Proposals for Modification and Design Changes to Jail/Holdings Cells: Psychological Impact on Aggressive and Self- Destructive Behavior
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This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. TR - 03 - 2000 Jail/Holding Cell Design Proposals for Modification and Design Changes to Jail / Holding Cells Psychological Impact on Aggressive and Self Destructive Behaviour Prepared by Dr Lester Krames C. Psych Dr. Gordon L. Flett © HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA (2005) © SA MAJESTÉ LA REINE DU CHEF DU CANADA (2005) As represented by the Solicitor General of Canada. représentée par le Solliciteur général du Canada. Proposals For Modification And Design Changes To Jail/Holdings Cells: Psychological Impact On Aggressive And Self- Destructive Behavior Prepared by Dr Lester Krames C. Psych. Dr. Gordon L. Flett Prepared under contract with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Contract number M901—8-0056 ) 76 Stroud Road Hamilton Ontario, Canada L8S 1Z9 Telephone (905) 526-1101 FAX (905) 525-5553 BACKGROUND AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE..........................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................3 The survey................................................................................................................................................. 3 WHAT IS AT STAKE?............................................................................................................................................4 WHY REDESIGN JAIL/HOLDING CELLS?..................................................................................................................6 Importation versus Deprivation Hypotheses................................................................................................8 American Surveys of Suicides in Lockups and Jails................................................................................... 15 Suicides in Prisons, Jails, and Holding Cells in the Netherlands................................................................ 19 The Importation Hypothesis Revisited: Demographic and Cultural Factors .............................................. 22 Depression and Hopelessness...................................................................................................................23 Impulsivity and Impulsive Behaviors.........................................................................................................26 The Base Rate Problem............................................................................................................................ 27 Self-Concealment and Impression Management........................................................................................ 27 Deprivation Factors and the Environmental Approach..............................................................................28 Social Isolation........................................................................................................................................ 30 Dehumanized Environments..................................................................................................................... 33 CURRENT STATE OF JAIL/HOLDING CELLS.......................................................................................35 PREVIOUS RCMP REPORTS OF DEATHS IN CUSTODY.............................................................................................. 36 RISK ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES............................................................................................................................39 RISK ASSESSMENT FROM THE CURRENT RCMP SURVEY..........................................................................................40 Specific Risk Factors For Self-Harm.........................................................................................................41 PROPOSED CHANGES TO JAIL/HOLDING CELLS.............................................................................. 43 PHYSICAL CHANGES .........................................................................................................................................44 Cell Size:................................................................................................................................................................44 Ceiling Heights:......................................................................................................................................................45 Cell Doors:.............................................................................................................................................................45 Cell Windows:........................................................................................................................................................45 Cell Color:..............................................................................................................................................................45 Surveillance:...........................................................................................................................................................45 Padded-Walls:........................................................................................................................................................ 46 Toilet Facilities:......................................................................................................................................................46 Hanging Points:......................................................................................................................................................46 Doors:....................................................................................................................................................................46 Surveillance-Cells:..................................................................................................................................................47 Windows:...............................................................................................................................................................47 Furnishings:............................................................................................................................................................47 First-aid:.................................................................................................................................................................47 Wall Colors:...........................................................................................................................................................47 Monitoring:............................................................................................................................................................ 47 Space:.................................................................................................................................................................... 48 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................... 48 Proposed Visual Changes.........................................................................................................................50 Windows and Visibility of the Natural Environment:............................................................................................... 50 Psychological Impact Cell Wall Colors....................................................................................................................52 Patterns of Visual Design-Creating a Healthy Psychological Environment:............................................................... 55 Two-Tone Cells................................................................................................................................................. 56 Design and Patterns............................................................................................................................................57 Lighting:............................................................................................................................................................58 Radios and the Diurnal Cycle:.............................................................................................................................61