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SFU Library Thesis Template Exploring the Design Dynamics of Community-based Social Innovation Projects by Applying the Theory of Infrastructuring by Xiaolan Wang M.E., Shandong University, 2012 B.E., Shandong University, 2009 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Interactive Arts and Technology Faculty of Communication, Art and Technology © Xiaolan Wang 2017 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2017 Copyright in this work rests with the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Approval Name: Xiaolan Wang Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title: Exploring the Design Dynamics of Community- based Social Innovation Projects by Applying the Theory of Infrastructuring Examining Committee: Chair: Halil Erhan Associate Professor Ron Wakkary Senior Supervisor Professor Kate Hennessy Supervisor Associate Professor Will Odom Supervisor Assistant Professor Gabriela Aceves-Sepulveda Internal Examiner Assistant Professor Christopher Le Dantec External Examiner Associate Professor School of Literature, Media, and Communication Georgia Institute of Technology Date Defended/Approved: August 9, 2017 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Social innovations are products, services and models that meet social needs and generate new social connections or collaborations. Interaction design research aimed at supporting social innovation projects has only recently begun to gain momentum. To better support social innovations and further promote social change, interaction designers need to better understand the emerging possibilities, limitations and implications in those projects. In this dissertation, to further explore how interaction designers can play a role in promoting social innovation, I utilize the theory of infrastructuring in relation to the theoretical framework publics (Le Dantec, 2016) for interpreting the underlying design process in social innovation projects in community contexts. I believe the application of the infrastructuring concept allows design to have a role in describing in detail the design process of those projects. Infrastructuring helps to reveal the inner workings of such projects. Moreover, personally being involved in several social innovation projects, such as being a community gardener, I was amazed by and interested in understanding more about the creativity of people in the design process of these projects. Hence, the goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive description and interpretation of the collective design of community-based social innovation projects. This dissertation reports on a multiple-case study that describes the design process of three community-based social innovation projects in the city of Vancouver - Inner City Farms, Vancouver Tool Library, and Woodland Community Garden. Based on the description, design implications are proposed to discuss the potentialities of interaction design in supporting the design process of such projects. On the one hand, this research highlights the aspects of the design process in which interaction designers can play a significant role and further support social innovation. On the other hand, applying the notion of infrastructuring to the collective design of community-based social innovation projects provides an opportunity to extend the understanding of design toward a more dynamic and open-ended process where conflicts, standards, and adaptions are interwoven within an infrastructuring process. Keywords: infrastructuring; design process; social innovations; community-based iv Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ron Wakkary, my senior supervisor. Ron, thank you for leading me into the world of design research. Thanks for your generous guidance and support which make it possible for me to find and work on a topic that was of great interest to me. Thanks for your encouragement and trust during these years, as a mentor and a friend. I also gratefully thank my committee members Kate Hennessy and Will Odom for providing advice and being a source of motivation for me. I also thank Xiangyang Xin, who was a professor in interaction design at Hong Kong Polytechnic University when we met in 2011. Xin, thanks for opening the door of interaction design field to me. Without you, I would not be able to know this field and to start my doctoral study on interaction design. I would like to thank to all my friends in Everyday Design Studio. Thanks for all of your friendship and your support. It is my honor to have each of you in my life in Vancouver. I also thank the Chinese Scholarship Council and Simon Fraser University for financial support of my doctoral study. I would like to thank SIAT for providing such a wonderful environment for my study and research. I am thankful to the participants in my study for allowing me to ask questions and become a participant in your great projects. Thanks to all of you for sharing your amazing stories with me. This work would not be possible without your support. Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends in China and Canada, for your love and support. To Mom, your encouragement and unconditional love is my power and courage to carry on in this journey. Thank you, Jingrui, for your understanding, love, and the firm belief in our future. And thank you Min, for our precious friendship. Words can never be enough to express my gratitude to all of you. v Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Ethics Statement ............................................................................................................ iii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Purpose of study and research questions .............................................................. 2 1.2. Motivation for this research .................................................................................... 3 1.3. Introducing the terms ............................................................................................. 3 1.3.1. Conceptualizing social innovation .................................................................. 3 1.3.2. The use of ‘infrastructuring’ in this thesis ....................................................... 4 1.3.3. Defining design and interaction design .......................................................... 5 1.4. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 6 1.5. Contributions and audience ................................................................................... 7 1.5.1. Contributions of this research ........................................................................ 7 1.5.2. Audience for this research ............................................................................. 8 1.6. Outline of this dissertation ..................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2. Research Background ........................................................................... 10 2.1. Theoretical background: the theory of infrastructuring ......................................... 10 2.1.1. The concept of infrastructuring .................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Infrastructuring and publics .......................................................................... 12 2.1.3. Discussion ................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Social innovations and design ............................................................................. 15 2.2.1. Social innovation definition and characteristics ............................................ 15 2.2.2. Design for social innovation ......................................................................... 16 2.2.3. Discussion ................................................................................................... 16 2.3. The application of infrastructuring in design research .......................................... 17 2.3.1. Participatory design ..................................................................................... 17 2.3.2. Social design ............................................................................................... 20 2.3.3. Discussion ................................................................................................... 21 2.4. City of Vancouver ................................................................................................ 22 2.4.1. The City of Vancouver ................................................................................. 22 2.4.2. History of community action in Vancouver ..................................................
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