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Degeneracy and Political Assassination

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Degeneracy and Political Assassination Degeneracy and Political Assassination BY Eugene S Talbot M.D., D.D.S. R C PRINT C D FROM MCOIGINC WILLIAM M. WARR&N, P U6LIS H & R O C GCMBCR, 19 0 1 • DEGENERACY AND PolticalAssassination UY F.i;GEKE S. TALBOT, :\!.D., D.D.S., Fellow or the Chicago Academy or :\!ediciue; Professor of Stomatology, \\'oman's :\ledicnl Deparhuent, ~orthwesteru University. In dealing with political assassination as with other phases of sociology, racial and national tests alone are applicable. On the continent of Europe assassiuation has always played a part in poli­ tics. Even during the nineteenth century the axiom of Dumas1 that in politics" we do not kill a man, we remove an obstacle," was acted ou by royalist, imperialist, nihilist, aud churchman alike. The English, as Macaulay 2 points out, regard "assassiuatiou, aud have during some ages regarded it, with a loathiug peculiar to themselves. So English, indeed, is this sentiment that it cannot even now be called Irish, and that till a recent period it was not Scotch. In Ireland to this day the villain who shoots at his enemy from behind a hedge is too often protected from justice by public sympathy. "In Scotland plans of assassination were often during the six­ teenth and seventeenth centuries successfully executed though known to great numbers of persons. The murders of Beaton, of Rizzio, of Darnley, of Murray, of Sharpe, are conspicuous instances. The royalists who murdered Lisle in Switzerland and Ascham at Madridwere Irishmen; the royalists who murdered Dorislaus at the Hague were Scotchmen. In England, as soon as such a design ceases to be a secret hidden in the recesses of one gloomy, cankered heart, the risk of detection and failure becomes extreme. Felton and Bellingham reposed trust in no human being, and they were therefore able to accomplish their evil purposes. But Babingtou's couspiracy against Elizabeth, Fawkes's conspiracy against James, Gerard's conspiracy against Cromwell, the Rye house couspiracy, Despard's conspiracy, the Cato Street conspiracy, were all discov­ ered, frustrated, and punished. In truth such a conspiracy is, in E ngland, exposed to equal danger from the good and from the bad qualities of the conspirators. Scarcely any Englishman, not utterly destitute of conscience aud houor, will engage in a plot for slaying an unsuspe~tiug fello\\' creature, and a wretch who has neither con· science nor honor is li)<.ely to think much on the danger which he incurs by being true to his associates and on the rewards which he may obtain by betraying them. There are, it is true, persons in I Count o r MonteCristo. 21Iiotory or F.uglnnd, \'01. ,., p. 120. 2 DEGENERACY AND ASSASSINA TJON whom religious or political fanaticism has destroyed all moral sensi­ bility on one particular point, and yet has left that sensibility gener­ ally umimpaired. Such a person was Digby. He had no scruple about blowing Kiug, Lords, and Commons into the air, yet to his accomplices he was religiously and chivalrously faithful; nor could even the fear of the rack extort from bim one word to their preju­ dice. This union of depravity and heroism is rare. The majority of men are either not vicious enough or not virtuous enough to be loyal and devoted members of a treacherous and cruel confederacy, and if a single member should want either the necessary vice or the necessary virtue, the whole are in danger. 'I'o bring together in one body forty Englishmen all hardened cutthroats and yet all so upright and generous that neither the hope of opulence nor the dread of the gallows can tempt any one of them to be false to the rest, has hitherto been found, and will, it is to be hoped, always be found, impossible." Another Gerard conspiracy in addition to that referred to by Macaulay was directed against William the Silent. Gerard (Fig. 1), born in 1558, killed William the SilentJuly 10, 1584, and was executed July 14. Iu the conspiracy were Dutch, English, French, Italian, and Spanish ultramontanes. The deed was favored by the Jesuit faction and met with approval by high ecclesiastic dig­ nitaries. Gerard was almost canonized by the Spanish monarchists. For some years he had displayed egotistic evidences of par­ anoia, and had labored at the conspiracy for six years. Through paranoiac anesthe­ sia he endured torture so courageously that Fro. •- Gerard. Dutch, English, Frenchand German prot­ estants believed that the devil aided him. He had a kephalonic scaphocephalic cranium. The eyes were small, sunken, and une­ qually placed; the bones of the face and nose were arrested iu development, as also was the upper jaw. This prejudice against assassination as a political weapon, while common iu the Northern United Statesis not found in the South ern. The attack on Sumner by Brooks in the halls of Congress, although of the nature of political assassination, met with approval iu the South. The recent assassination of Goebel by Kentucky republicans does not seem to have aroused special horror in the South. T he feeling among the opposing party iu Kentucky is ven­ geance rather than loathing. DEGENERACY AND ASSASSJNA TION 3 \Vhile factors of this kind discount the value of assassination as au absolute test of mental disorder or degeneracy, still it cannot be controverted that most assassins are abnormal. The reason for this bas been pointed out by Macaulay in his discussion of the case of Grandval, who was "undoubtedly brave and full of zeal for his country and Roman Catholicism. He was, indeed, flighty and half­ witted, but not on that account the less dangerous. Indeed, a flighty and half-witted man is the very instrument generally pre­ ferred by cunning politicians when very hazardous work is to be done." Mock deference, as J. G. Kiernan 1 has pointed out, renders this class of beings the unflinching slaves of party leaders. It is not surprising, therefore, that stigmata of degeneracy are, as I pointed out seven years ago, 2 as frequent among political assassins, who represent the proletariat, bourgeois, and aristocracy, as among royalty. Assassination in Italy, France, Holland, and Germany during the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries was a trade carried on for hire. Even in the nineteenth century the Italian bravo and the French paid assassin were not unknown. In Polandbefore the extinction of the republic (under monarchic forms) revolutions and assassinations were necessary incidents of government. To this day they are parts of Polish protests against Russian rule. Even as late as 1867 the PoleBerezowski attempted to assassinate Alexander II. at the Parisexposition. These deeds are eulogized in the histories taught in PolishCatholic schools anent Poland In Ireland, the prejudice against assassinations for Irish political reasons is non-existent in the south. The Irish World which rabidly denounced the assassination of McKinley, defended the Phrenix Park assassinations committed on innocent persons in order to break off negotiations between Parnell and Gladstone to benefit Irish- American and Irish politicians profiting by funds raised in America for revolutionary purposes. This last procedure has been much employed in Europe and Ireland for the purpose of leading the government to measures so extreme as to force moderate men into revolution. A useless, blatant adherent is often killed by his own party to cast blame on the opposite party. This style of assassination bas been so frequently employed in Irish politics that it forms the motif of Carleton's romance, "Crohore of the Billhook.'' IJottrttal of• llmlal Sdm t:e, 188;, p. ' 93· 2Jottrttal oftlu America11 Jlledical A ssociaii<m, ::\o,·. 10, 1891. 4 DEGENERACY AND ASSASSINATION Assassination may be part of a religious cult. This was the case with the thugs, who were devotees of Bowauee, the destructive female principal of the Hindoo Pantheon. Acting on Italian principles of government (summarized by 1 Machiavelli ) Catherine de Medici converted assassination as she did prostitution into efficient government agencies. Her policy resem­ bled that of Alexander VI. and other Borgias. This Italian policy was adopted against Queen Elizabeth by the ultramontanes. It was also employed by one of the meanest of the mean Stuarts, James I. of England. While Catherine de Medici employed indifTerently any method of assassination which suited her purpose, she was as much of a past master of toxicology as the Borgias. In Italy, indeed, poisoning was so popular as to bear the name of a saint. So late as 1719 poison was sold in Italy under the title of '' ::\1anoa of St. Nicholas of Barri." St. Nicholas was adopted as a patron saint by criminals. Thieves were popularly known as St. Nicholas's clerks. The derivation of the word assassin indicates the part drugs played in producing assassins. The "old man of the mountain" administered hashish to his dupes, who were thereby transported to an imaginary paradise filled with houris. To secure this paradise they were ready to obey any errand of the old man of the mountain, and were employed to remove his enemies. Corruption of the term hashish produced the word assassin. Assassination by a Continental European, by au Irishman, or by a Southerner does not present to the Continental European, the Southerner, or the Irishman the horrid aspect it does to an English man or to an American of the Northern United States. Assassina­ tion in any of these peoples does not imply necessarily the depth of moral turpitude it does in an Englishman or an American from the Northern United States Assassination, not necessarily antisocial in character, has beeu often held noticeably the reverse, as in the cases of Brutus aud Tell; hence it is perfectly consonant with even high ethical ideals in other respects.
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