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PRIVATE STANDARDS in the UNITED STATES and EUROPEAN UNION MARKETS for FRUIT and VEGETABLES – Implications for Developing Countries FAO 83 600 7 1 0 / - 7 0 0 1

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PRIVATE STANDARDS in the UNITED STATES and EUROPEAN UNION MARKETS for FRUIT and VEGETABLES – Implications for Developing Countries FAO 83 600 7 1 0 / - 7 0 0 1 ISSN 1810-0783 FAO COMMODITY STUDIES PRIVATE STANDARDS 3 IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION –Implicationsfordevelopingcountries ANDEUROPEANUNIONMARKETSFORFRUITVEGETABLES INTHEUNITEDSTATES STANDARDS PRIVATE 3 MARKETS FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES Implications for developing countries Over the past 20 years the number of standards and certification programmes for agricultural production has grown rapidly. PRIVATE STANDARDS Producers who want to export are confronted not only by a plethora of import regulations, but also within import countries by different niche markets for which specific requirements have IN THE UNITED STATES to be fulfilled. This report gives an overview of standards and certification AND EUROPEAN UNION programmes relevant for fruit and vegetable producers and exporters in developing countries with a focus on the markets of the United States of America and the European Union. In MARKETS FOR FRUIT addition, it gives an overview of current analytical work on standards and trade, reviews major assistance programmes related AND VEGETABLES to standards and provides recommendations for further research. Implications for developing countries ISBN 978-92-5-105779-7 ISSN 1810-0783 FAO 978 9 2 5 1 0 5 7 7 9 7 TC/M/A1245E/1/08.07/1600 As far as known to the author, the information provided in this report is correct at the time of writing (September 2005). However, legislation changes, standards are regularly reviewed, new research is published and activities of organizations evolve. The author may also have missed or misinterpreted essential information. In addition, much of existing rules and legislation are presented here in very short descriptions, missing out on many details. For full and up-to-date information on legislation, rules, standards and inspection/certification systems, readers should consult the appropriate official information sources. The conclusions given in this report are considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2007 iii Contents Acknowledgements v List of acronyms vii Glossary of basic concepts used in this report xi Introduction xv Part 1 OvervieW of standards: international agreeMents, national regulations AND private standards 1 Introduction 3 1. Frameworks for standard settings and conformity assessment systems 4 1.1. International Agreements 4 1.2. National standard setting systems 11 1.3. Corporate standards 12 1.4. Civil society and NGOs 13 2. General quality and import requirements, product classification, traceability and labels of origin 15 2.1. International agreements 15 2.2. National regulations 18 2.3. Corporate standards 24 3. Phytosanitary standards 27 3.1. International agreements 27 3.2. National regulations 27 4. Food safety standards 31 4.1. International agreements 31 4.2. National food safety standards 35 4.3. corporate standards 38 5. Sustainable agriculture and good agricultural practices (GAP) 45 5.1. International policy instruments 45 5.2. National regulations 47 5.3. Corporate standards 47 5.4. Civil society and NGO standards 52 6. Environmental standards 55 6.1. International agreements 55 6.2. National regulations 57 6.3. Corporate standards 57 6.4. Civil society and NGO standards 58 7. Organic agriculture standards 59 7.1. International agreements 60 7.2. National regulations 60 7.3. Corporate standards 62 7.4. NGO standards 62 8. Labour and social standards 65 8.1. International agreements 65 8.2. National regulations 68 8.3. Corporate standards 69 8.4. Civil society and NGO standards 69 iv Part 2 OvervieW OF EXISTING ANALYtical WORK ON THE IMpacts OF private standards ON trade 77 Introduction 79 1. Extensive research programmes covering various aspects of private standards 79 2. On methodology 85 3. On the impact of governmental regulations 87 4. On the impact of private and voluntary standards 91 5. Case studies 93 Part 3 OvervieW OF operational initiatives related to private standards and trade 115 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 117 2. Collaboration among international agencies 122 3. World Bank 123 4. International Trade Centre (ITC) 125 5. United Nations Conference on Trade and development (UNCTAD) 126 6. World Trade Organization (WTO) 128 7. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 128 8. Regional organizations 128 9. Bilateral assistance 129 10. Public-private partnerships 133 11. NGO Alliances 135 12. National certification programmes for benchmarking 136 Conclusions and RecoMMendations 139 1. Discussion and conclusions on standards and trade 141 2. Recommendations for future research 147 v Acknowledgements This study was funded by the FAO-Norway Trust Fund Written by Cora Dankers Trade Policy Service Trade and Markets Division, FAO Technical editing by Pascal Liu Trade Policy Service Trade and Markets Division, FAO Formatting by Olwen Gotts and Daniela Piergentili Trade Policy Service Trade and Markets Division, FAO Layout and cover by Eva Clare Pearce Moller FAO vii List of acronyms (When not specified in the full name, the country/region in which the organization is active or the organization that uses the acronym is indicated between brackets.) ACBs Accredited Certification Bodies (IFOAM) ACC Agri Chain Competence Centre (Netherlands) ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States AFNOR Association Française de Normalisation (France) AGA Animal Production and Health Division (FAO) AGD Agriculture Department (FAO) AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act (United States) AIB American Institute of Baking ANAB ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board (United States) ANSI American National Standards Institute APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APHIS/PPQ Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service/Plant Protection and Quarantine (United States) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATCWG Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group (APEC) AUSAid Australian Government Overseas Aid Program BCSF Business Coalition for more Sustainable Food BRC British Retail Consortium BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission CADEX Cámara de Exportadores de Santa Cruz (Bolivia) CARICOM Caribbean Community CBI Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries CCFAC Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants CCPR Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues CEN European Committee for Standardization CIAA Confederation of the Food and Drink Industries of the European Union CID Commercial Item Description (United States) CIMS Centro de Inteligencia de Mercados Sostenibles (Latin America) CIO Consorzio Interregionale Ortofrutticoli (Italy) CIPMA Centro de Investigación y Planificación del Medio Ambiente (Chile) CLUSA Cooperative League of the USA CN Combined Nomenclatura CNCA Certification and Accreditation Administration (China) COAE Center of Organic Agriculture in Egypt COAG Committee on Agriculture (FAO) CoL Cost of sustainable Living (FLO) COLEACP Europe/Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Liaison Committee COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ComSec Commonwealth Secretariat CoP Cost of sustainable Production (FLO) CPMA Canadian Produce Marketing Association CSD Commission on Sustainable Development (United Nations) CTE Committee on Trade and Environment (WTO) viii CTF Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access (UNCTAD) DAR Deutscher Akkreditierungsrat (German Accreditation Council) DECRG Development Economics Research Group (World Bank) DFID Department for International Development (United Kingdom) DGCCRF Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des fraudes (Directorate of Competition, Consumption and Repression of Fraud) (France) DGD Decision Guidance Document (FAO/UNEP Rotterdam Convention) DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies (Integrated Framework Trust Fund) EAN European Article Numbering EAN European Article Numbering ECA Trade HubEast and Central African Trade Hub ECE United Nations Economic
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