Cayce, SC 2 5 5 Minnesota 0 3 2 0 2 10 2 Fitzgerald Griffin Missouri 13 4 Foundation, The Nebraska 2 7 3 0 2 , VA 2 4 0 2 6 Forza Nuova New Hampshire 6 3 Trenton, NJ New Jersey 0 H.L. Mencken Club New York Elizabethtown, PA North Carolina 7 0 Legion of St. Ambrose Ohio Knoxville, TN Oklahoma Affirmative Right San Luis Obispo, CA North Carolina National Assembly Oregon Atlanta, GA Boulder, CO Ohio Virginia Pennsylvania American Freedom Party Colorado Springs, CO Oklahoma National Policy Institute Rhode Island , CA* Denver, CO Oregon Alexandria, VA South Carolina Bradenton, FL Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey European Tennessee Lakewood Ranch, FL Washington, DC South Dakota Heritage Association New York, NY Florida Tennessee New Jersey Vermont New York Georgia , TX Northwest Front Virginia North Dakota , IL Salt Lake City, UT Bremerton, WA Washington Granbury, TX Indiana Alexandria, VA Occidental Dissent West Virginia Wisconsin Kentucky Seattle, WA Eufaula, AL Wisconsin American Freedom Union Baton Rouge, LA Wisconsin Patriotic Flags Hampton Township, PA , LA Wyoming Laguna Hills, CA Summerville, SC American Identity Maryland American Patriots USA Occidental Quarterly/ Pioneer Little Movement Michigan Dahlonega, GA Society Kalispell Montana Harpers Ferry, West Minnesota American Renaissance/ Atlanta, GA Kalispell, MT Virginia* Missouri Our Fight Clothing Political Cesspool, The Arizona Bozeman, MT Oakton, VA California Bartlett, TN Berkeley, CA Montana Patriot Front Racial Nationalist Party Los Angeles, CA New Jersey New York, NY Texas* of America Sacramento, CA New York Blood River Radio Arizona Lockport, NY

TOP TAKEAWAYS The white nationalist movement has embraced increasingly extreme rhetoric in 2019. Some in the movement openly advocate violence and terrorism as a way to precipitate a race war. This growing wing refers to itself as “accelerationist.” At the same time, image-conscious groups like the American Identity Movement (AIM)—which refer to themselves as the “dissident right”—spent much of 2019 trying to distance themselves from the more extreme elements within the movement. Patrick Casey, AIM’s leader, accused violence-obsessed white nationalists of having a “dead brand.” He and the like-minded among him have encouraged members of the movement to put their energy toward dismantling the conservative establishment and bending the mainstream political right toward white nationalist ideas. KEY MOMENTS This year, white nationalist ideas repeatedly inspired extreme acts of violence. After a white supremacist in New Zealand killed 51 Muslim worshippers in Christchurch, New Zealand, in March, shooters in Poway, California, and El Paso, Texas, carried out their own attacks and penned manifestos expressing their support for the Christchurch killer. The suspect in El Paso wrote that his ideas were aimed at stopping the “cul- tural and ethnic replacement” of white people—the main animating idea of the white nationalist movement. WHAT’S AHEAD The movement will likely continue to splinter over the issue of violence. While a number of arrests—like that of a member of The Base for conspiring to vandalize —have caused worry among accelerationists, there is little to suggest that wing of the movement will mel- low in the coming year. Indeed, white nationalists and neo-Nazis across the movement are more openly expressing their belief that violence is, if not desirable, inevitable. This belief will likely gain further support as political tensions increase surrounding the 2020 election.

28 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Radix Journal Alexandria, VA 48 RACIST SKINHEAD Real Republic of Florida Tallahassee, FL Racist skinheads form a particularly violent element of the white supremacist movement Harrisonburg, VA and have often been referred to as the “shock troops” of the hoped-for revolution. The classic Renaissance Horizon skinhead look is a shaved head, black Doc Martens boots, jeans with suspenders and an array Summerville, SC of typically racist tattoos. Right Brand Clothing Anaheim, CA AC Skins Michigan Firm 22 Oregon Huntington Beach, CA Atlantic City, NJ* Missouri Arizona Washington Scott-Townsend California New York Florida United Skinhead Publishers Nebraska Ohio Indiana Nation Washington, DC American Defense Pennsylvania Missouri Florida Shieldwall Network Skinheads Virginia New Jersey Minnesota Mountain View, AR* Pennsylvania* Blood and Honour Virginia Tennessee Knoxville, TN Illinois USA Golden State Vinlanders Social Social Contract Press North Carolina Skinheads Club Petoskey, MI California Virginia Northern California* Florida Montana Confederate Indiana West Palm Beach, FL Oregon Keystone State Minnesota The Base Be Active Front USA North Carolina Skinheads New York Los Angeles, CA Maryland Crew 38 Pennsylvania Texas Rome, GA Philadelphia, PA California Midland Washington Massachusetts Blood and Honour North Carolina Hammerskins Western Michigan Social Club Oregon Texas Hammerskins New Jersey North Carolina* Virginia Northwest California New York, NY Indiana Washington Hammerskins Washington Wisconsin The Colchester Collection 3 1 0 Machias, ME 2 The Foundry 0 0 0 New Carlisle, OH* 3 0 0 1 2 0 Paoli, IN 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 3 0 Hopewell Junction, NY* 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 Alabama 0 4 1 6 0 Los Angeles, CA 0 1 4 0 0 Colorado 1 0 Washington, DC 0 0 0 Florida 2 0 Las Vegas, NV 0 Minnesota 0 3 North Carolina Pennsylvania South Dakota Memphis, TN TOP TAKEAWAYS The racist skinhead movement has almost no young recruits. Image-conscious Wisconsin white nationalist groups and militant neo-Nazi groups are attracting the younger generation, while new Tribal Theocrat racist skinhead groups are emerging only from the fragments of existing groups. No group is recruiting Plano TX in significant numbers. Vandal Brothers, LLC KEY MOMENTS The Hammerskins, among ’s most established and most violent hate Bath, OH groups, did not host its annual event, Hammerfest, for the first time in years. The event is the last VDARE Foundation remaining, large racist skinhead gathering in the U.S., and the group’s failure to hold it is an indication of Warrenton, VA the movement’s decline. A small concert was held in its place. This movement, while losing momentum, Washington Summit continues to pose a public safety threat. In December 2018, a group of racist skinheads were arrested in Publishers Lynnwood, Washington, for allegedly assaulting a black DJ at a bar. Local and federal law enforcement Alexandria, VA were still reviewing the case and investigating it as a hate crime. White Rabbit Radio WHAT’S AHEAD As racist skinheads age and fail to replenish their numbers, the movement will con- Dearborn Heights, MI tinue to lose relevance. Some older members have left the movement for far-right groups, like the antigovernment “Patriot” group American Guard, that are closer to the mainstream.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 29 TOP TAKEAWAYS Neo-Confederate group numbers 26 NEO-CONFEDERATE declined in 2019 as the largest neo-Confederate hate group, the , lost several chapters. The League has faced recruitment challenges since its Neo-Confederacy is a reactionary, revisionist branch of American white nationalism presence at the in Charlottesville, typified by its predilection for symbols of the Confederate States of America, Virginia, in 2017. Ongoing lawsuits related to that event typically paired with a strong belief in the validity of the failed doctrines of hinder its activities, and challenges to Hill’s fit- nullification and —in the specific context of the antebellum South—that ness as leader have sown divisions among members. rose to prominence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Neo-Confederate propaganda group Identity Dixie effec- tively networked with other groups in the broader radical Confederate 901 North Carolina Cartersville, GA right but faltered when the SPLC published an expose Memphis, TN Texas Powder Springs, GA about the group’s leaders and its structure and history. Dixie Republic Virginia McKee, KY KEY MOMENTS In April, two members of the hate Travelers Rest, SC League of the South Holly Springs, MS group Heirs to the Confederacy were arrested in Heirs to the Killen, AL* Gallatin, TN North Carolina after defacing a slave memorial on Confederacy Weogufka, AL Knoxville, TN the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill campus Asheboro, NC Harrison, AR Danville, VA with urine and racial slurs. They were found guilty of Identity Dixie , FL Southern Revivalism the charge of injury to real property in September. In Cookeville, TN* Lake City, FL North Carolina July, the SPLC published an investigation into Identity Florida Ocala, FL Dixie that revealed the names of prominent members Georgia Panama City, FL along with the group’s structure and influence. Louisiana Aragon, GA Since then, Identity Dixie has severely curtailed its online presence. In October, regional League of the South leader Jessica Reavis was arrested for an 0 0 0 alleged firearms violation (and later convicted) at a 0 0 Confederate monument demonstration. 0 0 0 0 WHAT’S AHEAD The ongoing debate around public 0 0 0 0 memorials to the Lost Cause has galvanized small groups 0 0 0 0 0 0 in rural communities to promote neo-Confederate 0 0 0 0 0 ideology and spawned pro-monument groups relatively 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 new to the neo-Confederate hate movement. These 0 0 groups have been willing to stand with explicit white 0 4 3 0 1 nationalists and fascists from the League at protests 0 1 1 2 4 against the removal of Confederate iconography. These 1 1 ongoing protests present a way forward for the neo- 0 Confederate movement: leveraging local, decentralized monument protests and weaponizing public outrage to 5 0 promote their racist narratives.

255 BLACK SEPARATIST

The Black separatist movement is a reaction to centuries of institutionalized white Des Moines, IA Nashville, TN supremacy in America. Black separatists believe the answer to white racism is to Chicago, IL Dallas, TX form separate institutions—or even a separate nation—for Black people. Most forms Indianapolis, IN Houston, TX of are strongly anti-white, antisemitic and anti-LGBTQ. Some Louisiana San Antonio, TX religious versions assert that Black people are the biblical “” of God. Baltimore, MD Milwaukee, WI Detroit, MI House of David Ambassadors of Las Vegas, NV Oakland, CA Mississippi , NY Brooklyn, NY New York, NY Denver, CO Kansas City, MO House of Army of Israel Portland, OR Miami, FL St. Louis, MO New York, NY* Missouri* Great Millstone Tampa, FL Charlotte, NC Inglewood, CA , OH New York, NY* West Palm Beach, FL Omaha, NE Washington, DC Black Riders Liberation Birmingham, AL Atlanta, GA Las Vegas, NV Atlanta, GA Party Little Rock, AR Valdosta, GA Cleveland, OH International Society of Los Angeles, CA* Los Angeles, CA Honolulu, HI Memphis, TN Indigenous Sovereigns

30 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER 11 CHRISTIAN IDENTITY

Christian Identity is a unique antisemitic and racist that rose to a position of commanding influence on the racist right in the 1980s. “Christian” in name only, it asserts that white people, not Jews, are the true favored by God in the . The movement’s relationship with evangelicals and fundamentalists has generally been hostile due to the latter’s belief that the return of Jews to Israel is essential to the fulfillment of end-time prophecy.

Christian Revival Center Fellowship of God’s Harrison, AR Covenant People 1 0 0 0 Christogenea Union, KY 0 0 0 Panama City, FL Kingdom Identity 0 0 Ministries 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schell City, MO Harrison, AR 0 0 0 0 0 Covenant People’s Our Place Fellowship 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 Ministry Colville, WA 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Brooks, GA Sacred Truth Publishing 0 0 Divine International & Ministries 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 Church of the Web Mountain City, TN 0 0 1 Morton, IL Scriptures for America 0 0 Euro Folk Radio Worldwide Ministries 0 Chicago, IL Laporte, CO 0 1

TOP TAKEAWAYS Christian Identity groups declined from 17 to 11 this year, reflecting the continued stagnation of this radical and violent reli- gious . Although Christian Identity tenets are becoming more popular with members of neo-Confederate hate groups, there are not enough new churches being founded to slow the decay of organized congregations. The number of groups is down 45 percent over the past three years. KEY MOMENTS League of the South leader went on a Christian Identity podcast, highlighting Christian Identity’s growing influence in neo-Confederate circles. WHAT’S AHEAD The growing interest in Christian Identity beliefs among neo-Confederates presents a possible recruitment pool for future pastors. What remains to be seen is whether the doctrine will have to grow and adapt to broaden its appeal beyond the dwindling handful of individuals who have been involved with Christian Identity for decades.

Atlanta, GA Tallahassee, FL St. Louis, MO Corpus Christi, TX Upper Darby, PA* Israel United In Christ Atlanta, GA Concord, NC Dallas, TX Phoenix, AZ Mount Vernon, NY* Savannah, GA Newark, NJ Houston, TX Los Angeles, CA Birmingham, AL Honolulu, HI Las Vegas, NV Lubbock, TX Oakland, CA Mobile, AL Chicago, IL Rochester, NY San Antonio, TX Hartford, CT Little Rock, AR Kansas City, KS Heath, OH Newport News, VA Washington, DC Phoenix, AZ Louisville, KY , OK Seattle, WA Wilmington, DE Bakersfield, CA Lafayette, LA Tulsa, OK Israelite Church of God Jacksonville, FL Los Angeles, CA New Orleans, LA Philadelphia, PA in Christ, The Tampa, FL Sacramento, CA Brockton, MA Turtle Creek, PA Baltimore, MD Atlanta, GA Denver, CO Upper Marlboro, MD Columbia, SC Pittsburgh, PA Chicago, IL Jacksonville, FL Detroit, MI Memphis, TN Israelite School of Indianapolis, IN Miami, FL Grand Rapids, MI Nashville, TN Universal Practical Louisville, KY Orlando, FL Jackson, MS Austin, TX Knowledge continued »

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 31 Louisiana Israelites Saints of Oakland, CA Greensboro, NC Denver, CO , MA Christ Rialto, CA Wilmington, NC Jacksonville, FL Baltimore, MD Richmond, VA* San Diego, CA Winston-Salem, NC Tampa, FL Detroit, MI Huntsville, AL Denver, CO Camden, NJ Tupelo, MS , MN California Washington, DC Newark, NJ St. Louis, MO Mississippi Detroit, MI Wilmington, DE Plainfield, NJ Charlotte, NC Kansas City, MO New Jersey Fort Lauderdale, FL Trenton, NJ Memphis, TN St. Louis, MO North Carolina Jacksonville, FL Willingboro, NJ Seattle, WA Charlotte, NC Lion of Judah - Miami, FL Brooklyn, NY Northern Kingdom Durham, NC Jeshurun Lions Pensacola, FL New York, NY Prophets Fayetteville, NC Chicago, IL St. Petersburg, FL Rochester, NY Pueblo, CO Greensboro, NC Lions of Israel Tampa, FL Akron, OH OneBody in Yahawashi Greenville, NC Mount Vernon, NY Atlanta, GA Cleveland, OH Dallas, TX Winston-Salem, NC Masharah Yasharahla - Brunswick, GA Dayton, OH Black Toledo, OH Panther Party Oklahoma City, OK Hope, AR* 3 0 0 Tulsa, OK Louisville, KY 1 Philadelphia, PA New York, NY 0 0 3 Pittsburgh, PA Philadelphia, PA 1 0 0 7 14 0 Wilkinsburg, PA Sicarii 1715 1 0 1 4 Columbia, SC San Diego, CA* 9 0 9 Greenville, SC Long Beach, CA 3 8 3 1 0 5 7 1 9 0 2 North Charleston, SC San Bernardino, CA 5 6 7 19 4 Chattanooga, TN Orlando, FL 5 8 16 Memphis, TN Atlanta, GA 0 5 5 6 Austin, TX Chicago, IL 4 7 13 Dallas, TX Dallas, TX 22 10 Fort Worth, TX Seattle, WA 0 Houston, TX True Nation Israelite 2 19 San Antonio, TX Congregation Norfolk, VA Los Angeles, CA* Richmond, VA Phoenix, AZ New York, NY Government of Israel Rockford, IL Milwaukee, WI Augusta, GA Syracuse, NY Raleigh, NC Indianapolis, IN Nation of Kings and Trumpet in Philly Cincinnati, OH Mountains of Israel Lexington, KY Priests Philadelphia, PA Oklahoma City, OK Houston, TX Louisville, KY Orlando, FL of Charleston, SC Monroe, LA New Black Panther Israel Congregation Greenville, SC Chicago, IL* New Orleans, LA Party Hampton, VA* Nashville, TN Birmingham, AL Shreveport, LA Houston, TX* Chicago, IL Austin, TX Mobile, AL Dorchester, MA Atlanta, GA Baltimore, MD Dallas, TX Montgomery, AL Springfield, MA Baton Rouge, LA War On The Horizon Fort Worth, TX North Little Rock, AR Detroit, MI New Orleans, LA Washington, DC Houston, TX Pine Bluff, AR Grand Rapids, MI Shreveport, LA Watchmen for Israel Richmond, VA Phoenix, AZ Kansas City, MO Dayton, OH Baltimore, MD Milwaukee, WI Tucson, AZ St. Louis, MO New Black Panther Israelite the Branches Compton, CA Charlotte, NC Party for Self Defense Baltimore, MD Los Angeles, CA Durham, NC Atlanta, GA*

TOP TAKEAWAYS The activity among Black separatist groups in 2019 did not change much from last year. As in years past, Black separatists had no influence on mainstream politics or policy, unlike the white nationalist movement. Despite a few incidents that garnered national news attention, these groups continued to operate on the of society, and as a reaction to institutionalized white supremacy. KEY MOMENTS In January 2019, were in the national news after confronting students from Covington Catholic High School and Nathan Phillip, a Native American activist and Omaha elder, during the March in Washington, D.C. The following May, Facebook permanently banned Nation of Islam leader ’s Facebook and Instagram accounts, citing his antisemitic rhetoric. WHAT’S AHEAD With the onset of the 2020 presidential election season, it is likely Black separatist groups will become more active in both online and offline spaces. If the charged political environment produces more racist rhetoric from the Trump campaign, it will only add fuel to these groups’ recruitment pitches.

32 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER 70 ANTI-LGBTQ

A central theme of anti-LGBTQ organizing and ideology is the opposition to LGBTQ rights, often couched in demonizing rhetoric and grounded in harmful that portrays LGBTQ people as threats to children, society and often public health.

Alliance Defending Faith Baptist Church Dallas, TX Public Advocate of the Spokane, WA Freedom Violet, LA* Fort Worth, TX United States Tom Brown Ministries Scottsdale, AZ Baton Rouge, LA Houston, TX Merrifield, VA El Paso, TX All Scripture Baptist Faith2Action Seattle, WA Revival Baptist Church True Light Pentecost Church North Royalton, OH Mission: America Clermont, FL Church Knoxville, TN Faithful Word Baptist Columbus, OH Ruth Institute Spartanburg, SC American College Church Pacific Justice Institute Lake Charles, LA United Families of Pediatricians Tempe, AZ* Sacramento, CA* Save California International Gainesville, FL Tucson, AZ San Jose, CA Sacramento, CA Gilbert, AZ American Family Family Research Council Santa Ana, CA Ministries Verity Baptist Church Association Washington, DC Salem, OR Springfield, MA Sacramento, CA Tupelo, MS* Family Research Institute Seattle, WA Stedfast Baptist Church Warriors for Christ Franklin, PA Colorado Springs, CO Pass the Salt Ministries Fort Worth, TX* Bristol, TN Family Watch Hebron, OH Jacksonville, FL Westboro Baptist Powder Springs, GA International Pilgrims Covenant Oklahoma City, OK Church Americans for Truth Gilbert, AZ Church Strong Hold Baptist Topeka, KS About First Works Baptist Monroe, WI Church World Congress of Naperville, IL Church Pray in Jesus Name Norcross, GA Families/International ATLAH Media Network El Monte, CA Project, The Sure Foundation Baptist Organization for the New York, NY Generations Colorado Springs, CO Church Family Elizabeth, CO Probe Ministries , WA* Rockford, IL Fellowship Heterosexuals Organized Plano, TX Kailua, HI Worthington, OH for a Moral Environment Campus Ministry (H.O.M.E.) USA, The Downers Grove, IL 4 0 0 Terre Haute, IN Illinois Family Institute 0 0 Center for Family and Tinley Park, IL 0 1 Human Rights (C-Fam) Baptist Church 1 0 0 2 2 0 New York, NY Rock Falls, IL 0 0 0 2 1 0 4 1 5 1 0 Vallecito, CA Orlando, FL 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 Church Militant/ Mass Resistance 0 1 1 9 1 St. Michael’s Media Waltham, MA* 1 2 0 0 0 Ferndale, MI San Diego, CA 5 1 Concerned Christian Torrance, CA 1 0 2 Citizens Denver, CO 8 3 Temple, TX Lexington Park, MD 0 D. James Kennedy Detroit, MI 1 5 Ministries Las Vegas, NV Fort Lauderdale, FL Austin, TX

TOP TAKEAWAYS The anti-LGBTQ movement continued to enjoy success in mainstreaming its agenda in 2019 as the Trump administration pur- sued anti-LGBTQ policies at the federal level, while state and local lawmakers in many areas followed . In the meantime, three cases with implications for the rights of LGBTQ people came before the Supreme Court. One of those is being argued on the side of limiting LGBTQ rights by the Alliance Defending Freedom, an anti-LGBTQ hate group. KEY MOMENTS Mat Staver, leader of the anti-LGBTQ hate group Liberty Counsel, garnered national media attention in January 2019 when he opposed including sexual orientation and gender identity in a federal anti- bill. In April, the Department of Defense implemented Trump’s ban on transgender service members in the military, putting them at risk of discharge if they come out or are found out. And in October, the Supreme Court heard three cases that will have a nationwide bearing on whether it’s legal to fire people for being LGBTQ. WHAT’S AHEAD Anti-LGBTQ lawmakers and federal staff will continue implementing anti-LGBTQ policies, supported by anti-LGBTQ networks. Smaller, more virulent groups will continue to protest school districts and libraries with inflammatory and possibly dangerous rhetoric. We’ll also see more crossover between anti-LGBTQ groups and anti-trans feminist groups in their quest to further marginalize trans people.

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 33 20 ANTI-IMMIGRANT

Anti-immigrant hate groups are the most extreme of the hundreds of nativist and vigilante groups that have proliferated since the late 1990s, when anti-immigrant American Border Patrol Immigration Reform began to rise to levels not seen in the U.S. since the 1920s. Sierra Vista, AZ Lakewood, CO American Immigration Dustin Inman Society, The Control Foundation/ Marietta, GA 1 0 0 Americans for Federation for American 0 0 Immigration Control Immigration Reform 0 0 Monterey, VA Washington, DC 1 0 0 0 0 0 Americans for Legal Floridians for 0 0 0 0 Immigration (ALIPAC) Immigration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Raleigh, NC Enforcement 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 AZ Patriots Pompano Beach, FL 0 2 1 3 3 Arizona Help Save Maryland 0 0 1 Californians for Monkton, MD 2 0 0 0 Population Stabilization Immigration Reform 0 0 1 Ventura, CA Law Institute 2 0 0 Center for Immigration Washington, DC Studies Legal Immigrants for 0 2 Washington, DC America Colorado Alliance for Winter Springs, FL

84 ANTI-MUSLIM

Anti-Muslim hate groups are a relatively new phenomenon in the U.S., with many Baton Rouge, LA Knoxville, TN appearing after the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11, 2001. They frequently traffic Metairie, LA Austin, TX in conspiracy theories involving the infiltration of the government by Islamist Hopkinton, MA Houston, TX extremists, warn that the U.S. legal system is being subverted by Shariah law and Kansas City, MO Spokane Valley, WA portray Muslims in general as potential terrorist threats. Whitehall, MT Oostburg, WI Nashua, NH Charleston, WV ACT for America Mission Viejo, CA Bear, DE Cincinnati, OH American Freedom Washington, DC* San Fernando Valley, CA Heathrow, FL Cleveland, OH Alliance Jonesboro, AR San Gabriel Valley, CA Jacksonville, FL Columbus, OH Los Angeles, CA Tucson, AZ Santa Clarita, CA Viera, FL Hauppauge, NY American Freedom Corona, CA Walsenburg, CO Des Plaines, IL Pittsburgh, PA Defense Initiative Laguna Woods, CA Cheshire, CT Lafayette, IN Wilkes-Barre, PA New York, NY Los Angeles, CA Connecticut Terre Haute, IN Coffee County, TN American Freedom Law

TOP TAKEAWAYS The anti-Muslim movement has many allies in the Trump White House, though various personnel shakeups, notably the ouster of National Security Adviser John Bolton and his temporary replacement, chief Bolton aide , thinned those ranks slightly. An anti-Muslim terrorist attack in New Zealand in March killed 51 people and wounded another 50, and the alleged shooter’s manifesto cited several anti-Muslim talking points. Anti-Muslim hate groups remained active at the state and local level, holding events, anti-Muslim legislation and harassing mosques. KEY MOMENTS Following the March 15 terrorist attack at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, key figures in the anti-Muslim movement tried to distance themselves from the suspect, despite the fact that his manifesto contained anti-Muslim talking points that these groups have pro- moted in the past. John Guandolo, a prominent figure in the movement, called the attack “monstrous” but added, “[T]his also highlights the growing frustration in the West by citizens who feel helpless watching their communities being surrendered by their leaders to Islamic jihadis implement- ing barbaric [law].” Brigitte Gabriel, the leader of the nation’s largest anti-Muslim hate group, ACT for America, undertook a national speaking tour to promote her new book. Her group planned a fundraising gala at President Trump’s Mar-a-Lago resort, but Mar-a-Lago canceled the event after it was publicized by the SPLC. WHAT’S AHEAD The Trump administration continues to pursue policies that align with the anti-Muslim movement’s discriminatory agenda. It has set a low refugee cap for 2020, expanded the countries listed in the Muslim travel ban and floated the controversial proposal of designating the as a foreign terrorist organization. Anti-Muslim hate groups will have an ally in the White House for at least one more year.

34 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Mountain Minutemen TOP TAKEAWAYS Anti-immigrant hate groups continued to have unprecedented access to the halls Tecate, CA of power in 2019. Despite their extremism, hate groups like the Federation for American Immigration Oregonians for Reform and Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) have become go-to resources for immigration policy Immigration Reform for the Trump administration. The number of anti-immigrant groups increased from 17 to 20 in 2019. Salem, OR The small jump came from an increase in state-based groups. While the administration was enacting ProEnglish draconian nativist policies at the federal level, local groups were engaging in their own anti-immigrant Arlington, VA activism. Remembrance Project, KEY MOMENTS In July, John Tanton, the architect of the modern anti-immigrant movement, died The at age 85. In August, a gunman killed 22 people and wounded 24 at a Walmart in El Paso, Texas. Houston, TX Authorities believe an anti-immigrant manifesto that denounced the “Hispanic invasion” of Texas is Respect Washington associated with the alleged shooter. News outlets like noted that ideas featured Burien, WA in the manifesto were similar to those promoted by established anti-immigrant groups. Mark Krikorian, San Diegans for Secure executive director of CIS, tried to brush off the connection but also told the Post that the manifesto Borders was “remarkably well-written for a 21-year-old loner.” San Diego, CA WHAT’S AHEAD Anti-immigrant groups have been ecstatic over President Trump’s immigration pol- Texans for Immigration icies. Emboldened by Trump for at least one more year, they are likely to continue pushing nativist Reduction and policies at the federal, state and local level. Since immigration will likely be a prominent topic in the Enforcement 2020 election cycle, these groups will surely attempt to inject their agenda into the mainstream polit- Houston, TX ical conversation.

Center Center Refugee Resettlement Idaho Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor, MI Sherman Oaks, CA Watch Illinois Truth in Love Project American Public Policy Florida Family Association Fairplay, MD Nevada Chattaroy, WA Alliance Tampa, FL Rise Align Ignite Reclaim Southeast Michigan Truth in Textbooks Washington, DC Fortress of Faith Fishkill, NY Tea Party Boerne, TX Bomb Islam Bellingham, WA Sea Jay Foundation Utica, MI Unconstrained Analytics Phoenix, AZ Foundation for Highlands Ranch, CO Straight Way and More, Washington, DC Bureau on American Advocating Christian Sharia Crime Stoppers The Understanding the Threat Islamic Relations Truth Mount Clemens, MI Marble Hill, MO Dallas, TX Irving, TX Bronx, NY Shoebat Foundation, The Sunshine on Government United West, The Center for Security Policy G416 Patriots Newtown, PA (SONG) Alliance Lake Worth, FL Washington, DC Boerne, TX* Covington, GA Virginia Christian Alliance Christian Action Network Meridian, ID California Law Center Henrico, VA Forest, VA Glasov Productions Citizens for National Los Angeles, CA Security Global Faith Institute 3 2 0 1 Boca Raton, FL Omaha, NE 0 0 1 Clarion Project Watch 0 2 Washington, DC Sherman Oaks, CA 0 4 5 0 0 1 Concerned Community Last Chance Patriots 1 1 3 0 3 Citizens Dayton, MT 1 2 2 2 0 2 0 St. Cloud, MN 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 Counter Jihad Coalition Nashville, TN 13 5 Santa Monica, CA Proclaiming Justice 0 4 0 0 1 2 0 Cultures In Context to the 0 0 1 Incorporated/Turning Franklin, TN 6 2 Point Project Radio Jihad/Global 0 Immokalee, FL Patriot Radio 7 Freedom New York 0

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 35 165 GENERAL HATE

These groups espouse a variety of rather unique hateful doctrines and beliefs that are not easily categorized. Many of the groups are vendors that sell a miscellany of hate materials from several different sectors of the white supremacist movement.

HATE MUSIC (15) Milwaukee, WI Institute for Historical North Carolina Wotan’s Nation American Defense Tightrope Review North Dakota Decatur, TN* Records/Birthrite Calico Rock, AR Newport Beach, CA Ohio Arizona Services United Riot Records Realist Report, The Oregon Mississippi Pittsburgh, PA New York, NY Poway, CA Pennsylvania Pennsylvania BeaSSt Productions Vanguard Productions MALE SUPREMACY (1) South Carolina RADICAL TRADITIONAL Roanoke, VA New Jersey A Voice for Men Tennessee CATHOLICISM (10) Elegy Records Vinlandic Houston, TX Texas Catholic Apologetics Clifton, NJ Distribution NEO-VÖLKISCH (45) Utah International Hostile Class Productions California Ásatrú Folk Assembly Virginia Greencastle, PA Burbank, IL (7) Brownsville, CA* Washington Catholic Family News/ ISD Records/NS88 Video Barnes Review/ Alaska CarolynEmerick.com/ Catholic Family Denison, TX Foundation for San Diego, CA Folkright.com Ministries, Inc. Label 56 Economic Liberty, Inc. San Francisco, CA Rochester, NY Niagara Falls, NY Baltimore, MD Upper Marlboro, MD Colorado Gallows Tree Christ or Chaos Micetrap Distribution carolynyeager.net Florida Alliance West Chester, OH Maple Shade Township, NJ Kerrville, TX Georgia Grand Rapids, MI Culture Wars/Fidelity MSR Productions Committee for Open Idaho Heathen Coalition, The Press Wheat Ridge, CO Debate on Indiana Milwaukee, WI South Bend, IN NSM88 Records Mill Valley, CA* Kentucky Odinsvakt Kindred Fatima Crusader, The/ Detroit, MI York, PA Massachusetts San Antonio, TX International Fatima Poker Face Independent History Missouri Pacific Northwest Rosary Crusade Allentown, PA & Research Bloomington, MN Wolfpack Kindred Buffalo, NY Stahlhelm Records Coeur d’Alene, ID Newport, MN Washington IHS Press Ulfur Hrafn Kindred Norfolk, VA Canyon Lake, TX In the Spirit of Chartres 7 1 0 Viking Brotherhood Committee 5 0 California Glenelg, MD 1 2 6 4 Woden’s Folk Kindred Remnant, The/The 0 4 9 0 0 0 Waxahachie, TX Remnant Press 1 4 10 0 Wolf Age Forest Lake, MN 5 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 Grass Valley, CA Slaves of the Immaculate 0 2 0 0 1 5 5 Wolves of Vinland Heart of Mary 19 2 Lynchburg, VA* Still River, MA 1 5 3 1 3 Alabama Tradition in Action 3 3 1 2 7 Florida Los Angeles, CA 11 1 Pennsylvania OTHER (87) 2 South Carolina A2Z Publications Tennessee Las Vegas, NV 10 1 Washington All Eyes On

TOP TAKEAWAYS Hate group numbers in the neo-Völkisch movement—which distorts pre-Christian Norse traditions and spirituality with ideas about white racial superiority and ethnocentrism—grew significantly in 2019. At the same time, two members of a prominent group, the Ásatrú Folk Assembly, were outed as members of law enforcement. The , the “Western chauvinist” men’s club prone to violent street confrontations, held far fewer rallies in 2019 than they did the previous year. The demonstrations they did hold failed to recapture the momentum they had in 2018. KEY MOMENTS Robb Stamm, a sergeant with the Virginia Division of Capitol Police, was outed as a member of Ásatrú Folk Assembly. He was placed on administrative leave in February. The neo-Völkisch affiliations of Trent East, a jailer in Haralson County, Georgia, were exposed in June, and he lost his job. Both men ascended in the Ásatrú Folk Assembly leadership ranks after they lost their jobs. Two of the Proud Boys members charged in the October 2018 attack on protesters outside of the Metropolitan Republican Club in were sentenced to four years in prison. WHAT’S AHEAD At the beginning of 2019, the Ásatrú Folk Assembly paid off the mortgage on their Brownsville, California, hof, or meeting place. The group plans to expand with a second hof in 2020. Members of the Proud Boys will likely attend upcoming Trump campaign rallies in the lead-up to the 2020 election.

36 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER HATE BY STATE The arrows at right indicate whether the number of hate groups in each state rose or fell in the last year. The four highlighted states saw the Bookstore Preachers -Bible steepest decreases. Macon, GA Los Angeles, CA Puritan-Baptist Church/ Ozark Craft LC Vatican Assassins AK å KY Å NY å Upper Marlboro, MD Harrison, AR Newmanstown, PA AL å LA - OH å Bill Keller Ministries AZ Rense Radio Network St. Petersburg, FL Litchfield Park, AZ Ashland, OR AR Å MA Å OK Å Brother Nathanael Power of Prophecy Sharkhunters AZ Å MD å OR - Foundation, The Austin, TX International CA Å ME å PA - Priest River, ID Proud Boys Hernando, FL Chick Publications New York, NY* Sons of Liberty Media CO å MI å RI å Ontario, CA Alabama (formerly You Can Run CT Å MN - SC - Concerned Citizens Arizona But You Cannot Hide) å å å and Friends of Illegal Little Rock, AR Annandale, MN DC MO SD Immigration Law Fresno, CA Tony Alamo Christian DE Å MS å TN Å Enforcement Orange County, CA Ministries FL å MT å TX å Framingham, MA Sacramento, CA Canyon Country, CA Dixie Giftshop San Diego, CA New York, NY GA å NC å UT å Tennessee Colorado United Nuwaupians HI å ND å VA å European-American Connecticut Worldwide, The/All Eyes IA - NE å VT Å Evangelistic Jacksonville, FL on Egipt Sheridan, CA Miami, FL Brooklyn, NY* ID å NH å WA Å Fundamentalist Latter Orlando, FL Hartford, CT IL å NJ Å WI - Day Saints Sarasota, FL Washington, DC IN å NM Å WV å Pringle, SD Tampa, FL Athens, GA Hell Shaking Street Atlanta, GA Lithonia, GA KS å NV å WY - Preachers Hawaii Chicago, IL Tillamook, OR Chicago, IL Detroit, MI Insight USA Indiana Charlotte, NC TOP FIVE Longwood, FL New Orleans, LA Cleveland, OH Jamaat al-Muslimeen Massachusetts Philadelphia, PA 2019 HATE GROUPS Baltimore, MD Michigan Charleston, SC Jewish Defense League Minnesota Though the number of hate groups Brooklyn, NY Kansas City, MO fluctuates each year, states with large Jewish Task Force Nevada populations like Texas, California and Fresh Meadows, NY Albuquerque, NM Florida regularly have the most. King Samir Black North Carolina Survival Group, The Akron, OH 1. CALIFORNIA Los Angeles, CA Columbus, OH 2. FLORIDA Kingston Group Oklahoma 3. TEXAS Salt Lake City, UT Eugene, OR 4. NEW YORK Last Frontier Evangelism Portland, OR 5. GEORGIA - Repent Alaska Salem, OR Anchorage, AK Philadelphia, PA Lordship Church Tennessee Bonners Ferry, ID Austin, TX Luxor Couture Houston, TX Atlanta, GA Texas Masjid al Islam - As Utah Sabiqun Richmond, VA Washington, DC Seattle, WA Nationalist Liberty Union Spokane, WA Augusta, GA Tacoma, WA Official Street Vancouver, WA

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 37 ANTIGOVERNMENT GROUPS IN 2019

The Intelligence Project identified 576 extreme antigovernment groups that were active in 2019, down from 612 in 2018. Of these groups, 181 were (marked with an asterisk), down from 216 in 2018. The remainder included “common-law” courts, publishers, ministries and citizens’ groups. Generally, such groups define themselves as opposed to the “New World Order,” engage in groundless conspiracy theorizing, or advocate or adhere to extreme antigovernment doctrines. Listing here does not imply that the groups themselves advocate or engage in violence or other criminal activities or are racist. The list was compiled from field reports, group publications, the internet, law enforcement sources and news reports. It does not document activities that take place only online by individuals or groups, whether on social media, online forums or websites.Groups are identified by the city, county or region where they are located and active.

ANTIGOVERNMENT ‘PATRIOT’ GROUPS 1995–2019

1360

1274

1096 AP IMAGES/JAN BAUER (CLINTON); (BUSH); AP IMAGES/CAROLYN KASTER (OBAMA); GETTY IMAGES/AFP/JIM WATSON (TRUMP) 998

858 874 824

689

623 612 576 523 512

435

217 194 171 158 152 149 143 132 147 131

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1993 2001 GEORGE W. BUSH 2001 2009 2009 2017 DONALD TRUMP 2017

38 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ACTIVE ANTIGOVERNMENT GROUPS BY STATE

13 6 2 6 5 3 8 20 15 6 18 26 3 4 5 5 5 28 3 32 7 9 6 9 9 12 11 4 15 6 3 8 12 7 46 2 4 5 20 10 5 15 10 13 14 22 38 9 4

5 23

ALABAMA (14) Shelby County Higley Statewide HISAdvocates.org III% Security Force* United States of America National Assembly III% * Costa Mesa Statewide Republic Government Flagstaff Sacramento Valley Jefferson III% III% United Patriots* Statewide Northern Arizona * American Guard Shasta County Statewide ALASKA (4) Golden Valley Statewide Jeremiah Films American Patriot III% United Patriots* American Patriots Los Angeles Vanguard Statewide Chino Valley Three Percent* Liberty Under Fire Statewide National Assembly Kingman Statewide Taft

AP IMAGES/JAN BAUER (CLINTON); (BUSH); AP IMAGES/CAROLYN KASTER (OBAMA); GETTY IMAGES/AFP/JIM WATSON (TRUMP) American Patriots Fairbanks Pima County American Patriot National Assembly Three Percent* South Central Patriots Riders United for a Vanguard Statewide Statewide Wasilla Sovereign America, Corp. Statewide Oath Keepers Constitution Party - Tempe American States Central Montgomery III%ers, The Southern Arizona Militia* Assembly, The Northern Freedom Yell Statewide Statewide Statewide Victorville Ozark ARIZONA (15) Three Percenters- California State Militia* Outpost of Freedom III% Defense Militia III%ers, The Bay Area Los Molinos Mobile Phoenix Statewide Central Overpasses for America LewRockwell.com III% United Patriots* ARKANSAS (5) Northern Statewide Auburn Statewide III% United Patriots* Sacramento Republic for the united Medical Kidnap American Guard Statewide Sierras States of America Huntsville Statewide American Patriots Southeast Fullerton Oath Keepers American States Three Percent* Southern State of Jefferson Statewide Assembly, The Statewide Constitution Club, The Formation Reign of the Statewide Arkansas Defense Force* Hemet Butte County Heavens Society Arizona Liberty Guard* Statewide DEMOCRATS AGAINST Calaveras County Statewide Statewide National Assembly U.N. AGENDA 21 El Dorado County Republic for the united Arizona State Militia* Statewide Santa Rosa Mariposa States of America Statewide Secure Arkansas Educate Yourself Nevada County Dothan Constitutional Sheriffs Little Rock Costa Mesa Placer County Three Percenters- and Peace Officers CALIFORNIA (46) Foundation, The Shasta County III%ers, The Association III% Defense Militia* Walnut Siskiyou County

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 39 Sonora Post & Email, The Tampa Stanislaus County Canterbury Wild Bill for America THREE PERCENTERS Sutter County Three Percenters- South Daytona Three Percenterism is one of Tehama County III%ers, The* GEORGIA (22) three core components within the Trinity County Hartford County III% Security Force* antigovernment militia movement, Yuba County DELAWARE (3) Statewide along with the Oath Keepers and Three Percenters- III% United Patriots III% United Patriots traditional militia groups. The III%ers, The Statewide Brantley reference to 3 percent stems Statewide American Patriots Byron from the dubious historical claim United States Three Percent Dade County that only 3 percent of American Justice Foundation Statewide Leesburg colonists fought against the British Ramona First State Pathfinders* Midway during the War of Independence. We Are Change Statewide Northwest Fresno DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (2) Riverdale OATH KEEPERS West Coast Patriots Renew America Rockdale County The Oath Keepers, another core Los Angeles Washington Southwest component of the militia movement, COLORADO (12) WorldNetDaily St. Marys was founded in 2009 by Elmer III% Security Force Washington Waycross Stewart Rhodes, a veteran army Statewide FLORIDA (23) American Patriots paratrooper, III% United Patriots* III% United Patriots* Three Percent graduate and former Statewide Statewide Statewide congressional staffer. It primarily American Freedom Agenda21Today Constitution Party recruits current and former law Network Shady Grove Woodstock enforcement, military and first- Johnstown American Guard Discount Book responder personnel, though it American Guard Statewide Distributors/The also accepts civilians. Unlike Three Statewide American Patriots Patriot Depot Percenterism, Oath Keepers was American Patriots Three Percent Powder Springs conceived as an organization with Three Percent* Statewide Freedom Fighter Radio hierarchical leadership at national, Statewide Constitution Party Evans state and local levels, one committed American States The Villages John Birch Society to establishing a network of activists Assembly, The Florida Militia* Lamar County it hopes will lay the groundwork for Statewide Central Statewide the creation of state militias. Freedom First Society Northeast Moorish Science Temple Colorado Springs Northwest of America 1928, The CONSPIRACY PROPAGANDISTS National Assembly Southern Lithonia The John Birch Society, World Statewide Freedom Law School Oath Keepers Net Daily and InfoWars are crucial Reign of the Spring Hill Statewide to the antigovernment extremist Heavens Society John Birch Society Sovereign Filing Solutions movement in that they help craft Statewide Statewide Lake City and nurture the very conspiracy Team Law KrisAnne Hall Three Percenters- theories that animate the Grand Junction Wellborn III%ers, The movement’s activists, such as Oath Three Percenters- Liberty First University Wilkinson County Keepers and Three Percenters. III%ers, The Wellborn HAWAII (5) These conspiracy theories identify Statewide National Assembly III% United Patriots grievances, both real and imagined, We Are Change Statewide Statewide and demonize groups they deem Statewide Now the End Begins American Patriots responsible for them. Conspiracy CONNECTICUT (9) Jacksonville Three Percent propagandists often stop just III% United Patriots Oath Keepers Statewide short of offering a solution to the Statewide Statewide American States threats, instead leaving action American Guard Reign of the Assembly, The up to movement members while Statewide Heavens Society Statewide being careful to maintain plausible American Patriots Statewide Circle of Sovereigns deniability. These conspiracy Three Percent Sarasota Patriots Statewide theories generate a sense of Statewide Sarasota Three Percenters- urgency in the “Patriot” movement Connecticut Militia Three Percenters- III%ers, The that can lead to criminal activity, Three Percent* III%ers, The Statewide including terrorism. Statewide Orange County IDAHO (15) John Birch Society Uncle Sam’s III% United Patriots* Norwich Misguided Children Statewide Statewide Sarasota American Guard Oath Keepers* We Are Change Statewide Hartford Palm Beach American Patriots

40 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Three Percent Oath Keepers* III%ers, The Genesee County Three Percenters- Statewide Statewide Avoyelles Parish Lost Horizons III%ers, The AVOW (Another Voice IOWA (4) MAINE (5) Commerce Township Petal of Warning) III% United Patriots* III% United Patriots Michigan Home Guard* Watchmen of America Rigby Statewide Statewide Statewide Statement Freedom First Society American Patriots American Patriots Michigan Liberty Militia* MISSOURI (15) Blackfoot Three Percent* Three Percent* Barry County III% United Patriots Idaho Political Prisoner Statewide Statewide Michigan People’s Statewide Foundation, Inc. Iowa Patriots III% Maine Militia* Reactionary Force* 2nd Amendment Boise Des Moines Belfast Genesee County Patches.com Light Foot Militia* Reign of the Maine Volunteer National Assembly Halltown Kootenai County Heavens Society Responders Statewide American Guard Meridian Statewide Gardiner Nesara - Republic Statewide Micro Effect, The KANSAS (4) Three Percenters- Now - Galactic News American Patriots Kamiah III% United Patriots* III%ers, The* Statewide Three Percent Oath Keepers Statewide Piscataquis County Southeast Michigan Statewide Boundary County American Patriots MARYLAND (7) Volunteer Militia* Constitution Party Statewide Three Percent* III% United Patriots* Lapeer County Piedmont People for Constitutional Statewide Statewide Livingston County Freedom (P4CF) Prophecy Club American Patriots Macomb County Statewide Emmett Resources, The Three Percent* Oakland County John Birch Society Real Three Percenters Topeka Statewide Statewide Statewide Idaho, The Three Percenters- America’s Survival, Inc. Three Percenters- Missouri Brotherhood Statewide III%ers, The* Owings III%ers, The* Militia* Redoubt News Ellsworth County Constitution Party Isabella County Statewide Priest River KENTUCKY (8) of Maryland MINNESOTA (6) Missouri Citizens Militia* Voice of Idaho, The III% Security Force* Rockville III% United Patriots* Washington County Boise Statewide Maryland Rice County Missouri Militia* ILLINOIS (9) III% United Patriots* People’s Militia* Statewide Joplin III% United Patriots* Statewide Westminster American Patriots Kansas City Statewide American Guard My Brother’s Threepers* Three Percent Springfield American Guard Statewide Smithsburg Statewide St. Joseph Statewide American Patriots Oath Keepers American Patriot Oath Keepers American Patriots Three Percent Statewide Vanguard Statewide Three Percent Statewide MASSACHUSETTS (5) Statewide United States of America Statewide Oath Keepers III% United Patriots* Genesis Communication Republic Government Connecting the Dots Statewide Statewide Network St. Louis Chicago Tea Party of Kentucky American Patriots Eagan MONTANA (6) Illinois Sons of Liberty Louisville Three Percent* Three Percenters- III% United Patriots Statewide Three Percenters- Statewide III%ers, The* Statewide Next News Network III%ers, The Constitution Party Crow Wing County American Patriots Northbrook Bullitt County Statewide MISSISSIPPI (13) Three Percent Overpasses for America Louisville Oath Keepers* III% United Patriots Statewide Statewide LOUISIANA (9) Ware Statewide John Birch Society United States of America III% United Patriots Three Percenters- American Patriots Statewide Republic Government Statewide III%ers, The* Three Percent Oath Keepers Chicago American Patriots Worcester County Statewide Statewide We Are Change Three Percent MICHIGAN (18) Citizens Militia Stand Up America U.S. Chicago Statewide III% United Patriots* of Mississippi* Bigfork INDIANA (6) Constitution Party Statewide Batesville Three Percenters- III% United Patriots* Eunice 1st Michigan Assembly Calhoun County III%ers, The Statewide Empire Washitaw Statewide Carrollton Statewide American Guard de Dugdahmoundyah American Constitutional DeSoto County NEBRASKA (5) Statewide Richwood Elites* Itawamba County III% United Patriots* American Patriots Gulf Coast Muskegon Simpson Comstock Three Percent* Patriot Network American Patriots Constitution Party American Patriots Statewide Shreveport Three Percent* Seminary Three Percent Indiana Citizens Oath Keepers Statewide Gulf Coast Statewide Volunteer Militia* Central Capitol City Militia Patriot Network Free Inhabitant Lake County Covington Statewide Statewide Omaha Indiana Volunteer Militia* Statewide Genesee County Oath Keepers Sovereignty Statewide Three Percenters- Volunteer Militia* Statewide and Defense Ministry

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 41 Omaha American Patriots National Assembly Liberty Den, The Guilford County Three Percenters- Three Percent* Santa Fe Stamford Northeast III%ers, The Statewide Reign of the Liberty State Militia* Southeast* Custer County Constitution Party Heavens Society Chenango County Southwest NEVADA (7) Palmyra Statewide Light Foot Militia* American Guard III% United Patriots* John Birch Society Three Percenters- Statewide Statewide Statewide Flemington III%ers, The Madison’s Militia American Patriots American Patriots Keyport Statewide New Three Percent Three Percent Sicklerville United Constitutional National Assembly Statewide Statewide Statewide Patriots* Statewide America’s Remedy Light Foot Militia Oath Keepers* Sunland Park National Liberty Alliance Charlotte Elko County Bergen County NEW YORK (26) Hyde Park Camp Constitution Washoe County Cape May III% United Patriots* New York Militia TM* Charlotte National Assembly Northern Statewide Albany County Constitution Party Statewide Statewide American Mohawk Valley Rocky Point Three Percenters- Three Percenters- Constitutional Elites* Statewide Cowboy’s III%ers, The III%ers, The Tonawanda Oath Keepers Motorcycle Club* Statewide Statewide American Guard Columbia County Statewide We Are Change NEW MEXICO (10) Statewide Long Island* Free North Carolina Las Vegas III% United Patriots* American Patriots Orange County Cape Carteret NEW HAMPSHIRE (5) Statewide Three Percent* Statewide* John Birch Society III% United Patriots* American Patriots Statewide Sisters of Liberty Militia Statewide Statewide of New Mexico Constitution Party Norwich NORTH-CAROLINA American Guard Statewide Buffalo Three Percenters- American Republic Statewide American Patriot Corporate Freedom Group III%ers, The* Charlotte American Patriots Vanguard Buffalo Herkimer County Oath Keepers Three Percent* Rio Rancho Creditors Debtors We Are Change Statewide Statewide American States Contracts in New York Stokes County Militia* National Assembly Assembly, The Commerce (CDCIC) NORTH CAROLINA (20) King Statewide Statewide Statewide III% United Patriots Three Percenters- Three Percenters- Constitution Party John Birch Society Alexander County III%ers, The III%ers, The* Los Lunas Garden City Bladen County Wake County Belknap County Guardian Patriots Little Neck Buncombe County NORTH DAKOTA (2) NEW JERSEY (11) Sunland Park New York Granville County III% United Patriots*

TOP TAKEAWAYS Three years into the term of a president who shares its penchant for conspiracy theories—about the “” and Barack Obama’s birthplace, for example—the antigovernment “Patriot” movement has found itself in the odd position of being on the same side of the very federal government it has long professed to despise. Lacking the sort of mortal enemy in the White House that supercharged Patriot groups when Obama was elected in 2008, the movement has gravitated more and more toward the same white nationalist themes—animus toward nonwhite immigrants and Muslims—that animate the Trump administration. In addition to immigrants, the emergence of anti-fascist activism has provided another timely foe for the movement during this identity crisis. Not coincidentally, is often depicted as the street army of the deep state. KEY MOMENTS In March, after the massacre of 51 worshipers at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, InfoWars host managed to find common ground with the terrorist who livestreamed his attack on Facebook. While some white supremacists openly celebrated the slaughter, Jones and his guests—Stewart Rhodes of Oath Keepers and Patriot movement novelist Matt Bracken—condemned the violence but agreed with the killer’s motivation. In an online posting, the terrorist cited the white nationalist theory known as “the great replacement,” the idea that white people in majority-white countries are being systematically and deliberately replaced by nonwhite immigrants. The next month, in April, armed members of a militia group known as United Constitutional Patriots garnered national media attention for detain- ing nearly 300 migrants outside Sunland Park, New Mexico. The group, whose members wore military-style uniforms and masks, camped without permission on property owned by a railroad for about two months. After posting a video of the detentions online, they were forced to leave the site. The group’s apparent leader was arrested on weapons charges. Later, a member was ousted after a Sunland Park police report detailed his desire to shoot migrants—as well as “go back to Hitler days and put them all in a gas chamber.” In August, influential Patriot movement activist KrisAnne Hall, a self-described “constitutional attorney,” appeared at an annual conference hosted by the Florida chapter of the neo-Confederate hate group League of the South. Hall advocated for the possibility of secession to a group whose organizing principle is of a white, Christian ethnostate in the southeastern United States. WHAT’S AHEAD The outcome of the 2020 election is the wild card for the movement. A Democratic victory in the presidential race could set the stage for a resurgence of the Patriot movement, as occurred during the Clinton and Obama eras—in part because of renewed fears about gun con- trol measures. In addition, while Latin American immigrants, Muslims, “deep state” elites, antifa and other nontraditional targets have incited the antigovernment movement during the Trump administration, the movement hasn’t forgotten its usually enemies at federal regulatory and law enforcement agencies. Antigovernment extremists will continue directing their anger at agencies like the Bureau of Land Management, the Environmental Protection Agency, the IRS and the FBI.

42 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ANTIGOVERNMENT ‘PATRIOT’ GROUPS IN PERCENTAGES

23 28 26 40 35 31 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 77 72 74 60 65 69

TOTAL 874 TOTAL 998 TOTAL 623 TOTAL 689 TOTAL 612 TOTAL 576

MILITIA GROUPS OTHER PATRIOT GROUPS

The overall number of antigovernment “Patriot” groups has dropped by more than half since peaking in 2012 with 1,360 groups. Militias are Patriot groups that actively engage in military-style training. They are shown in the chart above as a percentage of the movement each year from 2014 to 2019.

Statewide Oath Keepers Statewide Jackson County Bradford County Three Percenters- Statewide American Patriots Jefferson County Juniata County III%ers, The* Ohio Defense Force Three Percent Josephine County Schuylkill County Sheridan County Home Guard* Statewide Klamath County Statewide OHIO (32) Cincinnati National Assembly Wheeler County Westmoreland County III% Security Force* Ohio Elite Three Percent Statewide PENNSYLVANIA (28) Oath Keepers* Statewide Statewide Three Percenters- III% United Patriots* Statewide III% United Patriots* Ohio Minuteman Militia* III%ers, The Statewide Pennsylvania Statewide Statewide Pottawatomie County Alt-Market.com Homeland Shield* American Ohio Valley Minutemen OREGON (20) Pittsburgh Clarksburg Constitutional Elites* Citizen’s Volunteer III% Security Force American Guard Pennsylvania Statewide Militia* Statewide Statewide Oath Keepers* American Guard Statewide American Patriot Party American Patriots Three Statewide Statewide Patriot Shit Outfitters Ashland Percent* Pennsylvania American Patriots Bethel American Patriots Statewide Patriots United* Three Percent* Reapers Constitutional Three Percent A.R.M.E.D. Riding Club Oley Statewide Militia of Ohio* Statewide Statewide Pennsylvania Constitution Party Cortland Freedom Berks County Patriots State Militia* New Lebanon Reign of the International Blandon Statewide Frontiersmen, The* Heavens Society Klamath Falls Carlisle Light Infantry* Reign of the Ravenna Statewide Freedom From Cumberland County Heavens Society Heartland Defenders Silver Shield Xchange Government Constitution Party Statewide Statewide Cleveland Newberg Lancaster Three Percenters- John Birch Society Southern Ohio Militia National Assembly Eastern Pennsylvania III%ers, The* Statewide Statewide Statewide Regional Militia* Northumberland County Last Militia, The* Southern Ohio News With Views Wyomissing Three Percent Allen County Outdoorsmen Merlin Emergency Non-Profit Liberty Defenders* Butler County Peebles Oregon III%* Assisting Communities Statewide Clark County Three Percenters- Statewide Together (ENACT)* Three Percent Liberty Hamilton County III%ers, The* State of Jefferson Dauphin Defenders Auxiliary Montgomery County Knox County Formation Freedom Patriot Statewide Summit County Threeper Tactical Coos County Defenders* RHODE ISLAND (3) Trumbull County Training, LLC Crook County Statewide American Guard March to Exodus Massillon Curry County John Birch Society Statewide Statewide West Ohio Minutemen* Deschutes County Lancaster Rhode Island Patriots* North East Ohio Statewide Douglas County Philadelphia Statewide Woodsmen* OKLAHOMA (4) Gilliam County Pittsburgh TruthRadioShow.com East Rochester III% United Patriots* Harney County Light Foot Militia* Providence

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 43 SOUTH CAROLINA (10) El Paso Statewide American States Three Percenters- III% United Patriots* Cold Dead Hands American Guard Assembly, The III%ers, The* Statewide 2nd Amendment Statewide Statewide Marathon County American Patriots Advocacy Group American Patriots Black Horse Militia WYOMING (6) Three Percent Greenville Three Percent Seattle III% United Patriots Statewide Constitution Party Statewide Citizen Review Online Statewide Christian Exodus Iredell John Birch Society Sequim American Patriots Fort Mill Constitution Society Statewide John Birch Society Three Percent Constitution Party Austin Liberty RoundTable Statewide Statewide North Augusta Defense Distributed American Fork Liberty For All Three Natural News John Birch Society Austin National Assembly Percent Cody Greenville Freedom School Statewide Yakima Oath Keepers Spartanburg Austin Oath Keepers Light Foot Militia Northwest Statewide Golden Triangle Militia* Statewide Grant County Southeast Summerville Orange Reign of the Spokane County* Three Percenters- Light Foot Militia* InfoWars Heavens Society National Assembly III%ers, The Horry County Austin Statewide Statewide Statewide Three Percenters- John Birch Society Three Percenters- North Western Research III%ers, The Dallas III%ers, The Institute Sumter County Houston Statewide Statewide SOUTH DAKOTA (3) Statewide VERMONT (3) Three Percenters- III% United Patriots* Light Foot Militia Green Mountain Militia* III%ers, The Statewide Henderson County Statewide Statewide American Patriots County Light Foot Militia Three Percent Three Percent Smith County Statewide of Washington* Statewide Oath Keepers Three Percenters- Statewide Three Percenters- Fort Worth III%ers, The* WEST VIRGINIA (6) III%ers, The* Quitman Orange County III% United Patriots* Stanley County Statewide* VIRGINIA (12) Statewide TENNESSEE (5) Temple III% Security Force* American American Patriots Overpasses for America Statewide Constitutional Elites Three Percent Statewide III% United Patriots* Parkersburg Statewide Patriot Logistical Statewide American Patriots American Patriot Support Team American Guard Three Percent* Vanguard Cleveland Statewide Statewide Statewide Patriots General Store American Patriots Constitution Party East Tennessee Ennis Three Percent Weston Mountain Militia* Reign of the Statewide Oath Keepers Knoxville Heavens Society American Policy Center Statewide Oath Keepers Statewide Warrenton Ohio Valley Statewide Republic Broadcasting Constitution Party Minutemen Citizen’s Three Percenters- Round Rock Newport News Volunteer Militia* III%ers, The Republic of Texas Constitutional Rights PAC Charleston Smith County Bastrop County Alexandria WISCONSIN (8) TEXAS (38) Radio :David-Wynn: Miller III% United Patriots Austin Springfield Milwaukee Statewide Silver Bear Café John Birch Society III% United Patriots* Alamo Militia* Garland Statewide Statewide San Antonio Texans4Truth Oath Keepers American Patriots Three American Georgetown Bedford Percent* Constitutional Elites* Texas Eagle Forum Three Percenters- Statewide Statewide Dallas III%ers, The American States American Patriots Texas State Militia* Buckingham County Assembly, The Three Percent Austin United States of America Statewide Statewide Houston Republic Government John Birch Society American Patriot Three Percenters- Statewide Appleton Union, The III%ers, The WASHINGTON (13) Reign of the San Antonio Comanche County III% United Patriots Heavens Society Americans Standing Warrior Code Statewide Statewide for Liberty Leander American Patriots Republic for the united Hamlin UTAH (9) Three Percent States of America Border Network News III% United Patriots* Statewide Statewide

44 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research for this report was conducted by the staff of the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Intelligence Project. They include, among others, Eddie Bejarano, Tracey Gale, Howard Graves, Keegan Hankes, Raven Hodges, Rachel Janik, Caleb Kiefer and Cassie Miller. The report was written by the Intelligence Project staff and Booth Gunter, who also served as the chief editor. Additional editing, editorial support and editorial oversight were provided by Keegan Hankes and Rachel Janik. Michelle Leland designed the layout.

CREATIVE CREATIVE DIRECTOR Russell Estes SENIOR CREATIVE LEADS Michelle Leland, Scott Phillips, Kristina Turner DESIGNERS Shannon Anderson, Hillary Andrews, Cierra Brinson, Sunny Paulk, Saylor, Alex Trott , Claudia Whitaker CREATIVE ASSOCIATE Angela Greer

THE YEAR IN HATE AND EXTREMISM 3 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER Non Profit Org. 400 Washington Avenue U.S. Postage PAID Montgomery, AL 36104 Southern Poverty Law Center

For more information, visit splcenter.org/hate-map

Get the latest news and join the conversation. @Hatewatch SPLCenter